Psalm 19/Test/Verbal
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Psalm 19
Psalm 19 Verbal Analysis & Diagrams
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About the Verbal Layer
Verbal Visuals for Psalm 19
V. 1
Preferred
Note for V. 1
Sample Verbal note for Ps 19:1
V. 2
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 2]
Clause
Subject
article: הַ the
noun: שָּׁמַיִם sky
Predicate
verb-participle: מְסַפְּרִים is declaring
Object
ConstructChain
noun: כְּבוֹד honor
noun: אֵל God
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
article: הָ the
noun: רָקִיעַ firmament
Predicate
verb-participle: מַגִּיד is telling about
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="the workmanship of his hands">
noun: מַעֲשֵׂה workmanship
noun: יָדָי hands
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Object <status="alternative">
noun: מַעֲשֵׂי <status="emendation">
Verbal Notes
- For the participles מְסַפְּרִים and מַגִּיד, cf. NASB1985: "The heavens are telling of the glory of God; And their expanse is declaring the work of His hands." Most other English versions have generic presents. E.g., NIV: "The heavens declare the glory of God" (cf. ESV, NLT, NET). The CEV has a habitual translation: "The heavens keep telling the wonders of God." The participles, however, suggest continuous action in the actual present ("is declaring... is telling") (cf. BHRG 20.3.3(1)).
V. 3
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 3]
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: movement <status="elided">
noun: יוֹם day
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: יוֹם day
Predicate
verb: יַבִּיעַ causes to bubble up >> pours out
Object
noun: אֹמֶר speech
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: movement <status="elided">
noun: לַיְלָה night
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְּ to
Object
noun: לַיְלָה night
Predicate
verb: יְחַוֶּה imparts
Object
noun: דָּעַת knowledge
Alternative 1: יוֹם//לַיְלָה as subjects and לְיוֹם and לְּלַיְלָה as adverbials
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 3 - alternative] <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
noun: יוֹם day
Predicate
verb: יַבִּיעַ causes to bubble up >> pours out
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: יוֹם day
Object
noun: אֹמֶר speech
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
noun: לַיְלָה night
Predicate
verb: יְחַוֶּה imparts
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְּ to
Object
noun: לַיְלָה night
Object
noun: דָּעַת knowledge
Alternative 2: יוֹם לְיוֹם//לַיְלָה לְּלַיְלָה as adverbials
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 3 - alternative] <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יַבִּיעַ causes to bubble up >> pours out
Adverbial
Nominal
noun: יוֹם day
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: יוֹם day
Object
noun: אֹמֶר speech
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יְחַוֶּה imparts
Adverbial
Nominal
noun: לַיְלָה night
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְּ to
Object
noun: לַיְלָה night
Object
noun: דָּעַת knowledge
V. 4
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 4]
Clause
Subject
noun: אֹמֶר speech
Predicate
Adverbial
particle: אֵין there is no
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <height="200">
Clause
Subject
noun: דְּבָרִים words
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: <status="elided"> whose
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their sound">
noun: קוֹלָ sound
suffix-pronoun: ם them <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
verb-participle: נִשְׁמָע is being heard
Adverbial
particle: בְּלִי not
Predicate
Adverbial
particle: אֵין there are no
Alternative - v. 4b as independent clause
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 4 - alternative] <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: קוֹלָ voice
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Predicate
verb-participle: נִשְׁמָע is being heard
Adverbial
particle: בְּלִי not
Vv. 5-6a
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [vv. 5-6a]
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their verse line">
noun: קַוָּ measuring line >> verse line
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Predicate
verb: יָצָא has gone forth
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ throughout
Object
quantifier: כָל whole
article: הָ the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their words">
noun: מִלֵּי words
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Predicate
verb: יָצְאוּ <status="elided"> have gone forth
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִ throughout
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קְצֵה edge
noun: תֵבֵל world
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: שָׂם he has set up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ for
Object
article: הַ <status="elided"> the
noun: שֶּׁמֶשׁ sun
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בָּ in
Object
pronoun: הֶם them
Object
noun: אֹהֶל tent >> home
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
noun: חָתָן a bridegroom
Adjectival
verb-participle: יֹצֵא coming out
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵ of
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his tent">
noun: חֻפָּת tent
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Verbal Notes
- The qatal יָצָא should be rendered as a present perfect; so NLT, "has gone."
- The qatal שָׂם should be rendered as a present perfect; so NLT, "has gone" (cf. also NIV, ESV, NET).
Alternative - v. 5a read with קוֹלָם
SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: קוֹלָ <status="emendation"> voice
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Predicate
verb: יָצָא has gone forth
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
quantifier: כָל all
article: הָ the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their words">
noun: מִלֵּי words
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קְצֵה edge
noun: תֵבֵל world
V. 6b
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 6b]
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יָשִׂישׂ he is glad
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
noun: גִבּוֹר a great one
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb-infinitive: רוּץ run
Object
noun: אֹרַח course
V. 7
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 7]
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his starting point">
noun: מוֹצָא starting point
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from the edge of the sky">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קְצֵה edge
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: שָּׁמַיִם sky
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his turning point">
noun: תְקוּפָת turning point
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל at
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="its edges">
noun: קְצוֹתָ edges
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
verb-participle: נִסְתָּר something hidden
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵ from
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his heat">
noun: חַמָּת heat
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
Adverbial
adverb: אֵין there is not
V. 8
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 8]
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: תּוֹרַת instruction
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
adjective: תְּמִימָה perfect
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
ConstructChain
noun: תּוֹרַת instruction
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
Complement
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: מְשִׁיבַת restoring
noun: נָפֶשׁ life
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: עֵדוּת testimony
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
verb-participle: נֶאֱמָנָה enduring
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
ConstructChain
noun: עֵדוּת testimony
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
Complement
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: מַחְכִּימַת making wise
Nominal
adjective: פֶּתִי simple
V. 9
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 9]
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: פִּקּוּדֵי commandments
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
adjective: יְשָׁרִים just
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
ConstructChain
noun: פִּקּוּדֵי commandments
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
Complement
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: מְשַׂמְּחֵי causing to rejoice
noun: לֵב heart
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: מִצְוַת command
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
adjective: בָּרָה flawless
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
ConstructChain
noun: מִצְוַת command
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
Complement
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: מְאִירַת giving light to
noun: עֵינָיִם eyes
Verbal Notes
- The participles in vv. 8-10 are habitual. Cf. 1 Sam 2:6-8, where " the participle prevails and is used eight times as the head verbal form in the clause in both initial and non-initial position, introducing generic statements. The events and situations are given from an imperfective viewpoint; they may be repeated on a regular basis over an extended period of time. The modal operator 'As a rule →', introducing a habitual saying, is at work" (Notarius 2010, 260).
Vv. 10–11
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [vv. 10-11]
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="fearing YHWH">
noun: יִרְאַת fear
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
adjective: טְהוֹרָה pure
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
ConstructChain <gloss="fearing YHWH">
noun: יִרְאַת fear
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
Complement
verb-participle: עוֹמֶדֶת standing >> enduring
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="forever">
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
noun: עַד forever
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: מִשְׁפְּטֵי rules
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: הַ which
Clause
Subject
Predicate
Complement
Nominal
verb-participle: נֶּחֱמָדִים desirable
Adjectival <gloss="more than gold, even much pure gold">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ more than
Object
noun: זָּהָב gold
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ more than
Object
noun: פַּז pure gold
Adjectival
adjective: רָב much
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal
adjective: מְתוּקִים sweet
Adjectival <gloss="more than honey, even virgin honey from the honeycomb">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ more than
Object
noun: דְּבַשׁ honey
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
ConstructChain
noun: נֹפֶת virgin honey
noun: צוּפִים honeycomb
Nominal
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
Complement
noun: אֱמֶת faithfulness >> true
Clause
Predicate
verb: צָדְקוּ they are right
Adverbial
adverb: יַחְדָּו altogether
V. 12
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 12]
particle: גַּם also
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your servant">
Nominal
Adjectival <status="alternative">
adverb: גַּם even
noun: עַבְדְּ servant
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb-participle: נִזְהָר is warned
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בָּ by
Object
pronoun: הֶם them
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
noun: עֵקֶב reward
Adjectival
adjective: רָב great
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
Clause
Predicate
verb-infinitive: שָׁמְרָ keeping
Object
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Verbal Notes
- The general-present statement in the v. 12b suggests that the participle נִזְהָר in v. 12a is similarly a general present ("is warned," so most translations) and not an actual present ("is being warned"). See notes on the participles in vv. 8-10.
Vv. 13–14a
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [vv. 13-14a]
Clause
Subject
pronoun: מִי who
Predicate
verb: יָבִין can realize
Object
noun: שְׁגִיאוֹת mistakes
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: נַקֵּ clear the guilt of
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
Nominal
verb-participle: נִּסְתָּרוֹת hidden things >> hidden sins
Fragment
particle: גַּם furthermore
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: חֲשֹׂךְ prevent
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your servant">
noun: עַבְדֶּ servant
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from committing presumptuous sins">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
adjective: זֵּדִים presumptuous sins
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
noun: זָּרִים <status="emendation"> foreigners
V. 14bc
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 14bc]
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יִמְשְׁלוּ let them rule
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב over
Object
pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
adverb: אַל not
Fragment
particle: אָז then
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: אֵיתָם I will be blameless
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: נִקֵּיתִי I will be innocent
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ of
Object
Nominal
noun: פֶּשַׁע crime
adjective: רָב great
V. 15
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
Fragment [v. 15]
Apposition
Vocative
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="my rock">
noun: צוּרִ rock
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
ConstructChain <gloss="my redeemer">
verb-participle: גֹאֲל redeemer
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="the words of my mouth">
noun: אִמְרֵי words
noun: פ mouth
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
ConstructChain <gloss="the meditation of my heart">
noun: הֶגְיוֹן meditation
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: יִהְיוּ let them be
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְפָנֶי before
Object
pronoun: ךָ you
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="acceptable">
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: רָצוֹן acceptance
Verbal Notes
- NET note: "The prefixed verbal form at the beginning of the verse is understood as a jussive of prayer. Another option is to translate the form as an imperfect continuing the thought of v. 14b: '[Then] the words of my mouth and the thought of my heart will be acceptable before you.'" But if this were the case, then we would expect another weqatal verb (והיו), as in the previous verse (ונקיתי). Cf. LXX: καὶ ἔσονται. Most modern versions rightly read as jussive (e.g., KJV, NIV, NLT, ESV, CEV, GNT, NET, LUT, HFA, NGÜ, ELB, EÜ, GNB, ZÜR; et al.). The clause initial position of the verb also points to a jussive interpretation (cf. Gentry 1998, 22).