Psalm 44/Diagrams

V. 1

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
    Fragment
      PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="for the director" x="0" y="-10">
        Preposition
          preposition: לַ to
        Object
          article: הַ the <status="elided">
          verb-participle: מְנַצֵּחַ direct >> director
    Fragment
      PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="by the Korahites" x="0" y="-10">
        Preposition
          preposition: לִ of
        Object
          ConstructChain
            noun: בְנֵי sons >> descendants
            noun: קֹרַח Korah
    Fragment
      Nominal
        noun: מַשְׂכִּיל maskil

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-1-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 1

• For the phrase לַמְנַצֵּחַ, see Lamnaṣṣēaḥ.

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 1

• The meaning of מַשְׂכִּיל: The sense of this term is not fully understood. It is often associated with the hiphil form of the verb שׂכל "to instruct, teach" (cf. Ps 32:1, 8, which feature מַשְׂכִּֽיל in v. 1, and אַשְׂכִּילְךָ "I will instruct you" in v. 8). Thus the LXX translates 44:1 with εἰς σύνεσιν "regarding understanding" (NETS). However, given the overarching theme of lament in Ps 44, it is difficult to see how the psalm qualifies as instruction. It is also possible to render מַשְׂכִּיל as "meditation" or "skillful psalm" (Craigie 2004, 264). To further complicate matters, it is unclear as to whether the term refers to the psalm's musical accompaniment or its content (Ibid). Another possibility is that מַשְׂכִּיל should be associated with the rare II-שׂכל "to lay over cross-wise" (HALOT; cf. Gen 48:14), with the liturgical sense of alternating chants, or antiphony (Koenen 1991, 112). In the absence of definitive conclusions, most modern translations transliterate the term as maskil.

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 1

• לַ(הַ)מְנַצֵּחַ ("for the [musical] director"): Inclusiveness - class. The article here can designate “a class of persons or things that are definite in themselves” (BHRG, §24.4.4[4]). If, however, there was only one director in Israel at any given time, it could be construed as a situationally unique referent (IBHS, §13.5.1b).
• The לְ in לִ-בְנֵי־קֹרַח ("by the Korahites") is the ל of authorship (lamed auctoris) is a subset of the quasi-locational use of the lamed (IBHS, §11.2.10d).

Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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V. 2

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
    Fragment
      Vocative
        noun: אֱלֹהִים God
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we hear
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="with our ears" x="0" y="-10">
              Preposition
                preposition: בְּ in
              Object
                ConstructChain
                  noun: אָזְנֵי ears
                  suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Object
            noun: פֹּעַל deeds <status="elided">
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors" x="0" y="-10">
            noun: אֲבוֹתֵי fathers >> ancestors
            suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Predicate
          verb: סִפְּרוּ recount
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ to
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Object
            Nominal
              noun: פֹּעַל deeds
              RelativeClause
                RelativeParticle
                  particle: which <status="elided">
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    verb: פָּעַלְתָּ you perform
                    Object <located="relative clause head">
                    Adverbial
                      Apposition
                        Adverbial
                          PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in their times" x="-80" y="-10">
                            Preposition
                              preposition: בִ in
                            Object
                              ConstructChain
                                noun: ימֵי days
                                suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
                        Adverbial
                          PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in times long ago" x="0" y="-10">
                            Preposition
                              preposition: בִּ in
                            Object
                              ConstructChain
                                noun: ימֵי days
                                noun: קֶדֶם ancient time 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
    Fragment
      Vocative
        noun: אֱלֹהִים God
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we hear
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="with our ears" x="0" y="-10">
              Preposition
                preposition: בְּ in
              Object
                ConstructChain
                  noun: אָזְנֵי ears
                  suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Object
            noun: פֹּעַל deeds <status="elided">
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors" x="0" y="-10">
            noun: אֲבוֹתֵי fathers >> ancestors
            suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Predicate
          verb: סִפְּרוּ recount
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ to
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Object
            Nominal
              noun: פֹּעַל deeds
              RelativeClause
                RelativeParticle
                  particle: which <status="elided">
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    verb: פָּעַלְתָּ you perform
                    Object <located="relative clause head">
                    Adverbial
                      Apposition
                        Adverbial
                          PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in their times" x="-80" y="-10">
                            Preposition
                              preposition: בִ in
                            Object
                              ConstructChain
                                noun: ימֵי days
                                suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
                        Adverbial
                          PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in times long ago" x="0" y="-10">
                            Preposition
                              preposition: בִּ in
                            Object
                              ConstructChain
                                noun: ימֵי days
                                noun: קֶדֶם ancient time

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-2-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 2

• The object of שָׁמַעְנוּ: While the qal verb שׁמע can occasionally be used intransitively (e.g., Gen 35:22; Num 12:2; Deut 6:4), in such instances the object of the verb (i.e., the content which is heard) is implied by the context. While it is separated from שָׁמַעְנוּ by an intervening clause, the present context suggests that פֹּעַל serves as the object of both שָׁמַעְנוּ and סִפְּרוּ.

Another possibility is the parenthesis of אֲבוֹתֵ֥ינוּ סִפְּרוּ־לָ֑נוּ, as read in the CSB: We have heard with our ears— our ancestors have told us— the work you accomplished in their days.

• Textual note on בִּימֵי: Some Hebrew manuscripts read כימי instead of בִּימֵי, but this alternative is not reflected in modern translations.

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 2

• The meaning of אֲבוֹתֵינוּ: While the noun אָב most typically refers to a literal father, it is often used to refer to more remote ancestors, especially with respect to founders of tribal units (TWOT, 6). Here in 44:2, context and the plural form make clear that ancestors are in view. Given the imagery of dispossessed nations of vv. 3–4, this is most likely a reference to Israel in the era of the conquest (cf. VanGemeren 2008, 390).
• The number of פֹּעַל: The noun פֹּעַל is almost always grammatically singular, though the term is usually used in a collective sense of repeated or habitual acts (DCH).

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 2

• The בְּ in בְּ-אָזְנֵינוּ ("with our ears") is an instrumental בְּ. The information reported comes into figurative contact with the speaker's ears (BHRG, §39.6b[ii]). Thus the ears become the figurative instrument of hearing.
• The בְּ in בִֽ-ימֵיהֶם ("in their time") as well as in בִּ-ימֵי קֶֽדֶם׃ ("in days long ago") are temporal. The temporal use of ב marks actual time in, at, or when (IBHS, §11.2.5c).

Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 2

• Most modern translations render the verb שָׁמַעְנוּ as a present perfect ("we have heard"; so NIV, ESV, NASB, CSB, NET), which would highlight the resultant state of the action. This fits the context of the psalm, in light of its theme of appealing to past events for present circumstances (Craigie 2004, 333). As a present perfect, no reference point movement is expected.
• Most modern translations render the verb סִפְּרוּ as a present perfect ("our ancestors have recounted"; so NIV, ESV, NASB, CSB, NET), which would highlight the resultant state of the action. This fits the context of the psalm, in light of its theme of appealing to past events for present circumstances (Craigie 2004, 333). As a present perfect, no reference point movement is expected.
• The verb פָּעַלְתָּ introduces an asyndetic relative clause that qualifies פֹּעַל (i.e., "the deeds [which] you did..."). The reference time of פָּעַלְתָּ is established by the relative clause, as well as the adverbial modifiers בִימֵיהֶם and בִּימֵי קֶדֶם. Thus פָּעַלְתָּ denotes a simple past action within the newly established reference time, and reference point movement is expected.

Textual Notes

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V. 3

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: אַתָּה you
        Predicate
          verb: הוֹרַשְׁתָּ dispossess
          Object
            noun: גּוֹיִם nations
          Adverbial
            ConstructChain
              noun:  יָדְ hand >> strength
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וַ so
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: תִּטָּע you plant
          verb: תִּטָּע you transplant <status="alternative"> // Remove for Grammar
          Object
            suffix-pronoun: םֵ them
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: תָּרַע you afflict
          Object
            noun: לְאֻמִּים peoples
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וַ so
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: תְּשַׁלְּח set free
          verb: תְּשַׁלְּח expel <status="alternative"> // Remove for Grammar
          Object
            suffix-pronoun: םֵ them 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: אַתָּה you
        Predicate
          verb: הוֹרַשְׁתָּ dispossess
          Object
            noun: גּוֹיִם nations
          Adverbial
            ConstructChain
              noun:  יָדְ hand >> strength
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וַ so
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: תִּטָּע you plant
          verb: תִּטָּע you transplant <status="alternative"> // Remove for Grammar
          Object
            suffix-pronoun: םֵ them
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: תָּרַע you afflict
          Object
            noun: לְאֻמִּים peoples
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וַ so
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: תְּשַׁלְּח set free
          verb: תְּשַׁלְּח expel <status="alternative"> // Remove for Grammar
          Object
            suffix-pronoun: םֵ them

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-3-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 3

• The function of יָדְךָ: The LXX renders v. 3a with יָדְךָ as the subject of a third-person verb, ἡ χείρ σου ἔθνη ἐξωλέθρευσεν ("your hand destroyed nations," NETS). It is possible that the LXX understands יָדְךָ, as a metonymy for God, as the subject of the 2ms verb הוֹרַשְׁתָּ, with agreement between the verb and the 2ms pronominal suffix (JM §151c). However, it is more likely that יָדְךָ functions as an adverbial accusative (i.e., "You dispossessed the nations by your hand"; cf. GKC §144l–m), as reflected in most modern translations.
• 3mp pronominal suffixes: There is some ambiguity as to the referent of the 3mp pronominal suffixes of וַתִּטָּעֵם and וַתְּשַׁלְּחֵם. Most modern translations interpret them as referring to the forefathers of v. 2 (so NIV, ESV, NRSV, NET, CSB). This would require reading the wayyiqtol verbs as adversative ("but them you planted... but them you set free...," NRSV) or purpose/resultative ("in order to plant them... in order to settle them...," CSB). Alternatively, a temporally sequential reading of the wayyiqtols would suggest that the suffixes refer to the גּוֹיִם and לְאֻמִּים (so NASB95, LSB, KJV). For an in-depth discussion, see Lexical Semantics and Participant Analysis.

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 3

• The meaning of יָדְךָ (your hand >> your strength): The bodily term יָד functions in the contextual domain of strength to denote one's power (SDBH). The imagery of God's hand is used figuratively to refer to his strength and power.
• The sense of וַתִּטָּעֵם and וַתְּשַׁלְּחֵם: Depending on the referents of the 3mp pronominal suffixes on these verbs (see Method:Grammar notes), the connotations of these terms could either be positive (i.e., "you planted... and set free [our ancestors]") or negative (i.e., "you transplanted... and expelled [the nations]"). Although גּוֹיִם "nations" and לְאֻמִּים "peoples" are syntactically nearer to the verbs, the אֲבוֹתֵינוּ "our ancestors" of v. 2 constitute the major participants, or protagonists, of this section, and are thus more cognitively accessible (or proximate) to the reader (de Regt 2020, 8). Thus, these verbs most likely have the positive sense of God settling Israel in the land (cf. NIV, CSB, NET). See Participant Analysis for further discussion.
• The meaning of וַתְּשַׁלְּחֵם: The core sense of the verb שׁלח appears to be "to send," from which other uses of the term radiate (NIDOTTE, 4:119). If taken in a positive sense (see note above), this verb could have the sense of "to let go free" (HALOT) or "to cause spread out" (DCH, 8:384). It has been suggested that וַתְּשַׁלְּחֵם should be connected with IV-שׁלח "to put forth shoots" (Ibid, 8:389; cf. VanGemeren 2008, 390). However, this would likely require an emendation from the piel form to an otherwise unattested hiphil of IV-שׁלח "to cause to put forth shoots" (DCH, 8:389, emphasis added). In absence of textual evidence for such an emendation, the most likely sense here is that of God setting Israel free to settle the land. In this vein, the piel שׁלח occurs as a thematic term in Exod 3–20 in reference to Pharaoh allowing Israel to go free from Egypt (NIDOTTE, 4:120, 121).

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 3

• הוֹרַשְׁתָּ ("dispossessed"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtol can be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 3a, the qatal הוֹרַשְׁתָּ is likely a summary statement that encompasses a dispossession which, historically, occurred in stages. The habitual yiqtol תָּרַע in v. 3c clarifies that this was not a one-time occurrence—a dynamic that is also implied by the plural objects גּוֹיִם (v. 3a) and לְאֻמִּים (v. 3c).
• וַתִּטָּעֵם ("you planted them"): While the wayyiqtol does not necessarily denote temporal succession, its association with narrative texts can be used in poetry to mark departures from typical parallelistic structure (BHRG §21.2.3). Here, it likely denotes that the planting of Israel temporally followed the dispossession of the nations.
• תָּרַע ("you would afflict"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtol can be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Previously in v. 3a, the qatal הוֹרַשְׁתָּ was likely a summary statement that encompasses a dispossession which, historically, occurred in stages. The habitual yiqtol תָּרַע here in v. 3c clarifies that this was not a one-time occurrence—a dynamic that is also implied by the plural objects גּוֹיִם (v. 3a) and לְאֻמִּים (v. 3c).
• וַֽתְּשַׁלְּחֵֽם ("you would set them free"): While the wayyiqtol does not necessarily denote temporal succession, its association with narrative texts can be used in poetry to mark departures from typical parallelistic structure (BHRG §21.2.3). Here, it likely denotes that the setting free of Israel temporally followed the affliction of the nations. As it follows upon the habitual yiqtol תָּרַע, the wayyiqtol וַֽתְּשַׁלְּחֵֽם also denotes habitual occurrences. The piel of שׁלח can mean "to set free" or "to expel," depending on the context (TWOT, 928). Based on the parallel with וַתִּטָּעֵם in v. 3b, the verb likely denotes, "you would set [Israel] free." For further discussion, see Participant Analysis.

Textual Notes

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V. 4

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי for
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: יָרְשׁוּ they take possession
            Object
              noun: אָרֶץ land
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ by
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="their sword" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: חַרְבּ sword
                    suffix-pronoun: ָם them
              Adverbial
                adverb: לֹא not
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="their power" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: זְרוֹע arm >> power
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Predicate
            verb: הוֹשִׁיעָה give victory
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לָּ for
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
        Conjunction
          conjunction: כִּי but
        Clause
          Subject
            Subject
              ConstructChain <gloss="your right hand" x="80" y="-10">
                noun: יְמִינְ right hand
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וּ and
            Subject
              ConstructChain <gloss="your power" x="120" y="-10">
                noun: זְרוֹעֲ arm >> power
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Subject
              ConstructChain <gloss="the light of your countenance" x="30" y="-20"> // <gloss="the light of your face >> the light of your countenance" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
                noun: אוֹר light
                ConstructChain
                  noun: פָּנֶי face
                  suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate <status="elided">
            verb: הוֹשִׁיעָה give victory
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לָּ for
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
          SubordinateClause
            Conjunction
              conjunction: כִּי because
            Clause
              Predicate
                verb: רְצִית you favor
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: ָם them 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי for
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: יָרְשׁוּ they take possession
            Object
              noun: אָרֶץ land
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ by
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="their sword" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: חַרְבּ sword
                    suffix-pronoun: ָם them
              Adverbial
                adverb: לֹא not
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="their power" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: זְרוֹע arm >> power
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Predicate
            verb: הוֹשִׁיעָה give victory
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לָּ for
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
        Conjunction
          conjunction: כִּי but
        Clause
          Subject
            Subject
              ConstructChain <gloss="your right hand" x="80" y="-10">
                noun: יְמִינְ right hand
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וּ and
            Subject
              ConstructChain <gloss="your power" x="120" y="-10">
                noun: זְרוֹעֲ arm >> power
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Subject
              ConstructChain <gloss="the light of your countenance" x="30" y="-20"> // <gloss="the light of your face >> the light of your countenance" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
                noun: אוֹר light
                ConstructChain
                  noun: פָּנֶי face
                  suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate <status="elided">
            verb: הוֹשִׁיעָה give victory
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לָּ for
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
          SubordinateClause
            Conjunction
              conjunction: כִּי because
            Clause
              Predicate
                verb: רְצִית you favor
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: ָם them

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-4-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 4

• The meaning of הוֹשִׁיעָה: The verbal root ישׁע typically refers to the act of bringing help in the midst of trouble, rather than rescue out of it (NIDOTTE, 2:556). In the present context, the sense is that of God's provision of military victory over adversaries (Ibid, 2:560).

• The meaning of יְמִינְךָ and וּזְרוֹעֲךָ: The bodily terms יָמִין and זְרוֹעַ function in the contextual domain of strength to denote one's power (SDBH).
• The meaning of וְאוֹר פָּנֶיךָ: Within the contextual domain of body imagery, the "light (of one's face)" denotes a smile of favor (SDBH).

אוֹר פָּנֶי-ךָ ("the light of your face") is entity–origin. The imagery of light is "associated with life, goodness, happiness, prosperity, security, favor, and wisdom" (SDBH). The idiom אוֹר פָּנֶיךָ "light of your [i.e., God's] face" indicates divine approval (TWOT, 25). Thus, the semantics of the figurative expression is more akin to characteristic-possessor.

פָּנֶי-ךָ ("your face") possession (body part)–possessor. With פָנֶי used figuratively to refer to one's presence (DCH), the construct relationship would be closer to that of characteristic-possessor.

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 4

• Prepositions: The preposition בְּ of בְחַרְבָּם indicates the means or instrument by which the land is (not) possessed (GKC §119o). The לְ preposition of לָּמוֹ indicates a dative of advantage, expressing the party to whose advantage הוֹשִׁיעָה comes (JM §133d).

Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 4

• רְצִיתָֽם ("you were pleased"): As part of an explanatory כּי-clause, the qatal is not temporally sequential, but rather a perfect of result (i.e., "you had been pleased with them [in the past]" >> "you are [now] pleased with them"). Thus, no reference point movement is expected.

Textual Notes

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V. 5

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: אַתָּה you
        Predicate
          copula: הוּא are
          Complement
            Apposition
              ConstructChain <gloss="my king" x="100" y="-10">
                noun: מַלְכּ king
                suffix-pronoun: ִי me
              ConstructChain 
                Nominal
                  noun: אֱלֹהָ God <status="emendation">
                  Adjectival
                    ConstructChain
                      verb-participle: מְצַוֶּה commands <status="emendation">
                      Nominal
                        ConstructChain <gloss="victory for Jacob" x="80" y="-10">
                          noun: יְשׁוּעוֹת victory
                          noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob  
                suffix-pronoun: ִי me <status="emendation"> 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: אַתָּה you
        Predicate
          copula: הוּא are
          Complement
            Apposition
              ConstructChain <gloss="my king" x="100" y="-10">
                noun: מַלְכּ king
                suffix-pronoun: ִי me
              ConstructChain 
                Nominal
                  noun: אֱלֹהָ God <status="emendation">
                  Adjectival
                    ConstructChain
                      verb-participle: מְצַוֶּה commands <status="emendation">
                      Nominal
                        ConstructChain <gloss="victory for Jacob" x="80" y="-10">
                          noun: יְשׁוּעוֹת victory
                          noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob  
                suffix-pronoun: ִי me <status="emendation">

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-5-None }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 5

Note for V. 5

Associate with V-5-None

• Is הוּא a copula or pronoun? If הוּא in this verse is functioning as a pronoun, then this would imply that אַתָּה would be a dislocated item. However, the אַתָּה in this verse is not left-dislocated ("as for you..."), as it does not agree in person with הוּא, which would be the resumptive pronoun in a left-dislocated construction (Holmstedt and Jones 2014, 59). Rendering הוּא as a resumptive would result in the difficult, "You, he is my king..." It is possible to understand the clause as a right-dislocated construction ("you are he, my king"; so Hengstenberg 1863, 113). However, this would result in an anaphoric pronoun הוּא that does not have a clear antecedent (Holmstedt and Jones 2014, 59). As such, הוּא is most likely functioning as a copula in this context (i.e., "you are my king"). It also serves to disambiguate the sentence as a verbless clause, as opposed to a vocative expression ("you, my king, O God"; BHRG §36.1.1.2[4]). For similar constructions, see 2 Sam 7:28; 1 Kgs 19:15; Neh 9:7.
• Textual note on אֱלֹהִים and צַוֵּה: LXX reads ὁ θεός μου ὁ ἐντελλόμενος τὰς σωτηρίας ιακωβ ("... my God, he who commands acts of deliverance for Iakob," NETS). This reading presupposes a division of the consonantal text into אֱלֹהָי מְצַוֶּה instead of the MT's אֱלֹהִים צַוֵּה. For more on this issue, see The Text and Meaning of Ps. 44:5.
• The plural form of יְשׁוּעוֹת: The plural form is often used in the HB to express abstract concepts. Originally, these plurals of abstraction likely expressed concrete manifestations of the abstract concept, and eventually developed into expressions of the abstraction itself (JM §136g). Thus, יְשׁוּעוֹת indicates the concept "help/salvation," as opposed to instances of "helps/salvations."

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 5

Note for V. 5

Associate with V-5-None

• The meaning of הוּא: See Grammar notes.
• "Command" or "who commands"? Modern translations differ with regard to treating צוה as an imperative, "command!" (ESV, NASB, NET) or substantival participle, "the one who commands" (NIV, CSB). For further discussion, see the text-critical note on this issue under the Method:Grammar layer.
• The meaning of יְשׁוּעוֹת: The verbal root ישׁע typically refers to the act of bringing help in the midst of trouble, rather than rescue out of it (NIDOTTE, 2:556). In the present context, the sense is that of God's provision of military victory over adversaries (Ibid, 2:560).

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 5

Associate with V-5-None

• מְצַוֶּה ("commanding"): For the emendation of the MT אֱלֹהִ֑ים צַ֝וֵּ֗ה see Grammar notes.

Textual Notes

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Alternative

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5 alternative]
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: אַתָּה you
        Predicate
          copula: הוּא are
          Complement
            ConstructChain <gloss="my king" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: מַלְכּ king
              suffix-pronoun: ִי me
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Vocative
        noun: אֱלֹהִים God
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: צַוֵּה command
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="victory for Jacob" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: יְשׁוּעוֹת victory
              noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 5 alternative]
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: אַתָּה you
        Predicate
          copula: הוּא are
          Complement
            ConstructChain <gloss="my king" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: מַלְכּ king
              suffix-pronoun: ִי me
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Vocative
        noun: אֱלֹהִים God
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: צַוֵּה command
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="victory for Jacob" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: יְשׁוּעוֹת victory
              noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-5-Alternative }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 5

Note for V. 5

Associate with V-5-Alternative

• Is הוּא a copula or pronoun? If הוּא in this verse is functioning as a pronoun, then this would imply that אַתָּה would be a dislocated item. However, the אַתָּה in this verse is not left-dislocated ("as for you..."), as it does not agree in person with הוּא, which would be the resumptive pronoun in a left-dislocated construction (Holmstedt and Jones 2014, 59). Rendering הוּא as a resumptive would result in the difficult, "You, he is my king..." It is possible to understand the clause as a right-dislocated construction ("you are he, my king"; so Hengstenberg 1863, 113). However, this would result in an anaphoric pronoun הוּא that does not have a clear antecedent (Holmstedt and Jones 2014, 59). As such, הוּא is most likely functioning as a copula in this context (i.e., "you are my king"). It also serves to disambiguate the sentence as a verbless clause, as opposed to a vocative expression ("you, my king, O God"; BHRG §36.1.1.2[4]). For similar constructions, see 2 Sam 7:28; 1 Kgs 19:15; Neh 9:7.
• Textual note on אֱלֹהִים and צַוֵּה: LXX reads ὁ θεός μου ὁ ἐντελλόμενος τὰς σωτηρίας ιακωβ ("... my God, he who commands acts of deliverance for Iakob," NETS). This reading presupposes a division of the consonantal text into אֱלֹהָי מְצַוֶּה instead of the MT's אֱלֹהִים צַוֵּה. For more on this issue, see The Text and Meaning of Ps. 44:5.
• The plural form of יְשׁוּעוֹת: The plural form is often used in the HB to express abstract concepts. Originally, these plurals of abstraction likely expressed concrete manifestations of the abstract concept, and eventually developed into expressions of the abstraction itself (JM §136g). Thus, יְשׁוּעוֹת indicates the concept "help/salvation," as opposed to instances of "helps/salvations."

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 5

Note for V. 5

Associate with V-5-Alternative

• The meaning of הוּא: See Grammar notes.
• "Command" or "who commands"? Modern translations differ with regard to treating צוה as an imperative, "command!" (ESV, NASB, NET) or substantival participle, "the one who commands" (NIV, CSB). For further discussion, see the text-critical note on this issue under the Method:Grammar layer.
• The meaning of יְשׁוּעוֹת: The verbal root ישׁע typically refers to the act of bringing help in the midst of trouble, rather than rescue out of it (NIDOTTE, 2:556). In the present context, the sense is that of God's provision of military victory over adversaries (Ibid, 2:560).

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 5

Associate with V-5-Alternative

• מְצַוֶּה ("commanding"): For the emendation of the MT אֱלֹהִ֑ים צַ֝וֵּ֗ה see Grammar notes.

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V. 6

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: נְנַגֵּחַ we gore
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="100" y="-10">
              noun: צָרֵי adversaries
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="with your help" x="0" y="-10"> // <gloss="with you >> with your help" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
              Preposition
                preposition: בְּ in
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: נָבוּס we tread down
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="140" y="-10"> // <gloss="those who rise against us >> our adversaries" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
              verb-participle: קָמֵי those who rise
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="under your authority" x="0" y="-10"> // <gloss="in your name >> under your authority" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
              Preposition
                preposition: בְּ in
              Object
                ConstructChain
                  noun: שִׁמְ name
                  suffix-pronoun: ךָ you 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: נְנַגֵּחַ we gore
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="100" y="-10">
              noun: צָרֵי adversaries
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="with your help" x="0" y="-10"> // <gloss="with you >> with your help" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
              Preposition
                preposition: בְּ in
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: נָבוּס we tread down
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="140" y="-10"> // <gloss="those who rise against us >> our adversaries" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
              verb-participle: קָמֵי those who rise
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="under your authority" x="0" y="-10"> // <gloss="in your name >> under your authority" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
              Preposition
                preposition: בְּ in
              Object
                ConstructChain
                  noun: שִׁמְ name
                  suffix-pronoun: ךָ you

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-6-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Note for V. 6

Associate with V-6-None

• Pronominal suffix of קָמֵינוּ: While pronominal suffixes often indicate an accusative (i.e., direct object), they can also indicate datives with certain verbs (JM §125ba). This is the case here, where the 1cp suffix indicates a dative of disadvantage ("against us") for the intransitive qal participle קָמִים.

Lexical Notes

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Note for V. 6

Associate with V-6-None

• The meaning of נָבוּס: The LXX renders this term with ἐξουθενώσομεν "we shall despise" (NETS). Unlike other synonyms for trampling (e.g., דרך, רמס), the verb בוס typically denotes destructive action, accompanied with anger (TWOT, 96). This negative emotional component could help explain the LXX rendering.
• The meaning of קָמֵינוּ: The participial form of קום, used as a substantival, can have the sense of "one who rises up, adversary, enemy, opponent" (DCH). The suffixed 1cp pronoun is equivalent in meaning to the preposition עַל, i.e., "[to rise] against" us (HALOT).

קָמֵֽי-נוּ ("those who rise against us"): Entity–interested (favoured/injured) party. While the semantics of the verb קום suggest a relationship of entity-direction (i.e., "those who rise up towards us"), the substantival participle is used figuratively to denote adversaries (SDBH). Hence, the construct relationship is that of entity-interested party (i.e., "those who rise up against us").

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 6

Associate with V-6-None

• בְּשִׁמְ-ךָ ("in your name"): God's name figuratively refers to his authority (entity-origin; cf. SDBH). The בְּ in בְּשִׁמְךָ is a locative בְּ. While the ב could be construed as indicating instrument (i.e., by [means of], so DCH, 8:429), it has been noted that the construction בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה usually denotes the sense of commission (cf. 1 Sam 17:45; TWOT, 934) or authority (SDBH). Thus, the sense here is likely, "By your authority, we trample..." In this sense, the function of ב is likely closer to that of a metaphorical locative, denoting the domain in which the action occurs (cf. English, "under your authority").

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 6

Associate with V-6-None

• נְנַגֵּחַ ("we can gore"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action. Since the fronted instrumental בְּךָ indicates replacing focus (see Macrosyntax), the nuance here is, "With you [and no other] we gore..." Hence, the modality indicated is that of ability, "we are able to gore...".
• נָבוּס ("we can thread down"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action. Since the fronted instrumental בְּשִׁמְךָ indicates replacing focus (see Macrosyntax), the nuance here is, "Under your authority [and none other] we tread down..." Hence, the modality indicated is that of ability, "we are able to tread down...".

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V. 7

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי for
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: אֶבְטָח I trust
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ in
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="my bow" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: קַשְׁתּ bow
                    suffix-pronoun: יִ me
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="my sword" x="80" y="-10">
              noun: חַרְבּ sword
              suffix-pronoun: ִי me 
          Predicate
            verb: תוֹשִׁיעֵ give victory
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי for
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: אֶבְטָח I trust
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ in
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="my bow" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: קַשְׁתּ bow
                    suffix-pronoun: יִ me
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="my sword" x="80" y="-10">
              noun: חַרְבּ sword
              suffix-pronoun: ִי me 
          Predicate
            verb: תוֹשִׁיעֵ give victory
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-7-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 7

• The meaning of תוֹשִׁיעֵנִי: The verbal root ישׁע typically refers to the act of bringing help in the midst of trouble, rather than rescue out of it (NIDOTTE, 2:556). In the present context, the sense is that of God's provision of military victory over adversaries (Ibid, 2:560).

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 7

• אֶבְטָח ("I cannot trust"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action. Since the fronted instrumental בְקַשְׁתִּי indicates replacing focus (see Macrosyntax), the nuance here is, "I do not trust in my bow [since only you can be trusted]..." Hence, the modality indicated is that of ability, "I cannot trust in my bow."
• תוֹשִׁיעֵֽנִי ("give me victory"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action. Since the fronted instrumental וְחַרְבִּי indicates replacing focus (see Macrosyntax), the nuance here is, "my sword does not give victory [since only you can]..." Hence, the modality indicated is that of ability, "my sword cannot give victory."

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V. 8

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי but rather
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: הוֹשַׁעְתָּ you give victory >> you deliver
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: מִ from
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="100" y="-10">
                    noun: צָּרֵי adversaries
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: הֱבִישׁוֹתָ you put to shame
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="our enemies" x="140" y="-10">
                verb-participle: מְשַׂנְאֵי those who hate
                suffix-pronoun: נוּ us 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי but rather
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: הוֹשַׁעְתָּ you give victory >> you deliver
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: מִ from
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="100" y="-10">
                    noun: צָּרֵי adversaries
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: הֱבִישׁוֹתָ you put to shame
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="our enemies" x="140" y="-10">
                verb-participle: מְשַׂנְאֵי those who hate
                suffix-pronoun: נוּ us

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-8-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 8

• The meaning of הוֹשַׁעְתָּנוּ: The verbal root ישׁע typically refers to the act of bringing help in the midst of trouble, rather than rescue out of it (NIDOTTE, 2:556). In the present context, the sense is that of God's provision of military victory over adversaries (Ibid, 2:560).
• The meaning of הֱבִישׁוֹתָ: While most modern translations render this verb as "to put to shame," some translations opt for "to put to confusion" (NRSV, REB; cf. also Vulg., confudisti). The verb בושׁ can indeed express confusion, in the sense of the embarrassment and dismay that occur when a situation goes contrary to one's expectations (TWOT, 98). When applied to the context of military defeat, the term can express a disgrace that involves nuances of "confusion, disillusionment, humiliation, and brokenness which the word connotes" (Ibid).

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 8

• מְשַׂנְאֵינוּ: "Those who hate us" >> "enemies" (SDBH).

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V. 9

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: הִלַּלְנוּ we boast
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בֵּ in
                Object
                  noun: אלֹהִים God
            Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="0" y="-10">
              Nominal
                quantifier: כָל all
                article: הַ the
                noun: יּוֹם day
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: נוֹדֶה we confess >> we declare
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="your name" x="80" y="-10">
                noun: שִׁמְ name
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="forever" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: לְ to
                Object
                  noun: עוֹלָם eternity
    Fragment
      particle: סֶלָה Selah 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: הִלַּלְנוּ we boast
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בֵּ in
                Object
                  noun: אלֹהִים God
            Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="0" y="-10">
              Nominal
                quantifier: כָל all
                article: הַ the
                noun: יּוֹם day
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: נוֹדֶה we confess >> we declare
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="your name" x="80" y="-10">
                noun: שִׁמְ name
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="forever" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: לְ to
                Object
                  noun: עוֹלָם eternity
    Fragment
      particle: סֶלָה Selah

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-9-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 9

• The meaning of נוֹדֶה: The concept of ידה involves confession, which could denote publicly admitting one's shortcomings before God (SDBH). However, in the present context, ידה appears to denote a declaration of God's attributes and works (TWOT, 365).
• The meaning of סֶלָה: While there have been a multitude of proposed explanations for the 71 occurrences of סֶלָה in the Psalms, the meaning of the term remains unclear (Kraus 1988, 28). Most likely, the term has some type of musical significance (Craigie 2004, 76). The LXX translates the term with διάψαλμα, "leading motif" (LEH) or "interlude on strings" (NETS); whereas most modern translations simply transliterate it as Selah.

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 9

• כָל־הַיּוֹם ("all day long"): Indication of duration of time. This noun phrase specifies the temporal duration of the psalmist's boasting in God. Read in parallel with לְעוֹלָם in the following line, the temporal frame is not limited to a single day. Rather, it communicates continual praise throughout the entirety of the day.
• בֵּֽ-אלֹהִים ("in God"): The preposition ב often introduces the object of a mental act (GKC, §119l) as the piel verb הלל requires a complement. Alternatively, this prepositional phrase could be read as specification (i.e., “boast with respect to God...”; Arnold and Choi, §4.1.5e).

Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 9

• הִלַּלְנוּ ("We have been boasting"): The continual aspect of this clause is inferred from the temporal modifier כָל־הַיּוֹם "all day long." As the psalmist is describing a past action with present results, the no reference time movement is expected.
• נוֹדֶה ("we will keep declaring"): It is possible to construe נוֹדֶה as a cohortative (i.e., "Let us praise"). However, taken in parallel with the preceding qatal הִלַּלְנוּ, it is likely that the paired construction is expressing praise extending from the past (qatal הִלַּלְנוּ) to the future (yiqtol נוֹדֶה), thus emphasizing the totality of Israel's commitment.

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V. 10

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
    Fragment
      particle: אַף yet
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: זָנַחְתָּ you reject
            Object <status="elided">
              pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וַ that is
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תַּכְלִימֵ you put to shame
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תֵצֵא you go forth
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="our armies" x="0" y="-10">
                    noun: צִבְאוֹתֵי companies >> armies
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
    Fragment
      particle: אַף yet
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: זָנַחְתָּ you reject
            Object <status="elided">
              pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וַ that is
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תַּכְלִימֵ you put to shame
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תֵצֵא you go forth
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="our armies" x="0" y="-10">
                    noun: צִבְאוֹתֵי companies >> armies
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-10-None }}

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Lexical Notes

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Note for V. 10

Associate with V-10-None

• The number of צִבְאוֹתֵינוּ: In BH, צָבָא as a reference to military men can occur in either the singular or the plural (HALOT). The distinction between the singular and plural of collective nouns is not always clear (Young 2013, 478; צָבָא would be a collective "group noun" in this analysis). In the case of צָבָא, it is possible that the feminine plural form denotes an armed military force, as opposed to the more abstract concept of military service or warfare (cf. TLOT, 1041–42).

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 10

Associate with V-10-None

• בְּצִבְאוֹתֵֽי-נוּ ("with our armies"): Possession (concrete object)-possessor. While the construct relationship could be construed as part-divided whole (i.e., the portion of Israel's population that serves in the army), the broader context of the psalm suggests a corporate identification between the community and its army (see Exegetical Issue The Speaker of Ps. 44:5, 7, and 16). Thus, the emphasis would not be on the army as a distinct subset of the community, but rather as belonging to the community.

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 10

Associate with V-10-None

• זָנַחְתָּ ("you have rejected"): In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.
• וַתַּכְלִימֵנוּ ("you have put us to shame"): While typically associated with temporal succession, the wayyiqtol in this case could denote logical entailment of the preceding clause (IBHS, §33.2.1a). It is possible that the wayyiqtol is epexegetical, in that it explains the preceding clause (i.e., "you have rejected, that is, you disgraced us"; cf. similar construction in Ps 89:39; Ibid, §33.2.2a). In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.
• תֵצֵא ("you do not go forth"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action. It is possible that the yiqtol form is here denoting desire (e.g., "you refuse to go out"; IBHS, §31.4h; JM, §133n).

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V. 11

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׁיבֵ you turn back >> you make retreat
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial <gloss="" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: אָחוֹר backwards
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="before the adversary" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: מִנִּי from
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: צָר adversary
                Object <status="alternative">
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: צָרֵי adversary <status="emendation">
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us <status="emendation">
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="our enemies" x="120" y="-10">
              verb-participle: מְשַׂנְאֵי those who hate
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Predicate
            verb: שָׁסוּ plunder
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="for themselves" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: לָ for
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׁיבֵ you turn back >> you make retreat
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial <gloss="" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: אָחוֹר backwards
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="before the adversary" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: מִנִּי from
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: צָר adversary
                Object <status="alternative">
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: צָרֵי adversary <status="emendation">
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us <status="emendation">
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="our enemies" x="120" y="-10">
              verb-participle: מְשַׂנְאֵי those who hate
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Predicate
            verb: שָׁסוּ plunder
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="for themselves" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: לָ for
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-11-None }}

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Note for V. 11

Associate with V-11-None

• Textual note on מִנִּי־צָר: LXX includes a possessive pronoun that is not present in MT (παρὰ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἡμῶν). This reading is reflected in a few modern translations (NLT, GNB, NCV). The inclusion of the pronoun could be explained as having been supplied by the LXX translators to smooth out the rendering, and thus the MT reading is preferred.

Lexical Notes

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Note for V. 11

Associate with V-11-None

• The meaning of תְּשִׁיבֵנוּ אָחוֹר: While the hiphil verb תְּשִׁיבֵנוּ with an accusative means "to bring or lead back" (HALOT), with the adverbial accusative אָחוֹר, the construction has the sense of "to make retreat" (DCH).
• The translation of לָמוֹ: Multiple modern translations omit the prepositional phrase לָמוֹ (NIV, ESV, NRSV, CEV). The phrase could have the nuance of "at their will" (Craigie 2004, 330; NET Notes; so REB, NJB). The NET captures this idiomatic sense in its rendering, "Those who hate us take whatever they want from us" (emphasis added). However, it is perhaps preferable to render the preposition as a לְ of advantage, "for themselves >> for their benefit." The verb שׁסה can be modified with a ל indicating benefit (DCH, 8:515). It is possible that this construction denotes the idiom of "at their will" (Craigie 2004, 330; cf. Ps 80:7), but this nuance is is not broadly attested.
• אָחוֹר ("backwards"): Indication of directional specification. This noun functions as an adverbial accusative of local determination (JM, §126h). In other words, it specifies the location where the action occurs. God has pushed his people "backwards."

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 11

Associate with V-11-None

• מִנִּי צָר ("from the adversary"): The most typical spatial use of מִן is for movement away from a point (BHRG, §39.14.1). Combined with the hiphil form of the verb שׁוב and אָ֭חוֹר, the construction has the sense of "to make retreat from enemies" (DCH).
• לָֽ-מוֹ ("for themselves"): The verb שׁסה can be modified with a ל indicating benefit (DCH, 8:515). It is possible that this construction denotes the idiom of "at their will" (Craigie 2004, 330; cf. Ps 80:7), but this nuance is is not broadly attested.

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 11

Associate with V-11-None

• תְּשִׁיבֵנוּ ("you make us retreat"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtolcan be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 11, the push backwards (תְּשִׁיבֵנוּ, v. 11a) and being plundered (שָׁסוּ, v. 11c) do not refer a single, isolated event, but rather a regular occurrence in the psalmist's current experience.
• מְשַׂנְאֵינוּ: "Those who hate us" >> "enemies" (SDBH).
• שָׁסוּ ("our enemies have plundered"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtolcan be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 11, the push backwards (תְּשִׁיבֵנוּ, v. 11a) and being plundered (שָׁסוּ, v. 11c) do not refer a single, isolated event, but rather a regular occurrence in the psalmist's current experience. As such, the qatal שָׁסוּ focuses on the resultant state (i.e., the enemies have caused a state of having been plundered), and no reference point movement is expected.

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V. 12

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 12]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תִּתְּנֵ you give
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ as
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="sheep for consumption" x="60" y="-10">
                    noun: צֹאן sheep
                    noun: מַאֲכָל food
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: זֵרִיתָ you scatter
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="among the nations" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: בַ among
                Object
                  article: הַ the <status="elided">
                  noun: גּוֹיִם nations 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 12]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תִּתְּנֵ you give
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ as
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="sheep for consumption" x="60" y="-10">
                    noun: צֹאן sheep
                    noun: מַאֲכָל food
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: זֵרִיתָ you scatter
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="among the nations" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: בַ among
                Object
                  article: הַ the <status="elided">
                  noun: גּוֹיִם nations

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-12-None }}

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Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 12

• בַ-גּוֹיִם ("among the nations"): The preposition ב frequently indicates spatial location (BHRG, §39.6.1a). In connection with the verb זרה, it indicates place "among" the nations (DCH, 3:135).

Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 12

• תִּתְּנֵנוּ ("you give us"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtolcan be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 12, being given over [as sheep] (תִּתְּנֵנוּ, v. 12a) and being scattered (זֵרִיתָֽנוּ, v. 12b) do not refer a single, isolated event, but rather a regular occurrence in the psalmist's current experience.
• זֵרִיתָֽנוּ ("you have scattered us"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtolcan be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 12, being given over [as sheep] (תִּתְּנֵנוּ, v. 12a) and being scattered (זֵרִיתָֽנוּ, v. 12b) do not refer a single, isolated event, but rather a regular occurrence in the psalmist's current experience. As such, the qatal זֵרִיתָֽנוּ focuses on the resultant state (i.e., God has caused a state of scattering), and no reference point movement is expected.

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V. 13

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 13]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תִּמְכֹּר you sell
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="your people" x="80" y="-10">
                noun: עַמְּ people
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="without compensation" x="-80" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ with
                Object
                  noun: הוֹן wealth >> price
              Adverbial
                adverb: לֹא no
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: רִבִּיתָ you make great
            Object <status="elided">
              ConstructChain
                noun: עַמְּ people
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בִּ with respect to
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="their price" x="100" y="-10">
                    noun: מְחִירֵי price
                    suffix-pronoun: הֶם them 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 13]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תִּמְכֹּר you sell
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="your people" x="80" y="-10">
                noun: עַמְּ people
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="without compensation" x="-80" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ with
                Object
                  noun: הוֹן wealth >> price
              Adverbial
                adverb: לֹא no
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: רִבִּיתָ you make great
            Object <status="elided">
              ConstructChain
                noun: עַמְּ people
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בִּ with respect to
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="their price" x="100" y="-10">
                    noun: מְחִירֵי price
                    suffix-pronoun: הֶם them

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-13-None }}

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Note for V. 13

Associate with V-13-None

• The grammar of רִבִּיתָ בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם: Some modern translations treat רִבִּיתָ as an intransitive verb (i.e., "you have not profited/increased"), with the prepositional phrase בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם functioning as an adverbial modifier, indicating means (i.e., "by their price"; so NASB, NIV, CSB, KJV). On the other hand, it is possible that the preposition בְּ of בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם introduces the object of the transitive verb רִבִּיתָ (DCH, 5:217; 7:397). If so, then the verbal idea here is that of inflating the purchase price (so ESV, NRSV, NET). A mediating position would be to see רִבִּיתָ בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם as an idiomatic expression, "to make a profit" (so HALOT, 1176). However, if this were the case, then translating בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם adverbially (cf. CSB, "you make no profit by selling them") would be redundant.

While, in rare cases, the verb רבה can be used intransitively to refer to qualitative (as opposed to quantitative) greatness, this typically occurs in the qal stem (Job 33:12; 1 Kgs 5:10). In the piel stem (as here in 44:13), the verb is transitive in all its other occurrences (Judg 9:29; Ezek 19:2; Lam 2:22). Thus, reading רִבִּיתָ as transitive (with בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם indicating the object) is preferred.

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Note for V. 13

Associate with V-13-None

• The sense of רִבִּיתָ: Some modern translations treat רִבִּיתָ as an intransitive verb (i.e., "you have not profited/increased"), with the prepositional phrase בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם functioning as an adverbial modifier (i.e., "by their price"; so NASB, NIV, CSB, KJV). On the other hand, multiple translations treat רִבִּיתָ as a transitive verb describing the inflation of a purchase price (so ESV, NRSV, NET). While reading רִבִּיתָ as transitive is preferred grammatically, the construction as a whole (רִבִּיתָ בִּמְחִירֵיהֶם) represents the idiomatic expression, "to make a profit" (so HALOT, 1176). For further discussion on this issue, see Grammar notes.

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 13

Associate with V-13-None

• בְ-לֹא־הוֹן ("for no wealth >> without compensation"): The ב can indicate the price of something, at times connoting "in exchange for" (Arnold and Choi 2018, §4.1.5j; BHRG, §39.6.3d). The sense here could be "for not-wealth >> for mock money" (so Jenni 1992, 152). More likely, it denotes the sense of "without value" (so deClaisse-Walford, et al 2014, 411; Goldingay 2007, 36).
• בִּ-מְחִירֵיהֶֽם ("inflate their price"): With the piel verb רבה, the preposition ב could indicate the object (DCH, 7:397). Alternatively, it is possible that the ב indicates means (i.e., "become great by their price" >> "grow rich"; so DCH, 2:86). However, this would imply an intransitive use of the piel of רבה, which is unlikely. A preferred alternative would be view the prepositional phrase as indicating specification, as it completes the transitive piel רבה (i.e., "make great with respect to price"; Arnold and Choi, §4.1.5e).

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Note for V. 13

Associate with V-13-None

• תִּמְכֹּֽר ("you sell"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtolcan be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 13, the act of selling (תִּמְכֹּֽר, v. 13a) and inflating [prices] (רִבִּיתָ, v. 13b) do not refer a single, isolated event, but rather a regular occurrence in the psalmist's current experience.
• רִבִּיתָ ("you have made"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtolcan be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 13, the act of selling (תִּמְכֹּֽר, v. 13a) and inflating [prices] (רִבִּיתָ, v. 13b) do not refer a single, isolated event, but rather a regular occurrence in the psalmist's current experience. As such, the qatal רִבִּיתָ focuses on the resultant state (i.e., the price has not been inflated), and no reference point movement is expected.

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V. 14

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 14]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׂימֵ turn into
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            SecondObject
              noun: חֶרְפָּה object of scorn
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לִ to
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="our neighbors" x="100" y="-10">
                    noun: שְׁכֵנֵי inhabitants
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׂימֵ make <status="elided">
            Object <status="elided">
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            SecondObject <gloss="scornful derision" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: לַעַג derision
              conjunction: וָ and
              noun: קֶלֶס scorn
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לִ to
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="those who surround us"  x="140" y="-10">
                    noun: סְבִיבוֹתֵי those who surround
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 14]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׂימֵ turn into
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            SecondObject
              noun: חֶרְפָּה object of scorn
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לִ to
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="our neighbors" x="100" y="-10">
                    noun: שְׁכֵנֵי inhabitants
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׂימֵ make <status="elided">
            Object <status="elided">
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            SecondObject <gloss="scornful derision" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: לַעַג derision
              conjunction: וָ and
              noun: קֶלֶס scorn
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לִ to
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="those who surround us"  x="140" y="-10">
                    noun: סְבִיבוֹתֵי those who surround
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-14-None }}

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Note for V. 14

Associate with V-14-None

• The meaning of חֶרְפָּה: While this term can be used to refer to the act of scorning (Lam 3:61; Zeph 2:8), it can also have the passive sense of "object of scorn" (Pss 31:12; 79:4; NIDOTTE, 2:280–81).
• The meaning of לַעַג וָקֶלֶס: The phrase לַעַג וָקֶלֶס also occurs in Ps 79:4. On this basis, it is possible that לַעַג וָקֶלֶס constitutes a fixed expression (or hendiadys) that means "scornful derision" (Goldingay 2007, 44).

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 14

Associate with V-14-None

• תְּשִׂימֵנוּ ("You turn us into"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action.

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V. 15

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 15]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׂימֵ turn into
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            SecondObject
              noun: מָשָׁל parable
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="among the nations" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: בַּ among
                Object
                  article: הַ the <status="elided">
                  noun: גּוֹיִם nations
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׂימֵ make <status="elided">
            Object <status="elided">
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            SecondObject
              ConstructChain <gloss="object of pity">
                noun: מְנוֹד shaking
                noun: רֹאשׁ head
            Adverbial <status="alternative">
              Nominal
                noun: אֻמִּים tribes
                adjective: בַּל not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בַּ among <status="emendation">
                Object
                  article: הַ the <status="elided">
                  noun: לְאֻמִּים peoples <status="emendation"> 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 15]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׂימֵ turn into
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            SecondObject
              noun: מָשָׁל parable
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="among the nations" x="0" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: בַּ among
                Object
                  article: הַ the <status="elided">
                  noun: גּוֹיִם nations
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּשִׂימֵ make <status="elided">
            Object <status="elided">
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            SecondObject
              ConstructChain <gloss="object of pity">
                noun: מְנוֹד shaking
                noun: רֹאשׁ head
            Adverbial <status="alternative">
              Nominal
                noun: אֻמִּים tribes
                adjective: בַּל not
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בַּ among <status="emendation">
                Object
                  article: הַ the <status="elided">
                  noun: לְאֻמִּים peoples <status="emendation">

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-15-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 15

• Textual note on בַּלְאֻמִּים: BHS, in reproducing the text of Leningradensis (L), reads בַּל־אֻמִּים ("not peoples"?) in v. 15. Most Hebrew manuscripts (including the Aleppo and Sassoon Codices) read בַּלְאֻמִּים ("among the peoples") instead. This reading is also supported by the LXX and Targum.

It is possible that L has mis-divided the original בלאמים into בַּל־אֻמִּים (so Goldingay 2007, 2:36). However, as the identical construction בַּל־אֻמִּים also occurs in Pss 57:10; 108:4; and 149:7 of L, if this were indeed a scribal error, it would be an unusually common one that was made.

The reading of בַּל־אֻמִּים makes little sense syntactically, as the negative particle בַּל is not elsewhere found with substantives (Barbiero and Pavan 2012, 599). It is also difficult contextually, unless בַּל־אֻמִּים means "not a people" in a pejorative sense (cf. בְּלֹא־עָם in Deut 32:21). It is possible that this pejorative sense formed the motivation for an intentional re-vocalization of the text of L. The reading of בַּל־אֻמִּים could be explained as a midrashic play on words by the scribe of L, in order to make allusion to texts like Deut 32:21 (Ibid, 603–604).

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 15

• The meaning of מָשָׁל: While typically associated with the wisdom sayings of the book of Proverbs (Prov 1:1, 6; 10:1; 25:1), the term מָשָׁל can have a more general sense of "saying" within a variety of genres (HALOT). The core meaning of "to be like, be equal to" appears to underly most uses of the nominal and verbal forms of the word (NIDOTTE, 2:1134). In contexts where the term clearly has a negative connotation, the most common modern English translation is "byword" (NIV, ESV, NRSV, NASB, NJB). Such translations suggest that the force of מָשָׁל is that of ridicule or taunting (see also CSB, NET, CEV, NCV). However, the core idea of comparison suggests that the true force of מָשָׁל is that of a negative example, presented to discourage others from doing likewise (Ibid, 2:1135).
• The meaning of מְנוֹד־רֹאשׁ: This is the only occurrence in the HB of the nominal מְנוֹד. The verbal form נוּד, when applied to the "shaking of the head," is an idiomatic means of expressing concern; the exact nuance can range between sympathy, surprise, or scorn (NIDOTTE, 3:53). Given the parallelism with מָשָׁל (see previous note), the sense of מְנוֹד־רֹאשׁ in v. 15 could be that of disapproval or shock, as opposed to taunting or mockery.

• For more on the meaning of בַּל־אֻמִּים see text-critical note on Grammar.

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Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 15

• תְּשִׂימֵנוּ ("you turn us into"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action.

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Vv. 16-17

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 16–17]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain
              noun: כְּלִמָּת shame
              suffix-pronoun: ִי me
          Predicate
            Complement
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="before me" x="-20" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: נֶגְדּ in front of
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: ִי me
            Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="-40" y="-10">
              Nominal
                quantifier: כָּל all
                article: הַ the
                noun: יּוֹם day
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="my shamefacedness" x="80" y="-10">
              noun: בֹשֶׁת shame
              ConstructChain
                noun: פָּנַ face
                suffix-pronoun: ִי me
          Predicate
            verb: כִּסָּתְ cover
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: מִ because
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="voice of the reviling taunter" x="60" y="-10">
                noun: קּוֹל voice
                Nominal <gloss="reviling taunter" x="0" y="-10">
                  verb-participle: מְחָרֵף taunter
                  conjunction: וּ and
                  verb-participle: מְגַדֵּף reviler
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="because of the vengeful enemy" x="-40" y="-10">
            Preposition
              preposition: מִפְּנֵי because
            Object
              noun: אוֹיֵב enemy
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וּ and
              verb-participle: מִתְנַקֵּם avenger 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [vv. 16–17]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain
              noun: כְּלִמָּת shame
              suffix-pronoun: ִי me
          Predicate
            Complement
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="before me" x="-20" y="-10">
                Preposition
                  preposition: נֶגְדּ in front of
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: ִי me
            Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="-40" y="-10">
              Nominal
                quantifier: כָּל all
                article: הַ the
                noun: יּוֹם day
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="my shamefacedness" x="80" y="-10">
              noun: בֹשֶׁת shame
              ConstructChain
                noun: פָּנַ face
                suffix-pronoun: ִי me
          Predicate
            verb: כִּסָּתְ cover
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: מִ because
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="voice of the reviling taunter" x="60" y="-10">
                noun: קּוֹל voice
                Nominal <gloss="reviling taunter" x="0" y="-10">
                  verb-participle: מְחָרֵף taunter
                  conjunction: וּ and
                  verb-participle: מְגַדֵּף reviler
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="because of the vengeful enemy" x="-40" y="-10">
            Preposition
              preposition: מִפְּנֵי because
            Object
              noun: אוֹיֵב enemy
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וּ and
              verb-participle: מִתְנַקֵּם avenger

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=Vv-16-17-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Note for Vv. 16-17

Associate with Vv-16-17-None

• v. 16 - The meaning of בֹֺּשֶׁת פָּנִים: The expression בֹֺּשֶׁת פָּנִים is common (Jer 7:19; Dan 9:7–8; Ezra 9:7; 2 Chr 32:21), and could denote the idiomatic sense of "blush" (TLOT, 206).
• v. 17 - The meaning of מְחָרֵף וּמְגַדֵּף: This word pair can be construed as a fixed expression (or hendiadys, so Goldingay 2007, 44). The verbal pair חרף and גדף also occurs in 2 Kgs 19:22 and Isa 37:23. If the participial forms are understood as a verbal hendiadys, then the verbal ideas would be parallel (i.e., "taunting and reviling"; Putnam 2002, §2.3.1). However, as the participles are functioning as substantives, then the second term of the nominal hendiadys should be understood as modifying the first (i.e., "the reviling taunter"; Ibid, §§1.8.1c[1]; 1.8.3b).
• v. 17 - The meaning of אוֹיֵב וּמִתְנַקֵּם: The exact phrase אוֹיֵב וּמִתְנַקֵּם also appears in Ps 8:3, and it is possible to understand the construction as a hendiadys (Baethgen 1904, 21). If the participial forms are understood as a verbal hendiadys, then the verbal ideas would be parallel (i.e., "adversarial and avenging"; Putnam 2002, §2.3.1). However, as the participles are functioning as substantives, then the second term of the nominal hendiadys should be understood as modifying the first (i.e., "the avenging enemy"; Ibid, §§1.8.1c[1]; 1.8.3b).

While the term נקם typically refers to "vengeance" as a form of divine justice, it occasionally denotes purely human (negative) vengefulness (cf. Ps 8:3; NIDOTTE, 3:156).

Phrase-Level

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Note for Vv. 16-17

Associate with Vv-16-17-None

• כָּל־הַיּוֹם ("all day long"): Indication of duration of time. This noun phrase specifies the temporal duration of the psalmist's experience of shame. The focus appears to be on the shame's continuous—rather than unending—nature, as the psalmist is requesting that God deliver him from it.
• נֶגְדִּ-י ("before me"): Related to the use of נֶ֫גֶד for indicating observable proximity in space, the figurative use of the preposition indicates something that takes place "in the presence or sight of" the object (BHRG, §39.16.2b).

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 16

Associate with Vv-16-17-None

• כִּסָּֽתְנִי ("my shamefacedness has covered me"): In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.

Note for V. 17

Associate with Vv-16-17-None

• מְחָרֵף ("taunter"): On the hendiadys מְחָרֵף וּמְגַדֵּף, see Lexical Semantics notes.
• מְגַדֵּף ("reviling"): On the hendiadys מְחָרֵף וּמְגַדֵּף, see Lexical Semantics notes.
• אוֹיֵב ("enemy"): On the hendiadys אוֹיֵב וּמִתְנַקֵּם, see Lexical Semantics notes.
• מִתְנַקֵּֽם ("vengeful"): On the hendiadys אוֹיֵב וּמִתְנַקֵּם, see Lexical Semantics notes.

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V. 18

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 18]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal
              quantifier: כָּל all
              noun: זֹאת this
          Predicate
            verb: בָּאַתְ come
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ though
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: שְׁכַחֲנוּ we forget >> we neglect
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: שִׁקַּרְנוּ we break faith
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בִּ with regard to
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="your covenant" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: בְרִיתֶ covenant
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 18]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal
              quantifier: כָּל all
              noun: זֹאת this
          Predicate
            verb: בָּאַתְ come
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ though
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: שְׁכַחֲנוּ we forget >> we neglect
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: שִׁקַּרְנוּ we break faith
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בִּ with regard to
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="your covenant" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: בְרִיתֶ covenant
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-18-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Note for V. 18

Associate with V-18-None

• Pronominal suffix of בָּאַתְנוּ: While pronominal suffixes often indicate an accusative (i.e., direct object), they can also indicate datives with certain verbs (JM §125ba; see also Pss 36.12; 119.41, 77; Prov. 28.22; Job 22.21). This is the case here, where the 1cp suffix indicates location ("to us") with the intransitive qal of בוא.
• Clausal syntax: The negated clauses in this verse could be construed as subordinated circumstantial clauses, perhaps with a concessive force (so GKC §156f). However, in the absence of a subordinating conjunction, the parallel uses of qatal verbs throughout this verse suggest viewing these clauses as disjunctive, rather than subordinate (cf. Davidson 1902, §152).

Lexical Notes

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Note for V. 18

Associate with V-18-None

• The meaning of שִׁקַּרְנוּ: When used intransitively (1 Sam 15:29; Isa 63:8), the piel of שׁקר could be construed as either a state (static/atelic; "he will not be false"; cf. DCH) or achievement (non-durative/telic; "he will not lie"; DCH). When, as here, the verb takes an object introduced by a preposition בְּ (see also Ps 89:34; Lev 10:11), the sense appears to be that of either an activity (durative/atelic; "we did not deal falsely with your covenant"; BDB) or achievement (non-durative/telic; "we did not break faith with your covenant"; HALOT). Since the psalmist is here describing an action that would have required judgment, an implied end point (i.e., telicity) is in view. Thus, rendering שִׁקַּרְנוּ as "break faith" is preferred.

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 18

Associate with V-18-None

• בָּאַתְנוּ ("has come upon us"): As this verb summarizes the preceding content and denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result), no reference point movement is expected.
• שְׁכַחֲנוּךָ ("we have not neglected you"): In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected. The concessive sense (i.e., "even though we have not forgotten you") can be introduced by a simple waw conjunction, as it does here (Arnold and Choi 2018, §5.2.12). This concessive sense is implied by the semantic contrast being depicted at this point, i.e., the contrast between disaster that is consistent with covenant curse (see Story Behind notes) and Israel's covenant faithfulness.
• שִׁקַּרְנוּ ("have we broken faith"): In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.

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V. 19

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 19]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="our heart" x="80" y="-10">
              noun: לִבֵּ heart
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Predicate
            verb: נָסוֹג turn back >> backslide
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial <gloss="" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: אָחוֹר backwards
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וַ that is
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="our steps" x="100" y="-10">
              noun: אֲשֻׁרֵי steps
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Predicate
            verb: תֵּט turn aside >> deviate
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not <status="elided">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: מִנִּי from
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="your path" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: אָרְחֶ way
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 19]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="our heart" x="80" y="-10">
              noun: לִבֵּ heart
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Predicate
            verb: נָסוֹג turn back >> backslide
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not
            Adverbial <gloss="" x="0" y="-10">
              noun: אָחוֹר backwards
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וַ that is
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain <gloss="our steps" x="100" y="-10">
              noun: אֲשֻׁרֵי steps
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
          Predicate
            verb: תֵּט turn aside >> deviate
            Adverbial
              adverb: לֹא not <status="elided">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: מִנִּי from
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="your path" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: אָרְחֶ way
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-19-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Note for V. 19

Associate with V-19-None

• Grammatical agreement of וַתֵּט and אֲשֻׁרֵינוּ: Feminine plural nouns of things (or animals) can sometimes function as collectives, and thus take a feminine singular verb, as here (JM §150g).
• Negative particle לֹא: Although the negative particle לֹא only occurs in the first half of this verse, its force is extended to the second, juxtaposed clause (JM §160q).

Lexical Notes

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Note for V. 19

Associate with V-19-None

• The singular לִבֵּנוּ: The use of the singular form of לֵב/לֵבָב with a plural pronominal suffix is common in BH (134 occurrences), and occurs 22 times in the Psalms (Pss 4:5; 10:17; 22:27; 28:3; 31:25; 33:15, 21; 35:25; 37:15; 44:19; 48:14; 62:9; 69:33; 74:8; 78:18, 37; 81:13; 84:6; 95:8; 105:25; 107:12; 119:70). By contrast, the plural form of לֵב with a suffix only appears once in the Psalter (Ps 125:4). The singular form here in 44:19 is likely collective in meaning, a phenomenon that can occur with almost any word (Davidson 1902, 19). While essentially equivalent to the plural on a semantic level, this collective use of לֵב could be a reflection of corporate solidarity, in which the community's covenant fidelity is measured by the faithfulness of its collective "heart" (see Exegetical Issue: The Speaker of Ps. 44:5, 7, and 16).

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 19

Associate with V-19-None

• אֲשֻׁרֵי-נוּ ("our steps"): Verbal notion–subject. The image of אֲשֻׁרֵינוּ could be contrued as a body part-possessor relationship. However, with אֲשֻׁרֵי used figuratively to refer to one's actions in life (SDBH), the construct relationship would be closer to that of verbal notion-subject.
• אָרְחֶֽ-ךָ ("your path"): Product–author, creator, source, origin. With אָרְחֶֽ used figuratively to refer to a pattern of behavior (SDBH), the construct relationship would that have product-source (i.e., "the lifestyle defined by God").
• אָחוֹר ("backwards"): Indication of directional specification. This noun functions as an adverbial accusative of local determination (JM, §126h). In other words, it specifies the location where the action occurs. The people deny having slid "backwards."

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 19

Associate with V-19-None

• נָסוֹג ("our heart has not backslid"): In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.
• וַתֵּט ("our steps have not deviated"): While typically associated with temporal succession, the wayyiqtol in this case could denote logical entailment of the preceding clause (IBHS, §33.2.1a). It is possible that the wayyiqtol is epexegetical, in that it explains the preceding clause (i.e., "our hearts have not turned back, that is, our steps have not strayed..."; Ibid, §33.2.2a). In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected. Although the negative particle לֹא only occurs in the first half of this verse, its force is extended to the second, juxtaposed clause (JM §160q).

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V. 20

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 20]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי yet
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: דִכִּיתָ you crush
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בִּ in
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: מְקוֹם place
                    noun: תַּנִּים jackals
                    noun: תַּנִּין sea monster <status="alternative emendation">
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וַ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּכַס you cover
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: עָלֵי over
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ with
                Object
                  noun: צַלְמָוֶת deepest shadow 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 20]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי yet
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: דִכִּיתָ you crush
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בִּ in
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: מְקוֹם place
                    noun: תַּנִּים jackals
                    noun: תַּנִּין sea monster <status="alternative emendation">
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וַ and
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תְּכַס you cover
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: עָלֵי over
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ with
                Object
                  noun: צַלְמָוֶת deepest shadow

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-20-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Note for V. 20

Associate with V-20-None

• Textual issue on תַּנִּים: Some Hebrew manuscripts, along with the Syriac, read תנין "sea monster" instead of תַּנִּים. LXX reads κακώσεως "ill-treatment" (NETS), though it should be noted that LXX tends to be inconsistent in its rendering of תַּנִּים (cf. Isa 13:22; 34:13; 35:7; Jer 10:22), and appears to translate it as δρακόντων "dragons" (NETS) in Jer 9:10. While some have suggested that תַּנִּים itself can mean "sea monster" (deClaisse-Walford, et al 2014, 411n11; cf. DCH), most modern translations render the term as "jackal." Taken with the construct מְקוֹם, "jackal" makes better sense here, as "the place of the sea monster" would imply the sea as a setting, which does not seem to fit the present context.

Lexical Notes

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Note for V. 20

Associate with V-20-None

• The meaning of צַלְמָוֶת: The etymology of צַלְמָוֶת is debated, with several English translations treating it as a compound of צֵל "shadow" and מָוֶת "death" (NIDOTTE, 3:807), hence, "shadow of death" (ESV, NASB, KJV, ASV). This understanding is also reflected in the LXX's σκιὰ θανάτου. Alternatively, some scholars treat צַלְמָוֶת as being cognate with ṣalāmu "to be dark," attested in Akkadian and Arabic (TWOT, 767). This understanding possibly underlies renderings of "deep darkness" (NIV, NRSV, CSB, NCV, REB). However, even if one affirms the etymology behind "shadow of death," the idiomatic sense of the term could be that of deepest darkness, as מָוֶת could be functioning as a superlative (Dahood 1966, 147; hence NJB's "shadow dark as death").

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 20

Associate with V-20-None

• Preposition בְּ: The preposition of בְצַלְמָוֶת indicates the instrument of covering (GKC §119q).
• בִּמְקוֹם תַּנִּים ("in the place of jackals"): Entity–characteristic (description, attribute, quality). In the place of jackals; i.e., the place inhabited by jackals. As jackals are typically associated with uninhabited wastes, this image depicts God's wrath (NIDOTTE, 4:310).
• עָלֵי-נוּ ("[Covered] us"): The preposition עַל can indicate a location "over" or "upon" an object (Arnold and Choi 2018, § 4.1.16a.1). The piel verb כסה regularly pairs with עַל to mean "cover" (DCH, 4:442).
• בְ-צַלְמָֽוֶת׃ ("With deepest shadow"): The ב indicates the instrument (beth instrumenti) by which an action is realized (BHRG, §39.6.3a). In this construction, it indicates covering "by (means of)" deep darkness (so DCH, 4:442).

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 20

Associate with V-20-None

• דִכִּיתָנוּ ("you have crushed us"): In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.
• וַתְּכַס ("you have covered us"): While typically associated with temporal succession, the wayyiqtol in this case could denote logical entailment of the preceding clause (IBHS, §33.2.1a). It is possible that the wayyiqtol constitutes a summary remark (i.e., "you crushed us... so thus you covered us..."; Ibid, §33.2.1d). In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.

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Vv. 21-22

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 21–22]
    Fragment
      particle: הֲ (interrogative particle)
    Fragment
      Clause // v. 22
        Subject
          noun: אֱלֹהִים God
        Predicate
          verb: יַחֲקָר investigate
          Object
            pronoun: זֹאת this
          Adverbial
            particle: לֹא not
        SubordinateClause
          Conjunction
            conjunction: כִּי since
          Clause
            Subject
              pronoun: הוּא he
            Predicate
              verb: יֹדֵעַ know
              Object
                ConstructChain
                  noun: תַּעֲלֻמוֹת secrets
                  noun: לֵב heart
        SubordinateClause // v. 21
          Conjunction
            conjunction: אִם if
          ClauseCluster
            Clause
              Predicate
                verb: שָׁכַחְנוּ we forget >> we neglect
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: שֵׁם name
                    ConstructChain <gloss="our God" x="100" y="-10">
                      noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
                      suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וַ or
            Clause
              Predicate
                verb: נִּפְרֹשׂ we spread out
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="our palms" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: כַּפֵּי palms
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to another god" x="-40" y="-10">
                    Preposition
                      preposition: לְ to
                    Object
                      noun: אֵל god
                      adjective: זָר strange 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [vv. 21–22]
    Fragment
      particle: הֲ (interrogative particle)
    Fragment
      Clause // v. 22
        Subject
          noun: אֱלֹהִים God
        Predicate
          verb: יַחֲקָר investigate
          Object
            pronoun: זֹאת this
          Adverbial
            particle: לֹא not
        SubordinateClause
          Conjunction
            conjunction: כִּי since
          Clause
            Subject
              pronoun: הוּא he
            Predicate
              verb: יֹדֵעַ know
              Object
                ConstructChain
                  noun: תַּעֲלֻמוֹת secrets
                  noun: לֵב heart
        SubordinateClause // v. 21
          Conjunction
            conjunction: אִם if
          ClauseCluster
            Clause
              Predicate
                verb: שָׁכַחְנוּ we forget >> we neglect
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: שֵׁם name
                    ConstructChain <gloss="our God" x="100" y="-10">
                      noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
                      suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וַ or
            Clause
              Predicate
                verb: נִּפְרֹשׂ we spread out
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="our palms" x="80" y="-10">
                    noun: כַּפֵּי palms
                    suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to another god" x="-40" y="-10">
                    Preposition
                      preposition: לְ to
                    Object
                      noun: אֵל god
                      adjective: זָר strange

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=Vv-21-22-None }}

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Note for Vv. 21-22

Associate with Vv-21-22-None

• v. 21 - The meaning of וַנִּפְרֹשׂ כַּפֵּינוּ: The image depicted by this phrase is that of presenting one's empty palms in supplication to a god/God, and thus is an idiomatic expression describing prayer (SDBH).

Phrase-Level

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Note for Vv. 21-22

Associate with Vv-21-22-None

• שֵׁם אֱלֹהֵי-נוּ ("our God's name"): Possession (characteristic)–possessor. God's name refers to the core of his identity, reflecting the essence of his being (SDBH). Hence, the construct relationship is that of characteristic-possessor.
• לְ-אֵל זָֽר׃ ("to another god"): The preposition ל most frequently denotes direction "to" or "towards" an object (Arnold and Choi 2018, §4.1.10a). Here, the figure of "[spreading] our palms to another god" is an idiomatic description of prayer (SDBH).

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 21

Associate with Vv-21-22-None

• שָׁכַחְנוּ ("we have neglected"): While the particle אִם typically introduces a real (as opposed to unreal, contrary-to-fact) condition, this distinction is not always consistent (GKC, §159m). Here, the protasis of the conditional clause is unreal (i.e., "If we had forgotten [but we have not]..."). As the psalmist is describing a hypothetical past situation with present results, the no reference time movement is expected.
• נִּפְרֹשׂ ("we had spread"): The conditional particle אִם can extend its force to a second conditional clause, as it does here (GKC, §159.ff). While typically associated with temporal succession, the wayyiqtol in this case could denote logical entailment of the preceding clause (IBHS, §33.2.1a). It is possible that the wayyiqtol is epexegetical, in that it explains the preceding clause (i.e., "had we forgotten... by spreading..."; Ibid, §33.2.2a). As the psalmist is describing a hypothetical past situation with present results, the no reference time movement is expected.

Note for V. 22

Associate with Vv-21-22-None

• The interrogative הֲלֺא introduces the apodosis (i.e., the main clause of the conditional sentence) to the preceding clause (GKC, §159n).

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V. 23

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 23]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי yet
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הֹרַגְנוּ we are killed
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: עָלֶי because of
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="-40" y="-10">
            Nominal
              quantifier: כָל all
              article: הַ the
              noun: יּוֹם day
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ we are considered
          Complement
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ as
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="sheep to be slaughtered" x="120" y="-10">
                    noun: צֹאן sheep
                    noun: טִבְחָה slaughtering 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 23]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי yet
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הֹרַגְנוּ we are killed
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: עָלֶי because of
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="-40" y="-10">
            Nominal
              quantifier: כָל all
              article: הַ the
              noun: יּוֹם day
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ we are considered
          Complement
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ as
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="sheep to be slaughtered" x="120" y="-10">
                    noun: צֹאן sheep
                    noun: טִבְחָה slaughtering

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-23-None }}

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Note for V. 23

Associate with V-23-None

• The sense of הֹרַגְנוּ: While the psalmist has not literally been killed, the inclusion of himself in the first-person plural could be explained on the basis of corporate solidarity (see Exegetical Issue: The Speaker of Ps. 44:5, 7, and 16), wherein the experience of the community is shared by the individual. Thus, Israel's experience of death by means of military defeat (v. 10) or plundering (v. 11) is reflected in the experience of the psalmist as well.

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 23

Associate with V-23-None

• כָל־הַיּוֹם ("all day long"): Indication of duration of time. This noun phrase specifies the temporal duration of the psalmist's experience of the threat of death. The focus appears to be on the experience's continuous—rather than unending—nature, as the psalmist is requesting that God deliver him from it.
• עָלֶי-ךָ ("because of you"): The preposition עַל can indicate indirect goal, "for the sake of" (BHRG, §39.20.3c), or cause, "because of" (Ibid, §39.20.4). The distinction between goals and causes can be difficult to distinguish (IBHS, §11.2.13e). However, within the present context of lament, the portrayal of God as the active agent in the psalmist's suffering points to a causal nuance.
• כְּ-צֹאן טִבְחָֽה׃ ("as sheep for slaughtering"): The preposition כ frequently indicates similarity (BHRG, §39.10.1).

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 23

Associate with V-23-None

• הֹרַגְנוּ ("we have been killed"): It is possible that the stem of this verb is passive qal, rather than pual (HALOT). In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected. The temporal modifier כָל־הַיּוֹם also suggests either iterative/habitual action (i.e., "[people] are constantly being killed") or continuous action (i.e., "we are in the process of being killed" >> "we are under constant threat of death").
• נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ ("we are considered"): In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.

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V. 24

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 24]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
        Predicate
          verb: עוּרָה awake* >> come into action
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: תִישַׁן you sleep* >> you take no action
          adverb:  לָמָּה why
    Fragment
      Vocative
        noun: אֲדֹנָי Lord
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
        Predicate
          verb: הָקִיצָה wake up* >> come into action
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
        Predicate
          verb: תִּזְנַח reject
          adverb: אַל not
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ for
              Object
                noun: נֶצַח ever 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 24]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
        Predicate
          verb: עוּרָה awake* >> come into action
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: תִישַׁן you sleep* >> you take no action
          adverb:  לָמָּה why
    Fragment
      Vocative
        noun: אֲדֹנָי Lord
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
        Predicate
          verb: הָקִיצָה wake up* >> come into action
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
        Predicate
          verb: תִּזְנַח reject
          adverb: אַל not
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ for
              Object
                noun: נֶצַח ever

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-24-None }}

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Note for V. 24

Associate with V-24-None

• The meaning of לָנֶצַח: The term נֵצַח is typically understood as "endurance, everlastingness, endlessness" (DCH). However, it has been noted that this meaning is difficult in instances where it is found alongside temporal questions of "How long?" (Pss 13:2; 74:10; 79:5; 89:47). It has been suggested that, based on a root meaning of "pre-eminent," נֵצַח can communicate a superlative sense (Thomas 1956, 108). If so, then the sense here would be, "Do not reject utterly." However, as the traditional rendering of "forever" is intelligible—even in difficult cases—by means of literary device, this temporal rendering is preferred (cf. NIDOTTE, 3:139–40).

Phrase-Level

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Note for V. 24

Associate with V-24-None

• אֲדֹנָ-י ("our lord >> Lord): Kinship/relationship–possessor. When used in אֲדֹנָי, the 1cs suffix loses its force, as the entire construction is understood as a divine title (GKC, §135q).

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 24

Associate with V-24-None

• תִישַׁן (" you sleep"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol typically denotes habitual action. The nature of slumber, however, suggests continual action. Furthermore, the yiqtol form can denote continuous action when used in questions. In these cases, they communicate an "actual present," i.e., the action in question is assumed to continue up until the moment of speaking (JM, §113d).

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V. 25

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 25]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תַסְתִּיר you hide
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="your countenance" x="0" y="-10">
                noun: פָנֶי face >> countenance
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              adverb: לָמָּה why
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תִּשְׁכַּח you forget >> you neglect
            Object
              Object
                ConstructChain <gloss="our affliction" x="80" y="-10">
                  noun: עָנְיֵ affliction
                  suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וְ and
              Object
                ConstructChain <gloss="our oppression" x="80" y="-10">
                  noun: לַחֲצֵ oppression
                  suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              adverb: לָמָּה why <status="elided"> 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 25]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תַסְתִּיר you hide
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="your countenance" x="0" y="-10">
                noun: פָנֶי face >> countenance
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Adverbial
              adverb: לָמָּה why
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תִּשְׁכַּח you forget >> you neglect
            Object
              Object
                ConstructChain <gloss="our affliction" x="80" y="-10">
                  noun: עָנְיֵ affliction
                  suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וְ and
              Object
                ConstructChain <gloss="our oppression" x="80" y="-10">
                  noun: לַחֲצֵ oppression
                  suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
            Adverbial
              adverb: לָמָּה why <status="elided">

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-25-None }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 25

Note for V. 25

Associate with V-25-None

• The interrogative לָמָּה: Interrogative particles may at times be found governing multiple clauses (cf. Pss 2:1–2; 4:3; 13:3), which appears to be the case here in v. 25. On the one hand, the lack of לָמָּה in v. 25b could be viewed as an ellipsis that helps to balance the meter of the poetic lines (cf. Tsumura 2017, 193). Perhaps a better explanation is that לָמָּה is functioning as a double-duty word that vertically modifies both clauses at the same time (Ibid).

Lexical Notes

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Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 25

Note for V. 25

Associate with V-25-None

• פָנֶי-ךָ ("your face"): Possession (body part)–possessor. With פָנֶי used figuratively to refer to one's presence (DCH), the construct relationship would be closer to that of characteristic-possessor.

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 25

Associate with V-25-None

• לָֽמָּה־פָנֶיךָ תַסְתִּיר ("Why are you hiding your countenance?"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol typically denotes habitual action. The nature of hiding, however, suggests continual action. Furthermore, the yiqtol form can denote continuous action when used in questions. In these cases, they communicate an "actual present," i.e., the action in question is assumed to continue up until the moment of speaking (JM, §113d).
• תִּשְׁכַּח עָנְיֵנוּ וְֽלַחֲצֵֽנוּ׃ ("Why are you neglecting our affliction and oppression?"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol typically denotes habitual action. The nature of neglect, however, suggests continual action. Furthermore, the yiqtol form can denote continuous action when used in questions. In these cases, they communicate an "actual present," i.e., the action in question is assumed to continue up until the moment of speaking (JM, §113d).

Textual Notes

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V. 26

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 26]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי for
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="our soul" x="80" y="-10">
            noun: נַפְשֵׁ soul
            suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Predicate
          verb: שָׁחָה melt >> sink down
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לֶ into
              Object
                article: הַ the <status="elided">
                noun: עָפָר dust
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="our body" x="120" y="-10">
            noun: בִּטְנֵ belly >> body
            suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Predicate
          verb: דָּבְקָה cling
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ to
              Object
                article: הַ the <status="elided">
                noun: אָרֶץ earth 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 26]
    Fragment
      particle: כִּי for
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="our soul" x="80" y="-10">
            noun: נַפְשֵׁ soul
            suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Predicate
          verb: שָׁחָה melt >> sink down
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לֶ into
              Object
                article: הַ the <status="elided">
                noun: עָפָר dust
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="our body" x="120" y="-10">
            noun: בִּטְנֵ belly >> body
            suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Predicate
          verb: דָּבְקָה cling
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ to
              Object
                article: הַ the <status="elided">
                noun: אָרֶץ earth

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-26-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 26

Note for V. 26

Associate with V-26-None

• The meaning of שָׁחָה: Typically connected with the root I-שׁוח "to sink down," most modern translations render this clause as, "our soul has sunk/bowed down to the dust." This could also be idiomatically understood as "to be downcast, depressed" (DCH). Alternatively, the verb could be associated with the root III-שׁוח (DCH) or שׁיח (HALOT) "to melt." As the Aramaic and Syriac cognates of שׁיח can have the sense of "to melt away, vanish," it is possible that this would imply a sense of dissolution. Thus, melting away לֶעָפָר ("to dust") could have the sense of dissolving into dust, or becoming dust (cf. Gen 3:19).

However, in light of the parallel line that follows ("our body clings to the earth"), it seems preferable to associate שָׁחָה with a downward movement, either physically down to the dust, or idiomatically with respect to being emotionally downcast (NIDOTTE, 4:98).

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 26

Note for V. 26

Associate with V-26-None

• לֶ-עָפָר ("into the dust"): With verbs of motion, the preposition ל can denote the goal of the movement (terminative) (Arnold and Choi 2018, §4.1.10a). See note above on שָׁחָה.
• לָ-אָרֶץ ("to the earth"): The preposition ל can denote the location of an object at a certain point (Arnold and Choi 2018, §4.1.10b). However, the gloss "clings at the earth" would not conform to English idiom.

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 26

Associate with V-26-None

• שָׁחָה ("has sunk down"): In the current context, the verb denotes the resulting state of an anterior action (perfect of result). As such, no reference point movement is expected.

Textual Notes

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V. 27

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 27]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: קוּמָה arise
            Adverbial <gloss="to our aid" x="-40" y="-10"> // <gloss="assistance on our behalf >> to our aid" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
              Nominal
                noun: עֶזְרָתָה assistance
                Adjectival
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: לָּ for
                    Object
                      suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and <height='150'>
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: פְדֵ redeem
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לְמַעַן because of
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="your faithfulness" x="120" y="-10">
                noun: חַסְדֶּ faithfulness
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 27]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: קוּמָה arise
            Adverbial <gloss="to our aid" x="-40" y="-10"> // <gloss="assistance on our behalf >> to our aid" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
              Nominal
                noun: עֶזְרָתָה assistance
                Adjectival
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: לָּ for
                    Object
                      suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and <height='150'>
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: פְדֵ redeem
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לְמַעַן because of
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="your faithfulness" x="120" y="-10">
                noun: חַסְדֶּ faithfulness
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=44|DiagramID=V-27-None }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 27

Note for V. 27

Associate with V-27-None

• The form of עֶזְרָתָה: The תָה◌ָ- ending of the noun עֶזְרָה "help" could be construed as a locative-ה ("to [our] help"). However, it is more likely that the ending has been added to avoid the contact of two stressed syllables (in this case, עֶזְרָ֣ה לָּ֑נוּ; JM §93j). Nevertheless, in the present context, the adverbial accusative עֶזְרָתָה would have a similar sense to that of the locative, in that it indicates the goal of a directed activity ("to/for [our] help"; IBHS §10.2.2b).

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 27

Note for V. 27

Associate with V-27-None

• The meaning of פְדֵנוּ: The basic meaning of the verb פדה is "to achieve the transfer of ownership from one to another through payment of a price or an equivalent substitute" (TWOT, 716). While the commercial concept of payment sometimes recedes in contexts of deliverance from danger (Ibid, 717), here in Ps 44, the term could be understood as a reversal of God's "selling" his people (v. 13).

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 27

Note for V. 27

Associate with V-27-None

• לָּ-נוּ (To our [assistance]): The ל of interest (dativus commodi or benefactive dative) indicates the person for whom an action is directed (IBHS, §11.2.10d).

Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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Appendix

Files

Diagrams

• V. 1.
• V. 10.
• V. 11.
• V. 12.
• V. 13.
• V. 14.
• V. 15.
• V. 18.
• V. 19.
• V. 2.
• V. 20.
• V. 23.
• V. 24.
• V. 25.
• V. 26.
• V. 27.
• V. 3.
• V. 4.
• V. 5.
• V. 5.Alternative
• V. 6.
• V. 7.
• V. 8.
• V. 9.
• Vv. 16-17.
• Vv. 21-22.

Notes

• Grammar.V. 1.178796
• Grammar.V. 11.567316
• Grammar.V. 13.281648
• Grammar.V. 15.386956
• Grammar.V. 18.977382
• Grammar.V. 19.961835
• Grammar.V. 2.964554
• Grammar.V. 20.188465
• Grammar.V. 25.906312
• Grammar.V. 27.382251
• Grammar.V. 3.795447
• Grammar.V. 5.281488
• Grammar.V. 6.914905
• Lexical.V. 1.236904
• Lexical.V. 10.441515
• Lexical.V. 11.450577
• Lexical.V. 13.750382
• Lexical.V. 14.561373
• Lexical.V. 15.53532
• Lexical.V. 18.970264
• Lexical.V. 19.45913
• Lexical.V. 2.587683
• Lexical.V. 20.141678
• Lexical.V. 23.414365
• Lexical.V. 24.951255
• Lexical.V. 26.857933
• Lexical.V. 27.533626
• Lexical.V. 3.64480
• Lexical.V. 4.80424
• Lexical.V. 5.493220
• Lexical.V. 6.442046
• Lexical.V. 7.728801
• Lexical.V. 8.539497
• Lexical.V. 9.640900
• Lexical.Vv. 16-17.690252
• Lexical.Vv. 21-22.181998
• Phrasal.V. 1.540781
• Phrasal.V. 10.91376
• Phrasal.V. 11.965664
• Phrasal.V. 12.884619
• Phrasal.V. 13.851544
• Phrasal.V. 19.732572
• Phrasal.V. 2.409945
• Phrasal.V. 20.394809
• Phrasal.V. 23.219656
• Phrasal.V. 24.539728
• Phrasal.V. 25.438337
• Phrasal.V. 26.204344
• Phrasal.V. 27.256289
• Phrasal.V. 4.900194
• Phrasal.V. 6.656618
• Phrasal.V. 9.291680
• Phrasal.Vv. 16-17.43468
• Phrasal.Vv. 21-22.823788
• Verbal.V. 10.346998
• Verbal.V. 11.27835
• Verbal.V. 12.801000
• Verbal.V. 13.906283
• Verbal.V. 14.989358
• Verbal.V. 15.515132
• Verbal.V. 17.196700
• Verbal.V. 18.637119
• Verbal.V. 19.517527
• Verbal.V. 2.710582
• Verbal.V. 20.328146
• Verbal.V. 21.894541
• Verbal.V. 22.520303
• Verbal.V. 23.922111
• Verbal.V. 24.672152
• Verbal.V. 25.412199
• Verbal.V. 26.412251
• Verbal.V. 3.592152
• Verbal.V. 4.603031
• Verbal.V. 5.221860
• Verbal.V. 6.725517
• Verbal.V. 7.957446
• Verbal.V. 8.911697
• Verbal.V. 9.408475
• Verbal.Vv. 16-17.289545

Approvals

Current Grammar status is not set for version not set. Current Lexical status is not set for version not set.

• Approve Grammar as version 1.1
• Approve Lexical as version 1.0

References