Psalm 45/Diagrams
v. 1
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| לַמְנַצֵּ֣חַ עַל־שֹׁ֭שַׁנִּים לִבְנֵי־קֹ֑רַח מַ֝שְׂכִּ֗יל שִׁ֣יר יְדִידֹֽת׃ | 1 | For the director. According to "Lilies." By the sons of Korah. A maskil. An ode. |
Macula
לַמְנַצֵּ֣חַ עַל־שֹׁ֭שַׁנִּים לִבְנֵי־קֹ֑רַח מַ֝שְׂכִּ֗יל שִׁ֣יר יְדִידֹֽת׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ for
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
Nominal
verb-participle: מְנַצֵּחַ director
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל according to
Object
noun: שֹׁשַׁנִּים lilies
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ by
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְנֵי sons
noun: קֹרַח Korah
Fragment
noun: מַשְׂכִּיל maskil
Fragment
Nominal <gloss="ode">
ConstructChain
noun: שִׁיר song
noun: יְדִידֹת love
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ for
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
Nominal
verb-participle: מְנַצֵּחַ director
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל according to
Object
noun: שֹׁשַׁנִּים lilies
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ by
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְנֵי sons
noun: קֹרַח Korah
Fragment
noun: מַשְׂכִּיל maskil
Fragment
Nominal <gloss="ode">
ConstructChain
noun: שִׁיר song
noun: יְדִידֹת love
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-1-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 1
v. 1 – As noted by GKC (§124e), יְדִידֹֽת fits well the category of "a number of plurals, found almost exclusively in poetry ... which are evidently intended to intensify the idea of the stem" (cf. Ḥakham 1979, 257).
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 1
v. 1 – The construct chain שִׁ֣יר יְדִידֹֽת is literally "a love song" (so BDB, DCH)—see the grammar notes for the plural form יְדִידֹת. The designations appears to be a genre marker, and is unique within the Psalter, though see Isa 5:1, which uses similar (though not exactly the same) wording: אָשִׁ֤ירָה נָּא֙ לִֽידִידִ֔י שִׁירַ֥ת דּוֹדִ֖י לְכַרְמ֑וֹ "I shall sing to my beloved a love song about his vineyard." Given that "love song" in English refers only to romantic love and that sense is absent in the psalm, we have preferred the term ode (cf. Blankesteijn 2021, 2, 8).[1]
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
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Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 2
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| רָ֘חַ֤שׁ לִבִּ֨י ׀ דָּ֘בָ֤ר ט֗וֹב | 2a | My heart has been stirred by a good theme; |
| אֹמֵ֣ר אָ֭נִי מַעֲשַׂ֣י לְמֶ֑לֶךְ | 2b | I am about to recite my verses to a king. |
| לְ֝שׁוֹנִ֗י עֵ֤ט ׀ סוֹפֵ֬ר מָהִֽיר׃ | 2c | My tongue is a pen of a skillful scribe. |
Macula
רָ֘חַ֤שׁ לִבִּ֨י ׀ דָּ֘בָ֤ר ט֗וֹב אֹמֵ֣ר אָ֭נִי מַעֲשַׂ֣י לְמֶ֑לֶךְ לְ֝שׁוֹנִ֗י עֵ֤ט ׀ סוֹפֵ֬ר מָהִֽיר׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my heart">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: רָחַשׁ is stirred
Adverbial
Nominal
noun: דָּבָר theme
adjective: טוֹב good
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָנִי I
Predicate
verb-participle: אֹמֵר am reciting
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my verses">
noun: מַעֲשׂ verses
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my tongue">
noun: לְשׁוֹנ tongue
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
ConstructChain
noun: עֵט pen
Nominal
noun: סוֹפֵר scribe
adjective: מָהִיר skillful
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my heart">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: רָחַשׁ is stirred
Adverbial
Nominal
noun: דָּבָר theme
adjective: טוֹב good
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָנִי I
Predicate
verb-participle: אֹמֵר am reciting
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my verses">
noun: מַעֲשׂ verses
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my tongue">
noun: לְשׁוֹנ tongue
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
ConstructChain
noun: עֵט pen
Nominal
noun: סוֹפֵר scribe
adjective: מָהִיר skillful
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-2-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – Since the verb רחשׁ only occurs here, it is difficult to tell whether it should be read as transitive or intransitive. The same root, however, is used intransitively in Aramaic—for example Targum Onkelos' rendering of יִשְׁרְצ֣וּ הַמַּ֔יִם in Gen 1:20 ("Let the waters swarm with...") as יִרְחֲשׁוּן מַיָּא—so the same has been preferred here.
As evident in Symmachus,[2] reading the clause intransitively most plausibly involves "my heart" as the grammatical subject (see, e.g., NASB: "My heart overflows with a good theme," ESV: "My heart overflows with a pleasing theme," NIV: "My heart is stirred by a noble theme").[3]
Alternative
v. 2 – If verb רחשׁ is interpreted as transitive, either "my heart" or "a good word" may be the grammatical subject. Though the former is most plausible (see e.g., KJV: "My heart is inviting a good matter").[4]
On the other hand, a minority of modern translations read the "good word" as subject (see, e.g., NLT: "Beautiful words stir my heart," GNT: "Beautiful words fill my mind").
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – According to the rest of the psalm, the poet’s heart is "stirred" by a powerful theme or topic, rather than word or matter, which are more frequent senses of דָּבָר. For our preferred gloss, theme, see BDB.[5]
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – The noun מַעֲשֶׂה has a wide semantic range. It can refer to work in the sense of the labor of daily life, but can also have the sense of a technical accomplishment, a finely-crafted product/work (SDBH) such as "the work of a baker" מַעֲשֵׂה אֹפֶה (Gen 40:17) = baked goods. The latter is likely here, but in this case, the work is that of a poet, i.e. a lyrical poem. Being grammatically plural, מַעֲשַׂ֣י may refer to poetic verses.
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – Although pen (עֵ֤ט) is suggested as the English gloss here, as a common writing tool, it should be borne in mind that in the world of the Psalms, עֵט was different from modern pens, being a "reed of about 20 centimeters long and sharpened on one end and split to form a nib; sometimes made of a rush cut at an angle and then frayed to form a fine brush; ► used for making marks with ink on writing material" (SDBH).
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – The word glossed as skillful, מָהִֽיר, comes from the root "to be quick," such that here it is used as an adjective to describe the "state in which humans have a significant level of proficiency in a certain craft, which enables them to work relatively fast" (SDBH).[6] Compare, e.g., “Do you see someone skilled in their work (מָ֘הִ֤יר בִּמְלַאכְתּ֗וֹ)? They will serve before kings” (Prov 22:29, NIV).
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – The verb רחשׁ, appearing only here in the Bible, is described by SDBH as "Literally: (one's) heart is astir; hence: = process by which thoughts about something keep one's mind occupied -- (one's) mind is full of thoughts."[7] For the grammar and transitivity of the verb, see the grammar notes.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – Notice that the first reference of the king—according to the major Tiberian codices—is indefinite.[8] This is perhaps due to the discourse pragmatic expectation that a newly-introduced entity would be indefinite on its first mention in the discourse, while later references, being discourse accessible, are definite (Lyons 1999, 4).
Nevertheless, since "It has long been noted that the article seems to be vocalized in the Masoretic Text much more frequently than might be expected in these [בְּ, כְּ, and לְ proclitic] phrases" (Bekins, forthcoming §4.2; cf. Lambert 1898, 208), and since "the Masoretes tended to regularize articular use where they could, that is, with the monographic prepositions" (IBHS §13.7a), this uniquely indefinite reading of "king" in this psalm is certainly intentional (cf. הַמֶּלֶךְ in vv. 6, 12 and לַמֶּלֶךְ in v. 15) and should be respected by an indefinite gloss (which, among major English versions, is only read in the JPS and REB).[9]
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
noun: דָּבָר theme
adjective: טוֹב good
Predicate
verb: רָחַשׁ stirs
Object
ConstructChain
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: רָחַשׁ pours forth
Object <status="alternative">
noun: דָּבָר theme
adjective: טוֹב good
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
noun: דָּבָר theme
adjective: טוֹב good
Predicate
verb: רָחַשׁ stirs
Object
ConstructChain
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: רָחַשׁ pours forth
Object <status="alternative">
noun: דָּבָר theme
adjective: טוֹב good
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-2-Alternative }}
Grammar Notes
Alternative
v. 2 – If verb רחשׁ is interpreted as transitive, either "my heart" or "a good word" may be the grammatical subject. Though the former is most plausible (see e.g., KJV: "My heart is inviting a good matter").[10]
On the other hand, a minority of modern translations read the "good word" as subject (see, e.g., NLT: "Beautiful words stir my heart," GNT: "Beautiful words fill my mind").
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – Since the verb רחשׁ only occurs here, it is difficult to tell whether it should be read as transitive or intransitive. The same root, however, is used intransitively in Aramaic—for example Targum Onkelos' rendering of יִשְׁרְצ֣וּ הַמַּ֔יִם in Gen 1:20 ("Let the waters swarm with...") as יִרְחֲשׁוּן מַיָּא—so the same has been preferred here.
As evident in Symmachus,[11] reading the clause intransitively most plausibly involves "my heart" as the grammatical subject (see, e.g., NASB: "My heart overflows with a good theme," ESV: "My heart overflows with a pleasing theme," NIV: "My heart is stirred by a noble theme").[12]
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – The verb רחשׁ, appearing only here in the Bible, is described by SDBH as "Literally: (one's) heart is astir; hence: = process by which thoughts about something keep one's mind occupied -- (one's) mind is full of thoughts."[13] For the grammar and transitivity of the verb, see the grammar notes.
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – According to the rest of the psalm, the poet’s heart is "stirred" by a powerful theme or topic, rather than word or matter, which are more frequent senses of דָּבָר. For our preferred gloss, theme, see BDB.[14]
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – The noun מַעֲשֶׂה has a wide semantic range. It can refer to work in the sense of the labor of daily life, but can also have the sense of a technical accomplishment, a finely-crafted product/work (SDBH) such as "the work of a baker" מַעֲשֵׂה אֹפֶה (Gen 40:17) = baked goods. The latter is likely here, but in this case, the work is that of a poet, i.e. a lyrical poem. Being grammatically plural, מַעֲשַׂ֣י may refer to poetic verses.
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – Although pen (עֵ֤ט) is suggested as the English gloss here, as a common writing tool, it should be borne in mind that in the world of the Psalms, עֵט was different from modern pens, being a "reed of about 20 centimeters long and sharpened on one end and split to form a nib; sometimes made of a rush cut at an angle and then frayed to form a fine brush; ► used for making marks with ink on writing material" (SDBH).
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – The word glossed as skillful, מָהִֽיר, comes from the root "to be quick," such that here it is used as an adjective to describe the "state in which humans have a significant level of proficiency in a certain craft, which enables them to work relatively fast" (SDBH).[15] Compare, e.g., “Do you see someone skilled in their work (מָ֘הִ֤יר בִּמְלַאכְתּ֗וֹ)? They will serve before kings” (Prov 22:29, NIV).
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – Notice that the first reference of the king—according to the major Tiberian codices—is indefinite.[16] This is perhaps due to the discourse pragmatic expectation that a newly-introduced entity would be indefinite on its first mention in the discourse, while later references, being discourse accessible, are definite (Lyons 1999, 4).
Nevertheless, since "It has long been noted that the article seems to be vocalized in the Masoretic Text much more frequently than might be expected in these [בְּ, כְּ, and לְ proclitic] phrases" (Bekins, forthcoming §4.2; cf. Lambert 1898, 208), and since "the Masoretes tended to regularize articular use where they could, that is, with the monographic prepositions" (IBHS §13.7a), this uniquely indefinite reading of "king" in this psalm is certainly intentional (cf. הַמֶּלֶךְ in vv. 6, 12 and לַמֶּלֶךְ in v. 15) and should be respected by an indefinite gloss (which, among major English versions, is only read in the JPS and REB).[17]
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 3
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| יְפֵיפִיתָ מִבְּנֵ֬י אָדָ֗ם | 3a | You are the most attractive of all people; |
| ה֣וּצַק חֵ֭ן בְּשְׂפְתוֹתֶ֑יךָ | 3b | kindness has been poured out by your speech. |
| עַל־כֵּ֤ן בֵּֽרַכְךָ֖ אֱלֹהִ֣ים לְעוֹלָֽם׃ | 3c | Therefore, God has blessed you forever. |
Macula
יְפֵיפִיתָ מִבְּנֵ֬י אָדָ֗ם ה֣וּצַק חֵ֭ן בְּשְׂפְתוֹתֶ֑יךָ עַל־כֵּ֤ן בֵּֽרַכְךָ֖ אֱלֹהִ֣ים לְעוֹלָֽם׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
Clause <gloss="you are the most attractive of all people">
Predicate
verb: יְפֵיפִיתָ you are attractive <status="revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְּנֵי sons >> members
noun: אָדָם humankind
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: חֵן kindness
Predicate
verb: הוּצַק is poured out
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="by your speech">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ by
Object
ConstructChain
noun: שְׂפְתוֹתֶי lips>>speech
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: עַל כֵּן therefore
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Predicate
verb: בֵּרַכְ has blessed
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="forever">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: עוֹלָם forever
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
Clause <gloss="you are the most attractive of all people">
Predicate
verb: יְפֵיפִיתָ you are attractive <status="revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְּנֵי sons >> members
noun: אָדָם humankind
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: חֵן kindness
Predicate
verb: הוּצַק is poured out
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="by your speech">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ by
Object
ConstructChain
noun: שְׂפְתוֹתֶי lips>>speech
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: עַל כֵּן therefore
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Predicate
verb: בֵּרַכְ has blessed
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="forever">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: עוֹלָם forever
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-3-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – As indicated from the most similar form of יָפְיָפִיתָ in Jer 46:20, יְפֵֽה־פִיָּ֖ה, the expected pattern is peʿalʿal rather than peʿapeʿal(?), as the MT apparently has here.[18] The grammars, however, list this case among those more common peʿalʿal forms, without any comment on its unique (and therefore dubious) form (see, e.g., GKC §55e, JM §59d), which is "is contrary to all anal[ogy]" and should be "read either יָפִיתָ or יְפֵיפִיתָ" (BDB, 421). Since the latter suggestion follows the expected peʿalʿal and maintains the MT's consonantal text, it has been preferred here.[19]
Alternative
v. 3 – As discussed under the preferred diagram, the form יָפְיָפִיתָ is unique in the Bible. Besides our preferred revocalization, another explanation offered is of dittography ("writing twice") of יפ (GKC §55e), such that only the form יָפִית should be read. Alternatively, the consonant ו in יָפוֹ has been lost, such that we should read יָפוֹ יָפִיתָ (HALOT 423). This reading is perhaps supported by Aquila (κάλλει ἐκαλλιώθης) and Symmachus (κάλλει καλὸς εἶ) both ≈ 'in beauty you are beautiful', which is a common strategy among the Greek translators for rendering the compound infinitive absolute construction.[20] Note, however, that there is no evidence of any Hebrew manuscript variation concerning this form—at least among those compiled by Kennicott, de-Rossi and Ginsburg, so the emendation יָפוֹ יָפִיתָ has not been preferred.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – The phrase ה֣וּצַק חֵ֭ן בְּשִׂפְתוֹתֶ֑יךָ is "literally: grace is poured out on (one's) lips; hence: = pattern of actions by which humans speak gracious and kind words -- kind words flow from one's lips" (SDBH).[21] The majority of the ancient versions follow the sense of חֵן quite closely, though the Peshitta contains the plural "mercies."[22]
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – The two most plausible readings of the prepositional phrase מִבְּנֵ֬י אָדָ֗ם following "you are attractive" are partitive, i.e., from among mankind, and graduability, which can function on a scale from mere comparison, i.e., more than mankind, to superlative (Staszak 2024, 182), i.e., the most of mankind. The latter, superlative reading, can subsume the partitive interpretation, since it requires the king to belong to the set of "mankind."[23]
- The comparative reading is found in the LXX (as well as Symmachus and Quinta): ὡραῖος κάλλει παρὰ τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων "Youthful in beauty you are, beyond the sons of men" (NETS).
- The superlative reading is found in the CSB: "You are the most handsome of men."
Due to the reduplicative stem of the preceding verb, *יְפֵיפִיתָ* (see the grammar notes), which often communicates intensification of an action, though in this case it is the state of being attractive, the superlative interpretation has been favored.[24]
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause <gloss="you are the most attractive of all people">
Predicate
verb: יָפִית you are attractive <status="emendation">
adverb: יָפוֹ much <status="emendation">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from >> more
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְּנֵי sons >> members
noun: אָדָם humankind
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause <gloss="you are the most attractive of all people">
Predicate
verb: יָפִית you are attractive <status="emendation">
adverb: יָפוֹ much <status="emendation">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from >> more
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְּנֵי sons >> members
noun: אָדָם humankind
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-3-Alternative }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – As indicated from the most similar form of יָפְיָפִיתָ in Jer 46:20, יְפֵֽה־פִיָּ֖ה, the expected pattern is peʿalʿal rather than peʿapeʿal(?), as the MT apparently has here.[25] The grammars, however, list this case among those more common peʿalʿal forms, without any comment on its unique (and therefore dubious) form (see, e.g., GKC §55e, JM §59d), which is "is contrary to all anal[ogy]" and should be "read either יָפִיתָ or יְפֵיפִיתָ" (BDB, 421). Since the latter suggestion follows the expected peʿalʿal and maintains the MT's consonantal text, it has been preferred here.[26]
Alternative
v. 3 – As discussed under the preferred diagram, the form יָפְיָפִיתָ is unique in the Bible. Besides our preferred revocalization, another explanation offered is of dittography ("writing twice") of יפ (GKC §55e), such that only the form יָפִית should be read. Alternatively, the consonant ו in יָפוֹ has been lost, such that we should read יָפוֹ יָפִיתָ (HALOT 423). This reading is perhaps supported by Aquila (κάλλει ἐκαλλιώθης) and Symmachus (κάλλει καλὸς εἶ) both ≈ 'in beauty you are beautiful', which is a common strategy among the Greek translators for rendering the compound infinitive absolute construction.[27] Note, however, that there is no evidence of any Hebrew manuscript variation concerning this form—at least among those compiled by Kennicott, de-Rossi and Ginsburg, so the emendation יָפוֹ יָפִיתָ has not been preferred.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – The phrase ה֣וּצַק חֵ֭ן בְּשִׂפְתוֹתֶ֑יךָ is "literally: grace is poured out on (one's) lips; hence: = pattern of actions by which humans speak gracious and kind words -- kind words flow from one's lips" (SDBH).[28] The majority of the ancient versions follow the sense of חֵן quite closely, though the Peshitta contains the plural "mercies."[29]
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – The two most plausible readings of the prepositional phrase מִבְּנֵ֬י אָדָ֗ם following "you are attractive" are partitive, i.e., from among mankind, and graduability, which can function on a scale from mere comparison, i.e., more than mankind, to superlative (Staszak 2024, 182), i.e., the most of mankind. The latter, superlative reading, can subsume the partitive interpretation, since it requires the king to belong to the set of "mankind."[30]
- The comparative reading is found in the LXX (as well as Symmachus and Quinta): ὡραῖος κάλλει παρὰ τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων "Youthful in beauty you are, beyond the sons of men" (NETS).
- The superlative reading is found in the CSB: "You are the most handsome of men."
Due to the reduplicative stem of the preceding verb, *יְפֵיפִיתָ* (see the grammar notes), which often communicates intensification of an action, though in this case it is the state of being attractive, the superlative interpretation has been favored.[31]
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
vv. 4-5
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| חֲגֽוֹר־חַרְבְּךָ֣ עַל־יָרֵ֣ךְ גִּבּ֑וֹר | 4a | Strap your sword upon [your] thigh, great one, |
| ה֝וֹדְךָ֗ וַהֲדָרֶֽךָ׃ | 4b | your splendor and your majesty. |
| וַהֲדָ֬רְךָ֨ ׀ צְלַ֬ח רְכַ֗ב | 5a | And in your majesty, victoriously ride |
| עַֽל־דְּבַר־אֱ֭מֶת וְעַנְוָה־צֶ֑דֶק | 5b | for the cause of truth and humility [and] righteousness, |
| וְתוֹרְךָ֖ נוֹרָא֣וֹת יְמִינֶֽךָ׃ | 5c | and let your right hand show you awesome deeds. |
Macula
חֲגֽוֹר־חַרְבְּךָ֣ עַל־יָרֵ֣ךְ גִּבּ֑וֹר ה֝וֹדְךָ֗ וַהֲדָרֶֽךָ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4-5]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
Vocative
noun: גִּבּוֹר great one
Predicate
verb: חֲגוֹר strap
Object
Nominal
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your sword">
noun: חַרְבְּ sword
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Nominal <status="alternative">
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הוֹדְ splendor
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הֲדָרֶ majesty
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל upon
Object
noun: יָרֵךְ thigh
Adverbial
Nominal <gloss="in your splendor and your majesty">
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your splendor">
noun: הוֹדְ splendor
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your majesty">
noun: הֲדָרֶ majesty
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction <status="alternative">
conjunction: וְ and
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
Predicate
verb: הֵדְרֵךְ bend <status="alternative revocalization">
Object
ConstructChain <status="elided">
noun: חִצֶּי arrows
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate <gloss="in your majesty ride victoriously for the sake of truth and humility, and righteousness">
Predicate
verb: צְלַח be victorious
Predicate
verb: רְכַב ride
Adverbial
Nominal <gloss="in your majesty">
ConstructChain
noun: הֲדָרְ majesty
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל for
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דְּבַר the cause of
Nominal
noun: אֱמֶת truth
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
Apposition
noun: עַנְוָה humility
noun: צֶדֶק righteousness <status="alternative">
Conjunction
conjunction:
Nominal
noun: צֶדֶק righteousness
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל for
Object
Nominal
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דְּבַר the cause of
noun: אֱמֶת truth
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: עַנְוַת humility <status="emendation">
noun: צֶדֶק righteousness
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your right hand">
noun: יְמִינֶ right hand
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: תוֹרְ let it show
adverb: נוֹרָאוֹת wonderfully <status="alternative">
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
SecondObject
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹרָאוֹת awesome deeds
DiscourseUnit [v. 4-5]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
Vocative
noun: גִּבּוֹר great one
Predicate
verb: חֲגוֹר strap
Object
Nominal
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your sword">
noun: חַרְבְּ sword
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Nominal <status="alternative">
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הוֹדְ splendor
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הֲדָרֶ majesty
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל upon
Object
noun: יָרֵךְ thigh
Adverbial
Nominal <gloss="in your splendor and your majesty">
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your splendor">
noun: הוֹדְ splendor
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your majesty">
noun: הֲדָרֶ majesty
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction <status="alternative">
conjunction: וְ and
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
Predicate
verb: הֵדְרֵךְ bend <status="alternative revocalization">
Object
ConstructChain <status="elided">
noun: חִצֶּי arrows
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate <gloss="in your majesty ride victoriously for the sake of truth and humility, and righteousness">
Predicate
verb: צְלַח be victorious
Predicate
verb: רְכַב ride
Adverbial
Nominal <gloss="in your majesty">
ConstructChain
noun: הֲדָרְ majesty
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל for
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דְּבַר the cause of
Nominal
noun: אֱמֶת truth
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
Apposition
noun: עַנְוָה humility
noun: צֶדֶק righteousness <status="alternative">
Conjunction
conjunction:
Nominal
noun: צֶדֶק righteousness
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל for
Object
Nominal
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דְּבַר the cause of
noun: אֱמֶת truth
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: עַנְוַת humility <status="emendation">
noun: צֶדֶק righteousness
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your right hand">
noun: יְמִינֶ right hand
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: תוֹרְ let it show
adverb: נוֹרָאוֹת wonderfully <status="alternative">
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
SecondObject
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹרָאוֹת awesome deeds
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=vv-4-5-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 5 – Note that the LXX's ἔντεινον most likely reflects the reading of וַהֲדָ֬רְךָ֨ as the imperative וְהֵדְרֵךְ "bend, stretch," though this is always accompanied by either קֶשֶׁת or חֵץ (see Ps 7:13; 11:2, etc.) which is not the case here. It could perhaps be considered elided, as v. 6 begins with חִצֶּ֗יךָ "your arrows."
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 4 – For the alternative apposition between חַרְבְּךָ֣ and ה֝וֹדְךָ֗ וַהֲדָרֶֽךָ, Saadia renders פהו בהאיך ובהג׳ך "which is your splendor and your majesty" (Qafaḥ 1965, 128).
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 5 – Though the position of the waw is perhaps less expected than in penultimate position ("final coordination," Scheumann 2020), coordinate waw in the antepenultimate position and lacking prior to the last entity of the list is not unheard of (GKC §154a; Fassberg 2019, §319), as also in v. 9's מֹר־וַאֲהָל֣וֹת קְ֭צִיעוֹת (such that וְעַנְוָה־צֶ֑דֶק is semantically equivalent to וַעֲנְוָה וָצֶדֶק; so Ḥakham 1979, 258). The two abstract nouns are found coordinated in Zephaniah 2:3 בַּקְּשׁוּ־צֶ֙דֶק֙ בַּקְּשׁ֣וּ עֲנָוָ֔ה "Seek righteousness, seek humility" (NIV).[32]
Alternative readings of the syntax involve apposition between עַנְוָה and צֶ֑דֶק or emending עַנְוָה as the construct form עַנְוַת (as witnessed in Jerome's Iuxta Hebraeos, the Peshitta and Aquila). The adverbial reading of נוֹרָא֣וֹת is read in the LXX's θαυμαστῶς "marvelously" (NETS) and finds a syntactic parallel in Ps 139:14: אֽוֹדְךָ֗ עַ֤ל כִּ֥י נוֹרָא֗וֹת נִ֫פְלֵ֥יתִי "I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made" (NIV; see also Ps 65:6, as pointed out by Gaster 1955, 242 n. 13).
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 4 – The constituents ה֝וֹדְךָ֗ וַהֲדָרֶֽךָ function as nominal adverbs, rendered by the CEB as comitative: "Strap on your sword, great warrior, with your glory and grandeur," and the JPS as manner: "Gird your sword upon your thigh, O hero, in your splendor and glory'," as we have preferred here.[33]
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 5 – Just as ה֝וֹדְךָ֗ וַהֲדָרֶֽךָ in the previous verse, if the text has not suffered dittography (see the grammar notes), the initial וַהֲדָ֬רְךָ֨׀ in our present verse should also be interpreted as a nominal adverb, such as the JPS's "in your glory, win success" and TOB's "With splendor, ride and triumph."[34]
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 5 – A number of ancient and modern translations have interpreted צְלַ֬ח רְכַ֗ב as a serial verb construction, such as Targum Psalms תצלח למרכב "succeed to ride" and the ESV's "ride out victoriously." Although such a function of the verb צלח is nowhere else attested in the Bible, this widely held interpretation is reflected also in the conjunctive accents between צְלַ֬ח רְכַ֗ב, such that the mono-eventive reading is quite persuasive and we have preferred the gloss, ride victoriously.[35]
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 5 – The prepositional phrase עַֽל־דְּבַר־אֱ֭מֶת וְעַנְוָה־צֶ֑דֶק is headed by עַל דְּבַר, which most commonly communicates "on account of" in the Bible (i.e., causal; see Gen 20:11; Num 25:18; Deut 4:12; 2 Sam 3:8; 13:22; 2 Kgs 6:11; Ezra 10:9), but in the Psalms the sense of "for the sake of" (i.e., purpose), is also found. See עַל־דְּבַ֥ר כְּבֽוֹד־שְׁמֶ֑ךָ "for the glory of your name" (Ps 79:9, NIV; cf. Prov 29:12).[36] This latter reading best fits the context here, as reflected in the NET's "for the sake of," among others.[37]
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 5 – As discussed in the grammar notes, phrase-level waw typically exhibits "final coordination," that is, only between the final two constituents of a list (Scheumann 2020). Nevertheless, as in אֱ֭מֶת וְעַנְוָה־צֶ֑דֶק, coordinate waw in the antepenultimate position and lacking prior to the last entity of the list is not unheard of (GKC §154a; Fassberg 2019, §319), as also in v. 9's מֹר־וַאֲהָל֣וֹת קְ֭צִיעוֹת (such that וְעַנְוָה־צֶ֑דֶק is semantically equivalent to וַעֲנְוָה וָצֶדֶק; so Ḥakham 1979, 258).
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Note for vv. 4-5
v. 5 – The repetition of וַהֲדָ֬רְךָ֨ in both the last word of v. 4 and the first word of v. 5 has produced suspicion of dittography ("writing twice"), though there is no evidence for this in manuscripts or the ancient versions, so it has been maintained (so Barthélemy et al. 2005, 265).
Add Exegetical Note
v. 6
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| חִצֶּ֗יךָ שְׁנ֫וּנִ֥ים | 6a | Your arrows are sharp |
| עַ֭מִּים תַּחְתֶּ֣יךָ יִפְּל֑וּ | 6b | — peoples will fall under you — |
| בְּ֝לֵ֗ב אוֹיְבֵ֥י הַמֶּֽלֶךְ׃ | 6c | in the heart of the enemies of the king. |
Macula
חִצֶּ֗יךָ שְׁנ֫וּנִ֥ים עַ֭מִּים תַּחְתֶּ֣יךָ יִפְּל֑וּ בְּ֝לֵ֗ב אוֹיְבֵ֥י הַמֶּֽלֶךְ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your arrows">
noun: חִצֶּי arrows
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
verb-participle: שְׁנוּנִים sharp
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in the heart of the king's enemies">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: לֵב heart
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: אוֹיְבֵי enemies
adjective: אֶלֶף a thousand <status="alternative emendation">
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: עַמִּים peoples
Predicate
verb: יִפְּלוּ fall
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: תַּחְתֶּי under
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your arrows">
noun: חִצֶּי arrows
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
verb-participle: שְׁנוּנִים sharp
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in the heart of the king's enemies">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: לֵב heart
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: אוֹיְבֵי enemies
adjective: אֶלֶף a thousand <status="alternative emendation">
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: עַמִּים peoples
Predicate
verb: יִפְּלוּ fall
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: תַּחְתֶּי under
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-6-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – The semantics of the first and third lines of this verse cause it to be read as an AXB pattern of vertical grammar, with the middle line as a parenthetical (cf. 1 Sam 2:2; Pss 44:2; 93:4 and the AXBB' variation in Pss 33:20–21; 139:19–20; see further Atkinson, "Parentheticals in Prophetic and Poetic Literature," VT 2025). For the alternative readings of the grammar, see the exegetical issue, The Syntax of Psalm 45:6. Not diagrammed below is the suggestion of Dahood (1966, 272), as reflected by the TOB, which understands חִצֶּ֗יךָ שְׁנ֫וּנִ֥ים as a noun phrase, "your sharp arrows," in apposition to "awesome deeds" at the end of v. 5. Such a reading is implausible concerning the supposed noun phrase, however, and also makes little sense of v. 6c without significant textual and grammatical imagination (as exhibited by Dahood 1966, 272), so has not been diagrammed as a viable alternative.
Alternative
v. 6 – For the alternative presence of אלף "a thousand," presumably modifying the enemies, see אוי]ב̊י המלך אלף in 11Q8 f8 1.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – The first alternative diagram of this verse places the נפל verb with the third clause and emends the MT's יִפְּל֑וּ בְּ֝לֵ֗ב to read יִפֹּל לְבֵב (as the REB; see Brockington 1973, 130). For a full discussion, see the exegetical issue https://psalms.scriptura.org/w/The_Syntax_of_Psalm_45:6.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative 1
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6 alternative 1]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your arrows">
noun: חִצֶּי arrows
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
verb-participle: שְׁנוּנִים sharp
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
noun: עַמִּים peoples
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: תַּחְתֶּי under
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: לְבֵב heart <status="emendation">
ConstructChain
noun: אוֹיְבֵי enemies
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: יִפֹּל fall >> fail <status="emendation">
DiscourseUnit [v. 6 alternative 1]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your arrows">
noun: חִצֶּי arrows
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
verb-participle: שְׁנוּנִים sharp
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
noun: עַמִּים peoples
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: תַּחְתֶּי under
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: לְבֵב heart <status="emendation">
ConstructChain
noun: אוֹיְבֵי enemies
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: יִפֹּל fall >> fail <status="emendation">
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-1 }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – The semantics of the first and third lines of this verse cause it to be read as an AXB pattern of vertical grammar, with the middle line as a parenthetical (cf. 1 Sam 2:2; Pss 44:2; 93:4 and the AXBB' variation in Pss 33:20–21; 139:19–20; see further Atkinson, "Parentheticals in Prophetic and Poetic Literature," VT 2025). For the alternative readings of the grammar, see the exegetical issue, The Syntax of Psalm 45:6. Not diagrammed below is the suggestion of Dahood (1966, 272), as reflected by the TOB, which understands חִצֶּ֗יךָ שְׁנ֫וּנִ֥ים as a noun phrase, "your sharp arrows," in apposition to "awesome deeds" at the end of v. 5. Such a reading is implausible concerning the supposed noun phrase, however, and also makes little sense of v. 6c without significant textual and grammatical imagination (as exhibited by Dahood 1966, 272), so has not been diagrammed as a viable alternative.
Alternative
v. 6 – For the alternative presence of אלף "a thousand," presumably modifying the enemies, see אוי]ב̊י המלך אלף in 11Q8 f8 1.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – The first alternative diagram of this verse places the נפל verb with the third clause and emends the MT's יִפְּל֑וּ בְּ֝לֵ֗ב to read יִפֹּל לְבֵב (as the REB; see Brockington 1973, 130). For a full discussion, see the exegetical issue https://psalms.scriptura.org/w/The_Syntax_of_Psalm_45:6.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 7
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כִּסְאֲךָ֣ אֱ֭לֹהִים עוֹלָ֣ם וָעֶ֑ד | 7a | Your throne, God, is forever and ever; |
| שֵׁ֥בֶט מִ֝ישֹׁ֗ר שֵׁ֣בֶט מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ׃ | 7b | scepter of your kingdom is a scepter of justice. |
Macula
אֱ֭לֹהִים כִּסְאֲךָ֣ עוֹלָ֣ם וָעֶ֑ד שֵׁ֥בֶט מִ֝ישֹׁ֗ר שֵׁ֣בֶט מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
Vocative
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your throne">
noun: כִּסְאֲ throne >> reign
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
Nominal
noun: עוֹלָם forever
conjunction: וָ and
noun: עֶד ever
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="the scepter of your kingdom">
noun: שֵׁבֶט scepter >> authority
ConstructChain
noun: מַלְכוּתֶ kingdom
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="an upright scepter">
noun: שֵׁבֶט scepter >> authority
noun: מִישֹׁר uprightness
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
Vocative
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your throne">
noun: כִּסְאֲ throne >> reign
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
Nominal
noun: עוֹלָם forever
conjunction: וָ and
noun: עֶד ever
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="the scepter of your kingdom">
noun: שֵׁבֶט scepter >> authority
ConstructChain
noun: מַלְכוּתֶ kingdom
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="an upright scepter">
noun: שֵׁבֶט scepter >> authority
noun: מִישֹׁר uprightness
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-7-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 7
v. 7 – The construct chain שֵׁ֥בֶט מִ֝ישֹׁ֗ר communicates a scepter (entity) of uprightness (characteristic-quality), that is, a scepter characterized by uprightness, while שֵׁ֣בֶט מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ is similarly a scepter (entity) of ruling (characteristic-quality), though the verbal notion ruling is carried out by "you."
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 8
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אָהַ֣בְתָּ צֶּדֶק֮ וַתִּשְׂנָ֫א רֶ֥שַׁע | 8a | You love righteousness and you hate wickedness. |
| עַל־כֵּ֤ן ׀ מְשָׁחֲךָ֡ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֱ֭לֹהֶיךָ | 8b | Therefore, God, your God, has anointed you |
| שֶׁ֥מֶן שָׂשׂ֗וֹן מֵֽחֲבֵרֶֽיךָ׃ | 8c | with oil that results in rejoicing, to the exclusion of your peers. |
Macula
אָהַ֣בְתָּ צֶּדֶק֮ וַתִּשְׂנָ֫א רֶ֥שַׁע עַל־כֵּ֤ן ׀ מְשָׁחֲךָ֡ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֱ֭לֹהֶיךָ שֶׁ֥מֶן שָׂשׂ֗וֹן מֵֽחֲבֵרֶֽיךָ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: אָהַבְתָּ you love
Object
noun: צֶּדֶק righteousness
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּשְׂנָא you hate
Object
noun: רֶשַׁע wickedness
Fragment
conjunction: עַל כֵּן therefore
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your God">
noun: אֱלֹהֶי God
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: מְשָׁחֲ has anointed
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
Nominal <gloss="with oil that results in rejoicing">
ConstructChain
noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
noun: שָׂשׂוֹן rejoicing
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to the exclusion of your peers">
Preposition
preposition: מֵ away from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: חֲבֵרֶי peers
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: אָהַבְתָּ you love
Object
noun: צֶּדֶק righteousness
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּשְׂנָא you hate
Object
noun: רֶשַׁע wickedness
Fragment
conjunction: עַל כֵּן therefore
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your God">
noun: אֱלֹהֶי God
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: מְשָׁחֲ has anointed
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
Nominal <gloss="with oil that results in rejoicing">
ConstructChain
noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
noun: שָׂשׂוֹן rejoicing
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to the exclusion of your peers">
Preposition
preposition: מֵ away from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: חֲבֵרֶי peers
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-8-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – The prepositional phrase מֵֽחֲבֵרֶֽיךָ could be interpreted as a comparison, as "exclusive difference" (Staszak 2024 §6.15), i.e., an extension of detachment, or as source.[38]
The comparative reading is found in the CSB: "God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of joy more than your companions."[39] The detachment/exclusive difference is found in Luther 2017: "God, your God, anointed with joyful oil like none of your companions."[40] The source interpretation has been suggested by a number of commentators, to read "God has anointed you with the oil of rejoicing of your companions."[41]
Although a common function of מִן is comparison, it makes little sense in the psalm that the king's colleagues would also be anointed by God, though only to a lesser degree (Gaster 1955, 244). Similarly, though attractive in light of the following wedding scene (vv. 11-16), the friends as those who provide the oil is also unlikely. The best interpretation thus seems to be the exclusive difference/detachment reading of מִן. Staszak (2024, 202) explains this function as an extension of comparative/superlative מִן, which, rather then finding its comparee on the scale, it is off the scale completely, so that direct comparison is impossible and the characteristic belongs exclusively to the standard of comparison, in this case "you," the king. This function is extremely rare following a verb, however, as Staszak (2024, 203) only lists the present verse and 2 Chr 20:27: שִׂמְּחָ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה מֵֽאוֹיְבֵיהֶֽם "the Lord had given them cause to rejoice over their enemies" (NIV) ➞ "the Lord caused them to rejoice to the exclusion of their enemies' rejoicing."[42] Thus the present prepositional phrase should be rendered "God has anointed you without/to the exclusion of your companions."
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – One possible interpretation of שֶׁ֥מֶן שָׂשׂ֗וֹן is entity-synonym, which employs the imagery of anointing oil to refer to the giving of something else, namely joy. An analogous use is found in Isa 61:3, in which abstract ideas (gladness, praise) are described with concrete images (oil, garment):
לָשׂ֣וּם ׀ לַאֲבֵלֵ֣י צִיּ֗וֹן לָתֵת֩ לָהֶ֨ם פְּאֵ֜ר תַּ֣חַת אֵ֗פֶר שֶׁ֤מֶן שָׂשׂוֹן֙ תַּ֣חַת אֵ֔בֶל מַעֲטֵ֣ה תְהִלָּ֔ה תַּ֖חַת ר֣וּחַ כֵּהָ֑ה
[YHWH has anointed me . . .] to bestow on them a crown of beauty instead of ashes, the oil of joy instead of mourning, and a garment of praise instead of a spirit of despair. (NIV)
Nevertheless, it is unclear in Ps 45 what it would mean to be anointed with joy, where his peers had not been (see the note on the final phrase of the verse, מֵֽחֲבֵרֶֽיךָ). Rather, the construct relationship is plausibly that of entity-result, such that the anointing oil of the king results in joy—not only his but also those witness both his coronation and wedding. Indeed, the righteous and just nature of his rule cause his subjects to rejoice, as possibly asserted also in Proverbs 29:2: "When the righteous are in power the people rejoice" (REB).
Verbal Notes
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Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 9
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| מֹר־וַאֲהָל֣וֹת קְ֭צִיעוֹת כָּל־בִּגְדֹתֶ֑יךָ | 9a | All your clothes are myrrh and aloes [and] cassia. |
| מִֽן־הֵ֥יכְלֵי שֵׁ֝֗ן מִנִּ֥י שִׂמְּחֽוּךָ׃ | 9b | From ivory palaces, stringed instruments have made you glad. |
Macula
מֹר־וַאֲהָל֣וֹת קְ֭צִיעוֹת כָּל־בִּגְדֹתֶ֑יךָ מִֽן־הֵ֥יכְלֵי שֵׁ֝֗ן מִנִּ֥י שִׂמְּחֽוּךָ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all your clothes">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: בִּגְדֹתֶי clothes
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Nominal
Nominal
noun: מֹר myrrh
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Nominal
noun: אֲהָלוֹת aloes
Conjunction
conjunction:
Nominal
noun: קְצִיעוֹת cassia
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: מִנִּי stringed instruments
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from ivory palaces">
Preposition
preposition: מִן from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: הֵיכְלֵי palaces
noun: שֵׁן ivory
Predicate
verb: שִׂמְּחוּ have made glad
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all your clothes">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: בִּגְדֹתֶי clothes
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Nominal
Nominal
noun: מֹר myrrh
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Nominal
noun: אֲהָלוֹת aloes
Conjunction
conjunction:
Nominal
noun: קְצִיעוֹת cassia
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: מִנִּי stringed instruments
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from ivory palaces">
Preposition
preposition: מִן from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: הֵיכְלֵי palaces
noun: שֵׁן ivory
Predicate
verb: שִׂמְּחוּ have made glad
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-9-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – The syntax of this clause is unambiguously to be read as a verbless clause. As noted by GKC (§141d): "That the language, however—especially in poetry—is not averse even to the boldest combinations in order to emphasize very strongly the unconditional relation between the subject and predicate, is shown by such examples as ψ 45:9 myrrh and aloes and cassia are all thy garments (i.e. so perfumed with them that they seem to be composed of them)."
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – For the waw conjunction only between the first and second entities of the list, see the note at v. 5. Here, just as in v. 5, ancient versions such as the LXX and Peshitta provide a conjunction between all three entities.
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – For the morphology of מִנִּ֥י as plural, see the discussion in GKC §87f (cf. עַמִּ֣י in Ps 144:2, read as עמים in 11Q5 and rendered simply as "peoples" by Jerome, though "my people" by the LXX). Due to the controversial morphology, none of the ancient versions recognize this word as related to "stringed instruments" (see the alternative diagrams).
Alternative
v. 9 – Although in prose we might expect the explicit relative pronoun, as מֵאֲשֶׁר (see, e.g., Gen 31:1; Exod 5:11, among others), it is common for relative relations to be asyndetic in poetry. The problem with the syntax of מִן [+ relative] here, however, is the sense of the antecedent of the relative. It must be understood as repeating the locative "from ivory palaces" of the previous clause (as explicit in Symmachus' ὅθεν "from where"), while the subject seems to be understood as the "garments" as pleasing the king. Alternatively, the plural verb could simply be read as impersonal, i.e., "people please you." This seems less intuitive than stringed music as pleasing.
Aquila and the Peshitta understand the form מִנִּ֥י as the preposition מִן with a first person suffix[43] which occurs ten times in the Bible, though we would typically expect the more common form מִמֶּ֫נִּי. Furthermore, the first person speaker has been absent since v. 2.
A final suggestion is that of Targum Psalms, which reads as a place name, modifying the "ivory" of the previous clause: מן היכליא דמכבשין בשין דפיל מארע מני יחדונך "From palaces that are inlaid with ivory from the land of Minni they shall make you glad" (Stec 2004, 96). Stec comments, "TgPss evidently understands MT mny as a place name and takes it as going with the preceding word; i.e., MT šn mny = “ivory of Minni.” The place understood here may be Minyas in Armenia" (2004, 96 n. 21).
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – The list of descriptors for the king's clothes, מֹר־וַאֲהָל֣וֹת קְ֭צִיעוֹת, aside from מֹר "myrrh," contains two very rare words in the Bible. The word אֲהָלוֹת "agarwood tree, aloe" (SDBH) appears only here and in Song of Songs 4:14 (though the masculine plural form אֲהָלִים is also found in Prov 7:17). Although it is claimed that this is a loan word from Sanskrit aguru (BDB, HALOT), which would justify the agarwood suggestion, the reception of "g" as Hebrew "he" has never been satisfactorily explained, and the aloe sense is much more likely due to the words which typically accompany אֲהָלוֹת/אֲהָלִים in its few instantiations, which include מֹר and קְצִיעוֹת here and in Song 4:14, לְבֹנָה "frankincense," too, in Song 4:14, while Prov 7:17 also includes קִנָּמוֹן "cinnamon," all of which are native to the Horn of Africa, and from where the loanword probably originated (Noonan 2019, 44). Further, although the LXX renders אֲהָלוֹת here as στακτή "oozing drops... trickling" (LSJ), translated as myrrh oil in the NETS (cf. Jerome's stacta), Song 4:14 is read as ἀλώθ,[44] probably a by-form (perhaps following the Hebrew morphology) of ἀλόη "aloe," from which subsequent forms of the word were derived in Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, and Latin (Noonan 2019, 44).
The second rare term is קְ֭צִיעוֹת, appearing only here in the Bible. The ancient versions are consistent in rendering this term as some form of their received "cassia," presumably cinnamomum cassia (so SDBH). Nevertheless, "Classical sources unequivocally state that the spice denoted by κασία and casia comes from Ethiopia and Arabia, and they clearly describe a spice other than C. cassia (e.g., Dioscorides, Mat. med. 1.13; Theophrastus, Hist. plant. 9.5.1–3; Pliny, Nat. 12.43.95–97). Therefore, Hebrew קְצִיעָה as well as Greek κασία and Latin casia must refer to a cassia-like spice found in Ethiopia or Arabia, not true cassia... Without doubt this word originates from Ethiopia or Arabia, exactly where Classical sources say this plant comes from. The contextual mention of myrrh, ivory, and Ophir (Ps 45:9–10), all connected with the Red Sea region between Ethiopia and Arabia, confirms this loan hypothesis" (Noonan 2019, 196-197).
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – For discussion of מִנִּ֥י as the plural "stringed instrument," see the grammar notes. Another lexically-significant interpretation is that of Targum Psalms as מארע מני "from the land of Minni," of which "The place understood here may be Minyas in Armeni" (Stec 2004, 96 n. 21).
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – On the position of the waw in the list מֹר־וַאֲהָל֣וֹת קְ֭צִיעוֹת, see the grammar and phrase-level notes at v. 5.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all your clothes">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: בִּגְדֹתֶי clothes
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Nominal
Nominal
noun: מֹר myrrh
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Nominal
noun: אֲהָלוֹת aloes
Conjunction
conjunction:
Nominal
noun: קְצִיעוֹת cassia
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from ivory palaces">
Preposition
preposition: מִן from
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הֵיכְלֵי palaces
noun: שֵׁן ivory
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from">
Preposition
preposition: מִנִּי from
Object
noun:
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: which
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: שִׂמְּחוּ they cause to rejoice
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: שִׂמְּחוּ they cause to rejoice
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִנּ because of
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: שִׂמְּחוּ they cause to rejoice
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from ivory palaces">
Preposition
preposition: מִן from
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הֵיכְלֵי palaces
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁן ivory
noun: מִנִּי Minni
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all your clothes">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: בִּגְדֹתֶי clothes
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Nominal
Nominal
noun: מֹר myrrh
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Nominal
noun: אֲהָלוֹת aloes
Conjunction
conjunction:
Nominal
noun: קְצִיעוֹת cassia
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from ivory palaces">
Preposition
preposition: מִן from
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הֵיכְלֵי palaces
noun: שֵׁן ivory
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from">
Preposition
preposition: מִנִּי from
Object
noun:
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: which
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: שִׂמְּחוּ they cause to rejoice
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: שִׂמְּחוּ they cause to rejoice
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִנּ because of
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: שִׂמְּחוּ they cause to rejoice
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from ivory palaces">
Preposition
preposition: מִן from
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הֵיכְלֵי palaces
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁן ivory
noun: מִנִּי Minni
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-9-Alternative }}
Grammar Notes
Alternative
v. 9 – Although in prose we might expect the explicit relative pronoun, as מֵאֲשֶׁר (see, e.g., Gen 31:1; Exod 5:11, among others), it is common for relative relations to be asyndetic in poetry. The problem with the syntax of מִן [+ relative] here, however, is the sense of the antecedent of the relative. It must be understood as repeating the locative "from ivory palaces" of the previous clause (as explicit in Symmachus' ὅθεν "from where"), while the subject seems to be understood as the "garments" as pleasing the king. Alternatively, the plural verb could simply be read as impersonal, i.e., "people please you." This seems less intuitive than stringed music as pleasing.
Aquila and the Peshitta understand the form מִנִּ֥י as the preposition מִן with a first person suffix[45] which occurs ten times in the Bible, though we would typically expect the more common form מִמֶּ֫נִּי. Furthermore, the first person speaker has been absent since v. 2.
A final suggestion is that of Targum Psalms, which reads as a place name, modifying the "ivory" of the previous clause: מן היכליא דמכבשין בשין דפיל מארע מני יחדונך "From palaces that are inlaid with ivory from the land of Minni they shall make you glad" (Stec 2004, 96). Stec comments, "TgPss evidently understands MT mny as a place name and takes it as going with the preceding word; i.e., MT šn mny = “ivory of Minni.” The place understood here may be Minyas in Armenia" (2004, 96 n. 21).
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – The syntax of this clause is unambiguously to be read as a verbless clause. As noted by GKC (§141d): "That the language, however—especially in poetry—is not averse even to the boldest combinations in order to emphasize very strongly the unconditional relation between the subject and predicate, is shown by such examples as ψ 45:9 myrrh and aloes and cassia are all thy garments (i.e. so perfumed with them that they seem to be composed of them)."
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – For the waw conjunction only between the first and second entities of the list, see the note at v. 5. Here, just as in v. 5, ancient versions such as the LXX and Peshitta provide a conjunction between all three entities.
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – For the morphology of מִנִּ֥י as plural, see the discussion in GKC §87f (cf. עַמִּ֣י in Ps 144:2, read as עמים in 11Q5 and rendered simply as "peoples" by Jerome, though "my people" by the LXX). Due to the controversial morphology, none of the ancient versions recognize this word as related to "stringed instruments" (see the alternative diagrams).
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – For discussion of מִנִּ֥י as the plural "stringed instrument," see the grammar notes. Another lexically-significant interpretation is that of Targum Psalms as מארע מני "from the land of Minni," of which "The place understood here may be Minyas in Armeni" (Stec 2004, 96 n. 21).
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – The list of descriptors for the king's clothes, מֹר־וַאֲהָל֣וֹת קְ֭צִיעוֹת, aside from מֹר "myrrh," contains two very rare words in the Bible. The word אֲהָלוֹת "agarwood tree, aloe" (SDBH) appears only here and in Song of Songs 4:14 (though the masculine plural form אֲהָלִים is also found in Prov 7:17). Although it is claimed that this is a loan word from Sanskrit aguru (BDB, HALOT), which would justify the agarwood suggestion, the reception of "g" as Hebrew "he" has never been satisfactorily explained, and the aloe sense is much more likely due to the words which typically accompany אֲהָלוֹת/אֲהָלִים in its few instantiations, which include מֹר and קְצִיעוֹת here and in Song 4:14, לְבֹנָה "frankincense," too, in Song 4:14, while Prov 7:17 also includes קִנָּמוֹן "cinnamon," all of which are native to the Horn of Africa, and from where the loanword probably originated (Noonan 2019, 44). Further, although the LXX renders אֲהָלוֹת here as στακτή "oozing drops... trickling" (LSJ), translated as myrrh oil in the NETS (cf. Jerome's stacta), Song 4:14 is read as ἀλώθ,[46] probably a by-form (perhaps following the Hebrew morphology) of ἀλόη "aloe," from which subsequent forms of the word were derived in Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, and Latin (Noonan 2019, 44).
The second rare term is קְ֭צִיעוֹת, appearing only here in the Bible. The ancient versions are consistent in rendering this term as some form of their received "cassia," presumably cinnamomum cassia (so SDBH). Nevertheless, "Classical sources unequivocally state that the spice denoted by κασία and casia comes from Ethiopia and Arabia, and they clearly describe a spice other than C. cassia (e.g., Dioscorides, Mat. med. 1.13; Theophrastus, Hist. plant. 9.5.1–3; Pliny, Nat. 12.43.95–97). Therefore, Hebrew קְצִיעָה as well as Greek κασία and Latin casia must refer to a cassia-like spice found in Ethiopia or Arabia, not true cassia... Without doubt this word originates from Ethiopia or Arabia, exactly where Classical sources say this plant comes from. The contextual mention of myrrh, ivory, and Ophir (Ps 45:9–10), all connected with the Red Sea region between Ethiopia and Arabia, confirms this loan hypothesis" (Noonan 2019, 196-197).
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – On the position of the waw in the list מֹר־וַאֲהָל֣וֹת קְ֭צִיעוֹת, see the grammar and phrase-level notes at v. 5.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 10
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| בְּנ֣וֹת מְ֭לָכִים בְּיִקְּרוֹתֶ֑יךָ | 10a | Daughters of kings are among your treasures; |
| נִצְּבָ֥ה שֵׁגַ֥ל לִֽ֝ימִינְךָ֗ בְּכֶ֣תֶם אוֹפִֽיר׃ | 10b | queen mother has taken a stand at your right hand in the gold of Ophir. |
Macula
בְּנ֣וֹת מְ֭לָכִים בְּיִקְּרוֹתֶ֑יךָ נִצְּבָ֥ה שֵׁגַ֥ל לִֽ֝ימִינְךָ֗ בְּכֶ֣תֶם אוֹפִֽיר׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: בְּנוֹת daughters
noun: מְלָכִים kings
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="among your treasures">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ among
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
adjective: יִקְּרוֹתֶי treasures
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase <status="alternative">
Preposition
preposition: בִּ inside <status="revocalization">
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
adjective: קִרוֹתֶי walls <status="emendation">
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: שֵׁגַל the queen mother
Predicate
verb: נִצְּבָה stands
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="at your right hand">
Preposition
preposition: לִ at
Object
ConstructChain
noun: ימִינְ right hand
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: כֶתֶם gold
noun: אוֹפִיר Ophir
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: בְּנוֹת daughters
noun: מְלָכִים kings
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="among your treasures">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ among
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
adjective: יִקְּרוֹתֶי treasures
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase <status="alternative">
Preposition
preposition: בִּ inside <status="revocalization">
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
adjective: קִרוֹתֶי walls <status="emendation">
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: שֵׁגַל the queen mother
Predicate
verb: נִצְּבָה stands
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="at your right hand">
Preposition
preposition: לִ at
Object
ConstructChain
noun: ימִינְ right hand
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: כֶתֶם gold
noun: אוֹפִיר Ophir
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-10-None }}
Grammar Notes
Alternative
v. 10 – For the alternative reading of "inside your walls" in place of "among your treasures," see the manuscripts listed in VTH (vol. 4, 344) and de-Rossi (vol. 4, 31).
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 10
v. 10 – The adjective יָקָר most commonly refers to "rare" (1 Sam 3:1), "precious" or "costly" objects (SDBH), such as "stones" or "wealth" (BDB; Prov 1:13), it can also modify people or lives (as in Prov 6:26). Nevertheless, the generic noun of "objects" has been preferred here, even when describing the "daughters of kings."
Note for v. 10
v. 10 – Although the word שֵׁגַל is likely a loanword from Akkadian ša ekalli, as the "wife of the ruling king" (CAD, vol. 4, 61; cf. "wife of a king" in SDBH), it is only attested here and in Neh 2:6. The location "at your right hand" represents a place of honor. Although this word could refer to the queen consort, it may refer to the queen mother (see 1 Kgs 2:19, where King Solomon's mother Bathsheba takes a seat at his right hand). The Aramaic portion of Daniel uses the word to refer to part of the Babylonian king's entourage (his wives and concubines; Dan 5:2ff., 23). Although the word can also be used of a wife of the king (consort), it is not unusual for words to be used for either the wife or the mother of the king. A similar word is גְּבִירָה, which can refer to the wife of the king (1 Kgs 11:19) or the queen mother (2 Kgs 10:13; Jer 13:18; 29:2), as well as mistress (Ps 123:2; Prov 30:23). Further, the שֵׁגַל "stands" or "has taken her stand" (נִצְּבָ֥ה) at the king's right hand, in a position of authority, just as in the case of Bathsheba in 1 Kgs 2:13-35 (see further the arguments put forth in Schroeder 1996, 428). In light of the presence of other princesses as wives for the ruling king, it fits that the שֵׁגַל has taken her stand to exhort the incoming foreign bride throughout vv. 11-13 (Schroeder 1996, 432), especially due to the intentionality of the loan word and its etymology: ša ekalli "woman of the palace" (from aššatu and ekallu), reanalyzed as šēgallu (Fink 2020, 138-139; cf. the contribution of הֵיכָל ≈ ekallu towards the psalm's poetic structure in vv. 9, 16). In any case, if the queen mother, she would have previously been the queen of the previous king, so the lexeme שֵׁגַל is not out of place (cf. also the mention of "your fathers" in v. 17).[47]
Note for v. 10
v. 10 – כֶּתֶם is a rarer lexeme for "gold" (cf. the more common זָהָב), limited to nine instances in poetic texts, but which may indeed refer to a "special type of gold" (Noonan 2019, 136).[48] Indeed, here as in Isaiah 13:12 and Job 28:16, the noun is modified by "Ophir," which is "a toponym located near the southern shore of the Red Sea. The region of Ophir was well known for its gold in antiquity, and the evidence thus points to a southern “Ophirite” origin for this term" (ibid.).
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
vv. 11-13
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| שִׁמְעִי־בַ֣ת וּ֭רְאִי וְהַטִּ֣י אָזְנֵ֑ךְ | 11a | Listen, daughter, and look and incline your ear, |
| וְשִׁכְחִ֥י עַ֝מֵּ֗ךְ וּבֵ֥ית אָבִֽיךְ׃ | 11b | and forget your people and your father’s household, |
| וְיִתְאָ֣ו הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ יָפְיֵ֑ךְ | 12a | and let the king desire your beauty, |
| כִּי־ה֥וּא אֲ֝דֹנַ֗יִךְ | 12b | because he is your husband, |
| וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ־לֽוֹ׃בַֽת־צֹ֨ר ׀ בְּ֭מִנְחָה | 13a | and the people of Tyre will bow down to him with a gift; |
| פָּנַ֥יִךְ יְחַלּ֗וּ עֲשִׁ֣ירֵי עָֽם׃ | 13b | richest of people will seek your favor. |
Macula
שִׁמְעִי־בַ֣ת וּ֭רְאִי וְהַטִּ֣י אָזְנֵ֑ךְ וְשִׁכְחִ֥י עַ֝מֵּ֗ךְ וּבֵ֥ית אָבִֽיךְ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 11-13]
Fragment
Vocative
noun: בַת daughter
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
Predicate
verb: שִׁמְעִי hear
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Predicate
verb: רְאִי see
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: הַטִּי incline
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your ear">
noun: אָזְנֵ ear
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: שִׁכְחִי forget
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your people">
noun: עַמֵּ people
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
ConstructChain <gloss="your father's household">
noun: בֵית household
ConstructChain
noun: אָבִי father
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
article: הַ the
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: יִתְאָו let desire
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your beauty">
noun: יָפְיֵ beauty
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="your husband">
noun: אֲדֹנַיִ husband
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ bow down <status="emendation">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
DiscourseUnit [v. 11-13]
Fragment
Vocative
noun: בַת daughter
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
Predicate
verb: שִׁמְעִי hear
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Predicate
verb: רְאִי see
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: הַטִּי incline
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your ear">
noun: אָזְנֵ ear
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: שִׁכְחִי forget
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your people">
noun: עַמֵּ people
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
ConstructChain <gloss="your father's household">
noun: בֵית household
ConstructChain
noun: אָבִי father
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
article: הַ the
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: יִתְאָו let desire
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your beauty">
noun: יָפְיֵ beauty
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="your husband">
noun: אֲדֹנַיִ husband
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ bow down <status="emendation">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=vv-11-13-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for vv. 11-13
v. 13 – Our preferred reading understands the singular form בַֽת־צֹ֨ר as a collective, referring to the residents of Tyre,[49] such that it can head a plural verb as the preceding (emended) וְהִשְׁתַּחֲווּ (LXX: καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτῷ θυγατέρες Τύρου ἐν δώροις "And daughters of Tyre will do obeisance to him with gifts," NETS). See the many references of בַּת + place name to refer to the citizens thereof throughout the Bible (בַּת צִיּוֹן "daughter of Zion," בַּת יְהוּדָה "daughter of Judah," and בַּת מִצְרָיִם "daughter of Egypt," among others).
vv. 12–13 alternative
DiscourseUnit [v. 12–13 alternatives]
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי bow down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <status="alternative">
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי bow down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <status="alternative">
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
particle: וּ and
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
alternative
v. 12–13 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see the exegetical issue, The Text and Grammar of Psalm 45:12–13. Our preferred reading follows the LXX, as above.
The alternative diagrams reflect the following interpretations:
- The first diagram reads the constituents "daughter of Tyre" and "richest of people" in apposition, such as the CSB: "...and the king will desire your beauty. Bow down to him, for he is your lord. The daughter of Tyre, the wealthy people, will seek your favor with gifts."
- The second diagram supplies a copula to create a clause of וּבַֽת־צֹ֨ר ׀ בְּ֭מִנְחָה, such as the KJV: "So shall the king greatly desire thy beauty: for he is thy Lord; and worship thou him. And the daughter of Tyre shall be there with a gift; even the rich among the people shall intreat thy favour."
- Finally, the third diagram interprets וּבַֽת־צֹ֨ר ׀ as a vocative such as the JPS: "and let the king be aroused by your beauty; since he is your lord, bow to him. O Tyrian lass, the wealthiest people will court your favor with gifts."
Note for vv. 12–13
v. 12–13 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see the exegetical issue, The Text and Grammar of Psalm 45:12–13. Our preferred reading follows the LXX, as above.
The alternative diagrams reflect the following interpretations:
- The first diagram reads the constituents "daughter of Tyre" and "richest of people" in apposition, such as the CSB: "...and the king will desire your beauty. Bow down to him, for he is your lord. The daughter of Tyre, the wealthy people, will seek your favor with gifts."
- The second diagram supplies a copula to create a clause of וּבַֽת־צֹ֨ר ׀ בְּ֭מִנְחָה, such as the KJV: "So shall the king greatly desire thy beauty: for he is thy Lord; and worship thou him. And the daughter of Tyre shall be there with a gift; even the rich among the people shall intreat thy favour."
- Finally, the third diagram interprets וּבַֽת־צֹ֨ר ׀ as a vocative such as the JPS: "and let the king be aroused by your beauty; since he is your lord, bow to him. O Tyrian lass, the wealthiest people will court your favor with gifts."
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for vv. 11-13
v. 13 – See the grammar notes for the interpretation of the construct chain בַת צֹר as the inhabitants of the city of Tyre, rather than one individual daughter, i.e., a princess.
Note for vv. 11-13
v. 13 – The construct chain עֲשִׁ֣ירֵי עָֽם communicates the wealthiest עֲשִׁ֣ירֵי (superlative-part) of people עָֽם (divided whole), in apposition to the inhabitants of Tyre at the beginning of the clause.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
Note for vv. 11-13
vv. 12-13 – Our preferred diagram reflects the LXX against the MT, the former of which reads καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτῷ θυγατέρες Τύρου ἐν δώροις, τὸ πρόσωπόν σου λιτανεύσουσιν οἱ πλούσιοι τοῦ λαοῦ "And daughters of Tyre will do obeisance to him with gifts; your face the rich of the people will entreat." (NETS)
To reflect this reading in Hebrew, two emendations are necessary from the MT. In the first place, the feminine singular וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲוִי "and bow down" is emended to the plural הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ. This change could have come about due to the graphic similarity between yod and waw (or possibily to harmonize the imperative with the previous imperatives of v. 11).[50]
Add Exegetical Note
vv. 12–13 - alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 12–13 alternatives]
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי bow down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <status="alternative">
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי bow down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <status="alternative">
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
particle: וּ and
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
DiscourseUnit [v. 12–13 alternatives]
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי bow down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <status="alternative">
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי bow down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <status="alternative">
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
particle: וּ and
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=vv-1213-alternative }}
Grammar Notes
Note for vv. 12–13
v. 12–13 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see the exegetical issue, The Text and Grammar of Psalm 45:12–13. Our preferred reading follows the LXX, as above.
The alternative diagrams reflect the following interpretations:
- The first diagram reads the constituents "daughter of Tyre" and "richest of people" in apposition, such as the CSB: "...and the king will desire your beauty. Bow down to him, for he is your lord. The daughter of Tyre, the wealthy people, will seek your favor with gifts."
- The second diagram supplies a copula to create a clause of וּבַֽת־צֹ֨ר ׀ בְּ֭מִנְחָה, such as the KJV: "So shall the king greatly desire thy beauty: for he is thy Lord; and worship thou him. And the daughter of Tyre shall be there with a gift; even the rich among the people shall intreat thy favour."
- Finally, the third diagram interprets וּבַֽת־צֹ֨ר ׀ as a vocative such as the JPS: "and let the king be aroused by your beauty; since he is your lord, bow to him. O Tyrian lass, the wealthiest people will court your favor with gifts."
Note for vv. 11-13
v. 13 – Our preferred reading understands the singular form בַֽת־צֹ֨ר as a collective, referring to the residents of Tyre,[51] such that it can head a plural verb as the preceding (emended) וְהִשְׁתַּחֲווּ (LXX: καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτῷ θυγατέρες Τύρου ἐν δώροις "And daughters of Tyre will do obeisance to him with gifts," NETS). See the many references of בַּת + place name to refer to the citizens thereof throughout the Bible (בַּת צִיּוֹן "daughter of Zion," בַּת יְהוּדָה "daughter of Judah," and בַּת מִצְרָיִם "daughter of Egypt," among others).
vv. 12–13 alternative
DiscourseUnit [v. 12–13 alternatives]
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי bow down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <status="alternative">
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Predicate
verb: הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי bow down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <status="alternative">
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="Daughter Tyre">
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
particle: וּ and
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: צֹר Tyre
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="richest people">
noun: עֲשִׁירֵי rich
noun: עָם people
Predicate <gloss="will seek your favor">
verb: יְחַלּוּ will weaken
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָּנַי face
suffix-pronoun: ִךְ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִנְחָה a gift
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for vv. 11-13
v. 13 – See the grammar notes for the interpretation of the construct chain בַת צֹר as the inhabitants of the city of Tyre, rather than one individual daughter, i.e., a princess.
Note for vv. 11-13
v. 13 – The construct chain עֲשִׁ֣ירֵי עָֽם communicates the wealthiest עֲשִׁ֣ירֵי (superlative-part) of people עָֽם (divided whole), in apposition to the inhabitants of Tyre at the beginning of the clause.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Note for vv. 11-13
vv. 12-13 – Our preferred diagram reflects the LXX against the MT, the former of which reads καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτῷ θυγατέρες Τύρου ἐν δώροις, τὸ πρόσωπόν σου λιτανεύσουσιν οἱ πλούσιοι τοῦ λαοῦ "And daughters of Tyre will do obeisance to him with gifts; your face the rich of the people will entreat." (NETS)
To reflect this reading in Hebrew, two emendations are necessary from the MT. In the first place, the feminine singular וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲוִי "and bow down" is emended to the plural הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ. This change could have come about due to the graphic similarity between yod and waw (or possibily to harmonize the imperative with the previous imperatives of v. 11).[52]
Add Exegetical Note
v. 14
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כָּל־כְּבוּדָּ֣ה בַת־מֶ֣לֶךְ פְּנִ֑ימָה | 14a | princess is in her chamber with all kinds of valuable goods; |
| מִֽמִּשְׁבְּצ֖וֹת זָהָ֣ב לְבוּשָֽׁהּ׃ | 14b | her clothing [is made] from gold settings. |
Macula
כָּל־כְּבוּדָּ֣ה בַת־מֶ֣לֶךְ פְּנִ֑ימָה מִֽמִּשְׁבְּצ֖וֹת זָהָ֣ב לְבוּשָֽׁהּ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 14]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
noun: כְּבוּדָּה valuable goods
adverb: פְּנִימָה inside
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: לְבוּשׁ clothing
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ her
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="made from gold settings">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מִּשְׁבְּצוֹת settings
noun: זָהָב gold
DiscourseUnit [v. 14]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
noun: כְּבוּדָּה valuable goods
adverb: פְּנִימָה inside
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: לְבוּשׁ clothing
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ her
Predicate
verb: is
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="made from gold settings">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מִּשְׁבְּצוֹת settings
noun: זָהָב gold
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-14-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – Due to a misunderstanding of the rare word כְּבוּדָּה (found only here, Judg 18:21 and Ezek 23:41), the LXX seems to have read כְּבוֹדָהּ with the mappiq in the final he as πᾶσα ἡ δόξα αὐτῆς "all her glory." The resulting syntax is slightly awkward, however, requiring the apposition between "her" and "the king's daughter": πᾶσα ἡ δόξα αὐτῆς θυγατρὸς βασιλέως "all her glory, [that of] the daughter of the king."[53] Other modern translations seem to understand the form as כָּבְדָה, "glorious" as a feminine singular adjective. Not only can this not be derived from the consonantal Hebrew text (since the MT's form unambiguously contains a waw in כְּבוּדָּ֣ה), but it requires reading the quantifier כֹּל as a qualitative intensifier: "All glorious is the princess" (NIV). Our preferred reading, then, of the noun phrase is that of a nominal adverb.
Alternative
v. 14 – The LXX seems to have read לְבוּשָֽׁהּ without the mappiq, as the passive participle לְבוּשָׁה "dressed" περιβεβλημένη. It also reads the first word of v. 15, לִרְקָמוֹת֮, as further modifying this participle in the same sentence: ἐν κροσσωτοῖς χρυσοῖς περιβεβλημένη πεποικιλμένη "decked out with golden tassels, in many colors." This phrase is also added verbatim to the end of v. 10, however, so the LXX is questionable here.[54]
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – The word כְּבוּדָּה is rare (found only here, Judg 18:21 and Ezek 23:41), and its function as a nominal adverb has not always been recognized (see further the grammar notes).
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – Outside this instance, the word מִשְׁבְּצוֹת is limited to description of the priest's ephod and clothing (see Exod 28:11, 13, 14, 25; 39:6, 13, 16, 18), as "woven in patterns; hence, possibly: = a web of gold yarn used to attach gems to cloth" (SDBH).[55]
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
noun: כְּבוֹד glory <status="revocalization">
Apposition
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ her <status="revocalization">
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: is
adverb: פְּנִימָה inside
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Adjectival
adjective: כָּבְדָה glorious <status="emendation">
Adverbial
adverb: כָּל completely
adverb: פְּנִימָה inside
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: she
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
adjective: לְבוּשָׁה dressed <status="revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מִּשְׁבְּצוֹת settings
noun: זָהָב gold
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
noun: כְּבוֹד glory <status="revocalization">
Apposition
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ her <status="revocalization">
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: is
adverb: פְּנִימָה inside
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: בַת daughter
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Adjectival
adjective: כָּבְדָה glorious <status="emendation">
Adverbial
adverb: כָּל completely
adverb: פְּנִימָה inside
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: she
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
adjective: לְבוּשָׁה dressed <status="revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מִּשְׁבְּצוֹת settings
noun: זָהָב gold
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-14-Alternative }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – Due to a misunderstanding of the rare word כְּבוּדָּה (found only here, Judg 18:21 and Ezek 23:41), the LXX seems to have read כְּבוֹדָהּ with the mappiq in the final he as πᾶσα ἡ δόξα αὐτῆς "all her glory." The resulting syntax is slightly awkward, however, requiring the apposition between "her" and "the king's daughter": πᾶσα ἡ δόξα αὐτῆς θυγατρὸς βασιλέως "all her glory, [that of] the daughter of the king."[56] Other modern translations seem to understand the form as כָּבְדָה, "glorious" as a feminine singular adjective. Not only can this not be derived from the consonantal Hebrew text (since the MT's form unambiguously contains a waw in כְּבוּדָּ֣ה), but it requires reading the quantifier כֹּל as a qualitative intensifier: "All glorious is the princess" (NIV). Our preferred reading, then, of the noun phrase is that of a nominal adverb.
Alternative
v. 14 – The LXX seems to have read לְבוּשָֽׁהּ without the mappiq, as the passive participle לְבוּשָׁה "dressed" περιβεβλημένη. It also reads the first word of v. 15, לִרְקָמוֹת֮, as further modifying this participle in the same sentence: ἐν κροσσωτοῖς χρυσοῖς περιβεβλημένη πεποικιλμένη "decked out with golden tassels, in many colors." This phrase is also added verbatim to the end of v. 10, however, so the LXX is questionable here.[57]
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – The word כְּבוּדָּה is rare (found only here, Judg 18:21 and Ezek 23:41), and its function as a nominal adverb has not always been recognized (see further the grammar notes).
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – Outside this instance, the word מִשְׁבְּצוֹת is limited to description of the priest's ephod and clothing (see Exod 28:11, 13, 14, 25; 39:6, 13, 16, 18), as "woven in patterns; hence, possibly: = a web of gold yarn used to attach gems to cloth" (SDBH).[58]
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 15
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| לִרְקָמוֹת֮ תּוּבַ֪ל לַ֫מֶּ֥לֶךְ | 15a | In embroidered cloth she will be led to the king, |
| בְּתוּל֣וֹת אַ֭חֲרֶיהָ רֵעוֹתֶ֑יהָ | 15b | young women after her, her companions, |
| מ֖וּבָא֣וֹת לָֽךְ׃ | 15c | being brought to you. |
Macula
לִרְקָמוֹת֮ תּוּבַ֪ל לַ֫מֶּ֥לֶךְ בְּתוּל֣וֹת אַ֭חֲרֶיהָ רֵעוֹתֶ֑יהָ מ֖וּבָא֣וֹת לָֽךְ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 15]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תּוּבַל she is led
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ in
Object
noun: רְקָמוֹת embroidered cloth
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Adverbial
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
noun: בְּתוּלוֹת young women
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אַחֲרֶי after
Object
suffix-pronoun: הָ her
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: רֵעוֹתֶי companions
suffix-pronoun: הָ her
Predicate
verb-participle: מוּבָאוֹת being brought
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
DiscourseUnit [v. 15]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תּוּבַל she is led
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ in
Object
noun: רְקָמוֹת embroidered cloth
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Adverbial
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
noun: בְּתוּלוֹת young women
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אַחֲרֶי after
Object
suffix-pronoun: הָ her
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: רֵעוֹתֶי companions
suffix-pronoun: הָ her
Predicate
verb-participle: מוּבָאוֹת being brought
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-15-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Alternative
v. 15 – As shown in the alternative diagram, the LXX reads בְּתוּל֣וֹת אַ֭חֲרֶיהָ as the grammatical subject of תּוּבַ֪ל. The number disagreement is not unheard of, especially in passive constructions. Nevertheless, the Masoretic accents (especially the ole veyored as the strongest disjunctive accents over לַ֫מֶּ֥לֶךְ) support our preferred clause division.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 15 LXX] <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
noun: בְּתוּלוֹת young women
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אַחֲרֶי after
Object
suffix-pronoun: הָ her
Predicate
verb: תּוּבַל are led
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: רֵעוֹתֶי female companions
suffix-pronoun: הָ her
Predicate
verb-participle: מוּבָאוֹת being brought
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
DiscourseUnit [v. 15 LXX] <status="alternative">
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
noun: בְּתוּלוֹת young women
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אַחֲרֶי after
Object
suffix-pronoun: הָ her
Predicate
verb: תּוּבַל are led
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: מֶּלֶךְ king
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: רֵעוֹתֶי female companions
suffix-pronoun: הָ her
Predicate
verb-participle: מוּבָאוֹת being brought
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךְ you
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-15-Alternative }}
Grammar Notes
Alternative
v. 15 – As shown in the alternative diagram, the LXX reads בְּתוּל֣וֹת אַ֭חֲרֶיהָ as the grammatical subject of תּוּבַ֪ל. The number disagreement is not unheard of, especially in passive constructions. Nevertheless, the Masoretic accents (especially the ole veyored as the strongest disjunctive accents over לַ֫מֶּ֥לֶךְ) support our preferred clause division.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 16
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| תּ֭וּבַלְנָה בִּשְׂמָחֹ֣ת וָגִ֑יל | 16a | They will be led with joy and gladness; |
| תְּ֝בֹאֶ֗ינָה בְּהֵ֣יכַל מֶֽלֶךְ׃ | 16b | they will go into the royal palace. |
Macula
תּ֭וּבַלְנָה בִּשְׂמָחֹ֣ת וָגִ֑יל תְּ֝בֹאֶ֗ינָה בְּהֵ֣יכַל מֶֽלֶךְ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 16]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תּוּבַלְנָה they are led
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ with
Object
Nominal
noun: שְׂמָחֹת joy
conjunction: וָ and
noun: גִיל gladness
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּבֹאֶינָה they go
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="into the king's palace">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ into
Object
ConstructChain
noun: הֵיכַל palace
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
DiscourseUnit [v. 16]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תּוּבַלְנָה they are led
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ with
Object
Nominal
noun: שְׂמָחֹת joy
conjunction: וָ and
noun: גִיל gladness
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּבֹאֶינָה they go
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="into the king's palace">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ into
Object
ConstructChain
noun: הֵיכַל palace
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-16-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 17
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| תַּ֣חַת אֲ֭בֹתֶיךָ יִהְי֣וּ בָנֶ֑יךָ | 17a | In succession to your ancestors will be your sons; |
| תְּשִׁיתֵ֥מוֹ לְ֝שָׂרִ֗ים בְּכָל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ | 17b | you will appoint them as governors over all the earth. |
Macula
תַּ֣חַת אֲ֭בֹתֶיךָ יִהְי֣וּ בָנֶ֑יךָ תְּשִׁיתֵ֥מוֹ לְ֝שָׂרִ֗ים בְּכָל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 17]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your sons">
Nominal
noun: בָנֶי sons
RelativeClause <status="alternative">
RelativeParticle
particle: whom
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׁיתֵ you will appoint
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them <located="relative clause head">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ as
Object
noun: שָׂרִים governors
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ over
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָל all
Nominal
article: הָ the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: יִהְיוּ will be
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in succession to your ancestors">
Preposition
preposition: תַּחַת in the place of >> in succession to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אֲבֹתֶי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׁית you will appoint
verb: שִׁית appoint <status="alternative emendation">
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֵמוֹ them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ as
Object
noun: שָׂרִים governors
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ over
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָל all
Nominal
article: הָ the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
DiscourseUnit [v. 17]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your sons">
Nominal
noun: בָנֶי sons
RelativeClause <status="alternative">
RelativeParticle
particle: whom
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׁיתֵ you will appoint
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them <located="relative clause head">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ as
Object
noun: שָׂרִים governors
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ over
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָל all
Nominal
article: הָ the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: יִהְיוּ will be
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in succession to your ancestors">
Preposition
preposition: תַּחַת in the place of >> in succession to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אֲבֹתֶי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׁית you will appoint
verb: שִׁית appoint <status="alternative emendation">
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֵמוֹ them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ as
Object
noun: שָׂרִים governors
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ over
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָל all
Nominal
article: הָ the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-17-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 17
v. 17 – For the alternative interpretation of the second clause as an asyndetic relative clause, see the NKJV: "Instead of Your fathers shall be Your sons, Whom You shall make princes in all the earth."
Note for v. 17
v. 17 – The Peshitta renders the second person yiqtol תְּשִׁיתֵ֥מוֹ with the imperative ܥܒܶܕ "make." This could be an interpretation of agent-oriented modality on the part of the addressee, the king, or the translator's text may simply have read שִׁיתֵמוֹ, only missing the תְּ.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 18
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אַזְכִּ֣ירָה שִׁ֭מְךָ בְּכָל־דֹּ֣ר וָדֹ֑ר | 18a | I shall profess your name in all generations. |
| עַל־כֵּ֥ן עַמִּ֥ים יְ֝הוֹדֻ֗ךָ לְעֹלָ֥ם וָעֶֽד׃ | 18b | Therefore peoples will praise you forever and ever. |
Macula
אַזְכִּ֣ירָה שִׁ֭מְךָ בְּכָל־דֹּ֣ר וָדֹ֑ר עַל־כֵּ֥ן עַמִּ֥ים יְ֝הוֹדֻ֗ךָ לְעֹלָ֥ם וָעֶֽד׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 18]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אַזְכִּירָה I shall profess
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your name">
noun: שִׁמְ name
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="in all generations">
Nominal
quantifier: כָל every
Nominal
noun: דֹּר generation
conjunction: וָ and
noun: דֹר generation
Fragment
conjunction: עַל כֵּן therefore
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: עַמִּים peoples
Predicate
verb: יְהוֹדֻ will praise
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="forever and ever">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
Nominal
noun: עֹלָם forever
conjunction: וָ and
noun: עֶד ever
DiscourseUnit [v. 18]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אַזְכִּירָה I shall profess
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your name">
noun: שִׁמְ name
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="in all generations">
Nominal
quantifier: כָל every
Nominal
noun: דֹּר generation
conjunction: וָ and
noun: דֹר generation
Fragment
conjunction: עַל כֵּן therefore
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: עַמִּים peoples
Predicate
verb: יְהוֹדֻ will praise
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="forever and ever">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
Nominal
noun: עֹלָם forever
conjunction: וָ and
noun: עֶד ever
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=45|DiagramID=v-18-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
Appendix
Files
Diagrams
Notes
- Grammar.v. 1.505212
- Grammar.v. 10.733239
- Grammar.v. 14.535413
- Grammar.v. 14.925750
- Grammar.v. 15.593161
- Grammar.v. 17.332165
- Grammar.v. 17.509020
- Grammar.v. 2.109471
- Grammar.v. 2.310913
- Grammar.v. 2.474309
- Grammar.v. 3.463530
- Grammar.v. 3.788711
- Grammar.v. 6.610880
- Grammar.v. 6.684626
- Grammar.v. 9.160016
- Grammar.v. 9.390548
- Grammar.v. 9.522099
- Grammar.v. 9.577845
- Grammar.v. 9.888268
- Grammar.vv. 11-13.112987
- Grammar.vv. 11-13.190102
- Grammar.vv. 11-13.910470
- Grammar.vv. 11–13.108633
- Grammar.vv. 12–13.713529
- Grammar.vv. 4-5.192391
- Grammar.vv. 4-5.340875
- Grammar.vv. 4-5.981528
- Lexical.v. 1.884985
- Lexical.v. 10.239532
- Lexical.v. 10.439383
- Lexical.v. 10.672637
- Lexical.v. 14.327493
- Lexical.v. 14.625051
- Lexical.v. 2.117663
- Lexical.v. 2.599525
- Lexical.v. 2.872187
- Lexical.v. 2.92665
- Lexical.v. 3.814455
- Lexical.v. 9.944535
- Phrasal.v. 2.676754
- Phrasal.v. 3.115378
- Phrasal.v. 7.767978
- Phrasal.v. 8.110789
- Phrasal.v. 8.356260
- Phrasal.v. 9.848467
- Phrasal.vv. 11-13.328767
- Phrasal.vv. 11-13.631057
- Phrasal.vv. 4-5.191098
- Phrasal.vv. 4-5.220465
- Phrasal.vv. 4-5.287537
- Phrasal.vv. 4-5.55794
- Phrasal.vv. 4-5.735396
- Textual.v. 6.94516
- Textual.vv. 4-5.410065
Approvals
Current Grammar status is Approved for version 0.9. Current Lexical status is Approved for version 0.9.
References
- ↑ The Greek versions vary between ᾠδὴ ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ "an ode for the beloved" (LXX); ᾆσμα προσφιλίας "a song of goodwill" (Aquila); ᾆσμα εἰς τὸν ἀγαπητόν "a song for the beloved" (Symmachus); τοῖς ἠγαπημένοις "to/for the beloved (pl.)" (Theodotion).
- ↑ ἐκινήθη ἡ καρδία μου λόγῳ ἀγαθῷ "my heart is moved by a good word."
- ↑ See, however, an exception for "a good word" as the subject of the intransitive in SG21: De belles paroles bouillonnent dans mon cœur "beautiful words bubble up in my heart."
- ↑ See also the LXX: Ἐξηρεύξατο ἡ καρδία μου λόγον ἀγαθόν "My heart erupts with a goodly theme" (NETS) = Gall. & Iuxta Hebraeos Eructavit cor meum verbum bonum, CPA: ܓܣܐ ܠܒܝ ܡܠܐ ܛܒܐ "my heart breaks forth with a good word"; Peshitta: ܐܒܥ ܠܒܝ ܦܬ̈ܓܡܐ ܛܒ̈ܐ "my heart overflows with good words" (Taylor 2020, 175), which, however, employs an aphel verb (C stem), so Taylor's rendering is unlikely. Preferable is "my heart gushes forth good words"; TgPs: בעא לבי ממלל טב "my heart seeks a good word").
- ↑ SDBH offers (a) a materialized act of speech; ◄ a breath which becomes audible as a language utterance ► with communicative function – word, matter; and (b) perhaps as an extension of [a]: = materialized actions or events, in some way resultant from acts of speech – thing, event.
- ↑ See, e.g., Targum Psalms, which renders the term as ספרא רגיל "a practiced/accustomed scribe," and the Peshitta's ܣܦܪܐ ܡܗܝܪܐ "a skilled scribed."
- ↑ See also "to be moved, aroused" (HALOT); "is astir" (BDB); "be astir, be aroused" (DCH).
- ↑ Babylonian manuscript BL Or 2373 indicates the definite article in its vocalization.
- ↑ These read "I speak my poem to a king" and "in honour of a king I recite the song I have composed," respectively.
- ↑ See also the LXX: Ἐξηρεύξατο ἡ καρδία μου λόγον ἀγαθόν "My heart erupts with a goodly theme" (NETS) = Gall. & Iuxta Hebraeos Eructavit cor meum verbum bonum, CPA: ܓܣܐ ܠܒܝ ܡܠܐ ܛܒܐ "my heart breaks forth with a good word"; Peshitta: ܐܒܥ ܠܒܝ ܦܬ̈ܓܡܐ ܛܒ̈ܐ "my heart overflows with good words" (Taylor 2020, 175), which, however, employs an aphel verb (C stem), so Taylor's rendering is unlikely. Preferable is "my heart gushes forth good words"; TgPs: בעא לבי ממלל טב "my heart seeks a good word").
- ↑ ἐκινήθη ἡ καρδία μου λόγῳ ἀγαθῷ "my heart is moved by a good word."
- ↑ See, however, an exception for "a good word" as the subject of the intransitive in SG21: De belles paroles bouillonnent dans mon cœur "beautiful words bubble up in my heart."
- ↑ See also "to be moved, aroused" (HALOT); "is astir" (BDB); "be astir, be aroused" (DCH).
- ↑ SDBH offers (a) a materialized act of speech; ◄ a breath which becomes audible as a language utterance ► with communicative function – word, matter; and (b) perhaps as an extension of [a]: = materialized actions or events, in some way resultant from acts of speech – thing, event.
- ↑ See, e.g., Targum Psalms, which renders the term as ספרא רגיל "a practiced/accustomed scribe," and the Peshitta's ܣܦܪܐ ܡܗܝܪܐ "a skilled scribed."
- ↑ Babylonian manuscript BL Or 2373 indicates the definite article in its vocalization.
- ↑ These read "I speak my poem to a king" and "in honour of a king I recite the song I have composed," respectively.
- ↑ Cf., e.g., the reduplication of the second and third root letters in the forms סְ֭חַרְחַר (Ps 38:11) and חֳמַרְמָ֔רוּ (Lam 1:20), which follow the expected form.
- ↑ It is probable that the third person reading in the Peshitta's ܕܫܦܝܪ ܒܚܙܘܗ "he is more attractive" (Taylor 2020, 175) arose from the LXX, which is verbless, but whose copula could be understood as second person, as the MT's 2sg.m יָפְיָפִיתָ (cf. the CPA Psalms' ܒܫܘܦܪܗ "in his beauty").
- ↑ See GKC §113; Atkinson, "Infinitive Absolute" forthcoming). See also Jerome's Iuxtra Hebraeos: decore pulchrior and the Peshiṭṭa's ܕܫܦܝܪ ܒܚܙܘܗ both ≈ "beautiful in (his) appearance."
- ↑ Such that "lip [is used as] as a metonym for the speech that the lips help to form, or as a metonym for the person that produces speech -- speech" (SDBH)
- ↑ ܪ̈ܚܡܐ.
- ↑ Of course, the comparative reading could be paraphrased to suggest the king also belongs among mankind, such as the ELB's Du bist schöner als andere Menschen.
- ↑ Cf. Saadia; Weisman 1996, 199.
- ↑ Cf., e.g., the reduplication of the second and third root letters in the forms סְ֭חַרְחַר (Ps 38:11) and חֳמַרְמָ֔רוּ (Lam 1:20), which follow the expected form.
- ↑ It is probable that the third person reading in the Peshitta's ܕܫܦܝܪ ܒܚܙܘܗ "he is more attractive" (Taylor 2020, 175) arose from the LXX, which is verbless, but whose copula could be understood as second person, as the MT's 2sg.m יָפְיָפִיתָ (cf. the CPA Psalms' ܒܫܘܦܪܗ "in his beauty").
- ↑ See GKC §113; Atkinson, "Infinitive Absolute" forthcoming). See also Jerome's Iuxtra Hebraeos: decore pulchrior and the Peshiṭṭa's ܕܫܦܝܪ ܒܚܙܘܗ both ≈ "beautiful in (his) appearance."
- ↑ Such that "lip [is used as] as a metonym for the speech that the lips help to form, or as a metonym for the person that produces speech -- speech" (SDBH)
- ↑ ܪ̈ܚܡܐ.
- ↑ Of course, the comparative reading could be paraphrased to suggest the king also belongs among mankind, such as the ELB's Du bist schöner als andere Menschen.
- ↑ Cf. Saadia; Weisman 1996, 199.
- ↑ Despite the slightly different vocalization of the more standard עֲנָוָה in contrast to our עַנְוָה.
- ↑ See also the LXX's dative of manner τῇ ὡραιότητί σου καὶ τῷ κάλλει σου "in your bloom and beauty" (NETS), though the same two constituents could be interpreted as apposition to "your sword" in the Peshitta and certainly is by Saadia (see the grammar notes).
- ↑ "Avec éclat, chevauche et triomphe." Cf. Symmachus' καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀξιώματί σου.
- ↑ So Ḥakham: שׁתהא מצליח ברכיבה "may you be successful in your riding" (1979, 258).
- ↑ The LXX also supports this interpretation of Ps 79:9, with ἕνεκα τῆς δόξης τοῦ ὀνόματός σου "for the sake of the glory of your name" (NETS).
- ↑ So also Mena (2012, 96-97, 122).
- ↑ See the outlier in the Vulgate's prae consortibus tuis, which could possibly be read as "in the presence of your fellows," if not anteriority ➞ superiority.
- ↑ Cf. the Peshitta's and Targum Psalms' unambigious ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ and יתיר מן "more than."
- ↑ Gott, dein Gott, gesalbt mit Freudenöl wie keinen deiner Gefährten. Cf. the CJB's "in preference to your companions."
- ↑ ... who rejoiced in the joy of your wedding (משחך אלהים בשמן הששון של חבריך, ששמחו בשמחת כלולותיך; Weisman 1996, 200; cf. Ḥakham 1979, 259 n. 9).
- ↑ Following an adjective, cf. Gen 36:7; Exod 18:18; Num 11:14; Deut 1:17; 17:8; 30:11; Ps 38:5.
- ↑ ἐξ ἐμοῦ ηὔφρανάν σε lit. "from my they pleased you"; ܘܡܢ ܠܘܬܝ ܚܕܝܘܟ "and from my presence they have made you glad," (Taylor 2020, 177).
- ↑ Cf. Targum Psalms' אלואון. The LXX translator has read אֲ֝הָלִ֗ים in Prov 7:17 as אֹהָלִים "tents, houses."
- ↑ ἐξ ἐμοῦ ηὔφρανάν σε lit. "from my they pleased you"; ܘܡܢ ܠܘܬܝ ܚܕܝܘܟ "and from my presence they have made you glad," (Taylor 2020, 177).
- ↑ Cf. Targum Psalms' אלואון. The LXX translator has read אֲ֝הָלִ֗ים in Prov 7:17 as אֹהָלִים "tents, houses."
- ↑ The ancient versions also attest to "queen" (LXX, Peshitta), though see Jerome's (Hebr.) coniux "wife."
- ↑ Targum Psalms employs a Greek loan-word באובריזון דמן "in pure gold" (Stec 2004, 96); cf. ὄβρυζος "pure."
- ↑ So, explicitly, Targum Psalms: ויתבי כרכא דצור בתקרובתא ייתון "And the inhabitants of the city of Tyre will come with an offering" (Stec 2004, 97).
- ↑ VTH (vol. 4, 344) mentions Kennicott manuscripts 97, 133 and probably 74 as containing the reading והשתחוו. The Peshitta may be influenced by this interpretation, as it contains the verb ܣܓܕ "bow down" both in the final clause of v. 12 (as the MT) and at the beginning of v. 13 (as the LXX): ܡܛܠ ܕܗܘܝܘ ܡܪܟܝ ܣܓܘܕܝ ܠܗ ܘܒܪܬ ܨܘܪ ܬܣܓܘܕ ܠܗ "Reverence him, for he is your lord. The daughter of Tyre will reverence him" (Taylor 2020, 177). On the other hand, the three Greek revisers contain singular imperatives (Aquila and Theodotion προσκύνησον; Symmachus προσκύνει).
- ↑ So, explicitly, Targum Psalms: ויתבי כרכא דצור בתקרובתא ייתון "And the inhabitants of the city of Tyre will come with an offering" (Stec 2004, 97).
- ↑ VTH (vol. 4, 344) mentions Kennicott manuscripts 97, 133 and probably 74 as containing the reading והשתחוו. The Peshitta may be influenced by this interpretation, as it contains the verb ܣܓܕ "bow down" both in the final clause of v. 12 (as the MT) and at the beginning of v. 13 (as the LXX): ܡܛܠ ܕܗܘܝܘ ܡܪܟܝ ܣܓܘܕܝ ܠܗ ܘܒܪܬ ܨܘܪ ܬܣܓܘܕ ܠܗ "Reverence him, for he is your lord. The daughter of Tyre will reverence him" (Taylor 2020, 177). On the other hand, the three Greek revisers contain singular imperatives (Aquila and Theodotion προσκύνησον; Symmachus προσκύνει).
- ↑ Similarly, the Peshitta has ܘܟܘܠܗ ܫܘܒܚܐ ܕܒܪܬ ܡܠܟܐ "All the glory of the king’s daughter" (Taylor 2020, 177). Modern translations, too, have struggled with the phrase, JPS, for example, rendering it as part of the previous sentence ("O Tyrian lass, the wealthiest people will court your favor with gifts, goods of all sorts"), though noting "Meaning of Heb. uncertain."
- ↑ It is also the only place in the LXX that the passive participle of ποικίλλω is used, rather than the more common adjective, ποικίλος.
- ↑ Cf. "chequered (or plaited) work, usually of settings for gems" (BDB); and "gold embroidered cloth" (HALOT).
- ↑ Similarly, the Peshitta has ܘܟܘܠܗ ܫܘܒܚܐ ܕܒܪܬ ܡܠܟܐ "All the glory of the king’s daughter" (Taylor 2020, 177). Modern translations, too, have struggled with the phrase, JPS, for example, rendering it as part of the previous sentence ("O Tyrian lass, the wealthiest people will court your favor with gifts, goods of all sorts"), though noting "Meaning of Heb. uncertain."
- ↑ It is also the only place in the LXX that the passive participle of ποικίλλω is used, rather than the more common adjective, ποικίλος.
- ↑ Cf. "chequered (or plaited) work, usually of settings for gems" (BDB); and "gold embroidered cloth" (HALOT).