Psalm 92/Diagrams

v. 8a – The second infinitival clause representing the verb צוץ in Symmachus' ܘܟܕ ܡܗ̈ܒܒܝܢ ("and when they flourish") is insightful for the intended meaning (see the [issue]), but is unlikely a morphological variant, and has thus not been included as a valid alternative. See also the attempt in Hebr. to level the syntax of the two clauses with two finite verbs (germinaverunt impii quasi faenum et floruerunt omnes qui operantur iniquitatem ut contererentur usque in sempiternum), which cannot be derived textually from בִּפְרֹ֤חַ.

For the elided subject, see also Job 27:14: ø אִם־יִרְבּ֣וּ בָנָ֣יו לְמוֹ־חָ֑רֶב "If his children are multiplied, it is for the sword" (ESV); cf. Saadia's פאנה (Kafaḥ 1966, 213) >> זאֹת הָֽיְתָה (Delitzsch 1877, 68) "this was/is"; Ḥakham's (1979, 181) משׁמעות תאור הפעלה ... זוֹ "the sense of the description of the action... this"; Rashi, however, considers a nominal form of "their flourishing" to be the subject (שהפרחת' אינה אלא להשמידם).

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for Vv. 8-9

Note for Vv. 8-9

For a note on פרח and צוץ, see v. 14.
צוץ:

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for Vv. 8-9

Note for Vv. 8-9

There are two possible interpretations of the phrase עֲדֵי־עַֽד:

1. As an older form of the preposition עַד "until" followed by the nominal עַד, "eternity, perpetuity" (see Hebr. usque in sempiternum and TgPs עד עלמא; cf. also the form עֲדֵי for the preposition in Num 24:20; Ps 104:23; 147:6; Job 7:4; Job 20:5).

2. As an intensive construct chain of the nominal עַד, "eternity, perpetuity" (see the LXX's εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος = in saeculum saeculi and the Peshitta's ܠܥܠܡ ܥܠܡܝܢ), that is, "to eternity of eternity" or "forever and ever."

The proposed construct chain is only attested in this form, though עַד as a noun is everywhere else the dependent of either a construct phrase or prepositional phrase. It is uncertain why a plural construct form would be employed for a noun otherwise only attested in the singular, and there is no manuscript variation or evidence of any lack of yod on עֲדֵי. In light of the other attestations of עֲדֵי as a by-form of the preposition עַד, the interpretation of עֲדֵי as a prepositional phrase has been preferred.^[9]

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for Vv. 8-9

Note for V. 8

The exegetical issue, The Syntax of Ps 92:8, contains in depth discussion of the interpretation of the verbs of this verse, which we understand to communicate general truths, rather than a past and completed event.^[10]

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V. 10

כִּֽי־הִנֵּ֣ה אֹיְבֶ֣יךָ יֹאבֵ֑דוּ
יִ֝תְפָּרְד֗וּ כָּל־פֹּ֥עֲלֵי אָֽוֶן׃

Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
      Fragment
        particle: כִּי for
      Fragment
        particle: הִנֵּה look
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
              ConstructChain
                noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate <status="elided">
            verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Fragment
        Vocative
          noun: יְהוָה YHWH
      Fragment
        particle: כִּי for
      Fragment
        particle: הִנֵּה look
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
              ConstructChain
                noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate
            verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain
              Nominal <gloss="all evildoers">
                quantifier: כָּל all
                verb-participle: פֹּעֲלֵי doers
              noun: אָוֶן evil
          Predicate
            verb: יִתְפָּרְדוּ will be scattered

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
      Fragment
        particle: כִּי for
      Fragment
        particle: הִנֵּה look
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
              ConstructChain
                noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate <status="elided">
            verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Fragment
        Vocative
          noun: יְהוָה YHWH
      Fragment
        particle: כִּי for
      Fragment
        particle: הִנֵּה look
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
              ConstructChain
                noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate
            verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain
              Nominal <gloss="all evildoers">
                quantifier: כָּל all
                verb-participle: פֹּעֲלֵי doers
              noun: אָוֶן evil
          Predicate
            verb: יִתְפָּרְדוּ will be scattered

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-10-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 10a

v. 10a – Note that the first line, backwards elided according to the MT, is absent in Vaticanus and Alexandrinus. See further Rahlfs' apparatus (1931, 242).

Other notes for V. 10

Note for V. 10bc

Associate with V-10-None

v. 10b-c – The waw is present in all the ancient versions, Kennicott 38, 42(?), 73, and JTS 611 (read with a shewa in the latter).

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 10

Note for V. 10

Associate with V-10-None

We have preferred to read the yiqtol verbs in this verse as future, which is supported by all of the ancient versions (with a particularly eschatological slant in the case of Targum Psalms).^[11]

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V. 10bc - Alternative

(Alternative); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit  [v. 10b-c alternative]
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
            ConstructChain
              noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
        Predicate
          verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Conjunction  
        conjunction: וְ and <status="emendation">
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain
            Nominal <gloss="all evildoers">
              quantifier: כָּל all
              verb-participle: פֹּעֲלֵי doers
            noun: אָוֶן evil
        Predicate
          verb: יִתְפָּרְדוּ will be scattered

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit  [v. 10b-c alternative]
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
            ConstructChain
              noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
        Predicate
          verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Conjunction  
        conjunction: וְ and <status="emendation">
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain
            Nominal <gloss="all evildoers">
              quantifier: כָּל all
              verb-participle: פֹּעֲלֵי doers
            noun: אָוֶן evil
        Predicate
          verb: יִתְפָּרְדוּ will be scattered

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-10bc-Alternative }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 10bc

v. 10b-c – The waw is present in all the ancient versions, Kennicott 38, 42(?), 73, and JTS 611 (read with a shewa in the latter).

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

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V. 11

וַתָּ֣רֶם כִּרְאֵ֣ים קַרְנִ֑י
בְּלֹתִי כְּשֶׁמֶן רַעֲנָֽן׃

Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
      Fragment
        particle: וַ and
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כִּ like
                Object
                  noun: רְאֵים a wild ox
            Object
              Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: קַרְנִ horn
                  suffix-pronoun: י me

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
      Fragment
        particle: וַ and
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כִּ like
                Object
                  noun: רְאֵים a wild ox
            Object
              Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: קַרְנִ horn
                  suffix-pronoun: י me

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11-None }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11

One solution (see Ibn Ezra; Ḥakham (1979, 182); Hupfeld (1862 28-29); Radak; Tate (1998, 462-463)) is to understand קַרְנִ֑י as elided and בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י can therefore be read as transitive. The primary issue here is the rarity of object gapping (O'Connor 1980, 404-405), and where it is attested, it is backwards gapping, so the syntax becomes slightly questionable.

Note for V. 11a

v. 11a – This alternative involves reading קַרְנִ֑י as the subject of a 3fs verb (as the LXX's ὑψωθήσεται and both of Jerome's translations – exaltabitur), rather than the object of a 2ms verb (as indicated in the pointing of both Eastern and Western Syriac texts and the conjugation of Targum Psalms' וזקיפתא).

The middle-passive reading of the European translations would require the qal תָּרֹם/תָּרוּם, where the Tiberian evidence is unambiguously intended as a hiphil (see L, A and Sassoon), with Kennicott 173 even containing the mater yod: ותרים (see also the ketiv/qere in Ps 89:18 for the same issue). For the sake of parsimony, we have offered the revocalized תָּרֹם as an alternative.

Note for V. 11b

Many interpretations of the MT treat בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as the 1cs of בלל. This reading is difficult, however, since qal בלל is always transitive elsewhere, so the passive of the CSB, CEB, KJV, NASB, NJPS, NET, REB, SG21 and TOB is problematic.

Note for V. 11b

v. 11b – The preferred reading of v. 11b involves revocalizing בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as an infinitive construct, בְּלֹתִי, from בלה, "my old age" (BDB), as found in the LXX, Symmachus and both of Jerome's translations. The emended prepositional phrase, as found in Symmachus, is also preferred over the MT's בְּ, in light of the similes found elsewhere (see, e.g., Ps 52:10), the previous line, and the easy בְּ/כְּ interchange (cf. Aquila's ὡς ἀτμὸν for the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל in Ps 78:33; the LXX and Syr.' ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ in Ps 78:69; and TgPss' היך בנפשיה for בְּנַפְשׁ֑וֹ in Ps 105:22). Due to the fragmentary nature of Symmachus (ἡ παλαίωσίς μου ὡς ἐλαία εὐθαλής), it may be read as a verbless clause (requiring also the revocalization of the infinitive—see above—and the emendation of בְּ with כְּ). We have followed this verbless clause as our preferred syntax. Furthermore, we have preferred to read רַעֲנָֽן as the adjectival complement of the copula, "to be," rather than modifying שֶׁמֶן, which never occurs elsewhere in the Bible. For a full discussion of the issue, see the exegetical issue The_Grammar_and_Meaning_of_Ps_92:11b.

Note for V. 11b

The verbal phrase of the previous line (וַתָּ֣רֶם) has been understood as elided by the LXX (καὶ τὸ γῆράς μου ἐν ἐλαίῳ πίονι) and both of Jerome's translations (Gall.: et senectus mea in misericordia uberi; Iuxta Heb.: et senecta mea in oleo uberi), with "my old age" as the object. The difficulties here are semantic, however, as "raising up = bestowing strength" is always accompanied by קֶרֶן.

Note for V. 11b

Another alternative is the emendation of the 2ms with 1cs suffix, found in both Targum Psalms' רביתא יתי and the Syr. ܘܨܒܥܬܢܝ ('you have anointed me'), followed by the German and Spanish translations. While attractive, there is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for such a reading, so it is probably contextually derived.

Again, for a fuller discussion of this line, see the [issue].

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11b

The MT's בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י has been glossed as "be anointed," despite בלל never occurring intransitively. For further discussion, see the exegetical issue The Grammar and Meaning of Ps 92:11b.
On the combination of שֶׁמֶן with רַעֲנָן, Goldingay notes that "it implies a metonymy or ellipse: it is as if Yhwh applied to this exhausted person the oil from a green olive tree and brought refreshment."^[12]

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11b

Although read as an attribute adjective, if שֶׁמֶן רַעֲנָֽן were a construct phrase, it would be possible to read it as "oil which renews the beauty of a person and gives him a fresh look" (שׁמן המחדשׁ את יפיו של האדם ומשׁוה לו מראה רענן).^[13]

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11

Scholarship has also struggled with the verbal forms of both this verse and v. 12.^[14] Nevertheless, we understand the wayyiqtol וַתָּרֶם at the beginning of this verse to carry on the tense-aspect-modality values of the preceding finite verb, which in this case is the future yiqtols of v. 10: and you will lift up. Support for this interpretation is found in v. 12b, which reverts back to a future yiqtol (see below).

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Alternative ("horn" elided)

(Alternative); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I anointed
              Object <status="elided">
                Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: קַרְנ horn
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: בְּ with
                  Object
                    noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                    adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

Diagram Code

 Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I anointed
              Object <status="elided">
                Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: קַרְנ horn
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: בְּ with
                  Object
                    noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                    adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11-Alternative-horn-elided }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11

One solution (see Ibn Ezra; Ḥakham (1979, 182); Hupfeld (1862 28-29); Radak; Tate (1998, 462-463)) is to understand קַרְנִ֑י as elided and בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י can therefore be read as transitive. The primary issue here is the rarity of object gapping (O'Connor 1980, 404-405), and where it is attested, it is backwards gapping, so the syntax becomes slightly questionable.

Note for V. 11a

v. 11a – This alternative involves reading קַרְנִ֑י as the subject of a 3fs verb (as the LXX's ὑψωθήσεται and both of Jerome's translations – exaltabitur), rather than the object of a 2ms verb (as indicated in the pointing of both Eastern and Western Syriac texts and the conjugation of Targum Psalms' וזקיפתא).

The middle-passive reading of the European translations would require the qal תָּרֹם/תָּרוּם, where the Tiberian evidence is unambiguously intended as a hiphil (see L, A and Sassoon), with Kennicott 173 even containing the mater yod: ותרים (see also the ketiv/qere in Ps 89:18 for the same issue). For the sake of parsimony, we have offered the revocalized תָּרֹם as an alternative.

Note for V. 11b

Many interpretations of the MT treat בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as the 1cs of בלל. This reading is difficult, however, since qal בלל is always transitive elsewhere, so the passive of the CSB, CEB, KJV, NASB, NJPS, NET, REB, SG21 and TOB is problematic.

Note for V. 11b

v. 11b – The preferred reading of v. 11b involves revocalizing בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as an infinitive construct, בְּלֹתִי, from בלה, "my old age" (BDB), as found in the LXX, Symmachus and both of Jerome's translations. The emended prepositional phrase, as found in Symmachus, is also preferred over the MT's בְּ, in light of the similes found elsewhere (see, e.g., Ps 52:10), the previous line, and the easy בְּ/כְּ interchange (cf. Aquila's ὡς ἀτμὸν for the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל in Ps 78:33; the LXX and Syr.' ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ in Ps 78:69; and TgPss' היך בנפשיה for בְּנַפְשׁ֑וֹ in Ps 105:22). Due to the fragmentary nature of Symmachus (ἡ παλαίωσίς μου ὡς ἐλαία εὐθαλής), it may be read as a verbless clause (requiring also the revocalization of the infinitive—see above—and the emendation of בְּ with כְּ). We have followed this verbless clause as our preferred syntax. Furthermore, we have preferred to read רַעֲנָֽן as the adjectival complement of the copula, "to be," rather than modifying שֶׁמֶן, which never occurs elsewhere in the Bible. For a full discussion of the issue, see the exegetical issue The_Grammar_and_Meaning_of_Ps_92:11b.

Note for V. 11b

The verbal phrase of the previous line (וַתָּ֣רֶם) has been understood as elided by the LXX (καὶ τὸ γῆράς μου ἐν ἐλαίῳ πίονι) and both of Jerome's translations (Gall.: et senectus mea in misericordia uberi; Iuxta Heb.: et senecta mea in oleo uberi), with "my old age" as the object. The difficulties here are semantic, however, as "raising up = bestowing strength" is always accompanied by קֶרֶן.

Note for V. 11b

Another alternative is the emendation of the 2ms with 1cs suffix, found in both Targum Psalms' רביתא יתי and the Syr. ܘܨܒܥܬܢܝ ('you have anointed me'), followed by the German and Spanish translations. While attractive, there is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for such a reading, so it is probably contextually derived.

Again, for a fuller discussion of this line, see the [issue].

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11b

The MT's בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י has been glossed as "be anointed," despite בלל never occurring intransitively. For further discussion, see the exegetical issue The Grammar and Meaning of Ps 92:11b.
On the combination of שֶׁמֶן with רַעֲנָן, Goldingay notes that "it implies a metonymy or ellipse: it is as if Yhwh applied to this exhausted person the oil from a green olive tree and brought refreshment."^[15]

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11b

Although read as an attribute adjective, if שֶׁמֶן רַעֲנָֽן were a construct phrase, it would be possible to read it as "oil which renews the beauty of a person and gives him a fresh look" (שׁמן המחדשׁ את יפיו של האדם ומשׁוה לו מראה רענן).^[16]

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11

Scholarship has also struggled with the verbal forms of both this verse and v. 12.^[17] Nevertheless, we understand the wayyiqtol וַתָּרֶם at the beginning of this verse to carry on the tense-aspect-modality values of the preceding finite verb, which in this case is the future yiqtols of v. 10: and you will lift up. Support for this interpretation is found in v. 12b, which reverts back to a future yiqtol (see below).

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V. 11a - alternative

(Alternative); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
        Clause
          Subject 
            Nominal <gloss="my horn">
              ConstructChain
                noun: קַרְנִ horn
                suffix-pronoun: י me
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֹם is lifted up <status="alternative revocalization">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כִּ like
                Object
                  noun: רְאֵים a wild ox

Diagram Code

 Fragment <status="alternative">
        Clause
          Subject 
            Nominal <gloss="my horn">
              ConstructChain
                noun: קַרְנִ horn
                suffix-pronoun: י me
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֹם is lifted up <status="alternative revocalization">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כִּ like
                Object
                  noun: רְאֵים a wild ox

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11a-alternative }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

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V. 11b - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Clause
              Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
              Predicate
                ConstructChain
                  verb-infinitive: בְּלֹת old age<status="revocalization">
                  suffix-pronoun: ִי me
          Predicate
            verb: will be
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like <status="emendation">
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
            Complement
              Adjectival
                adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

Diagram Code

 Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Clause
              Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
              Predicate
                ConstructChain
                  verb-infinitive: בְּלֹת old age<status="revocalization">
                  suffix-pronoun: ִי me
          Predicate
            verb: will be
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like <status="emendation">
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
            Complement
              Adjectival
                adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11b-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 11b

v. 11b – The preferred reading of v. 11b involves revocalizing בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as an infinitive construct, בְּלֹתִי, from בלה, "my old age" (BDB), as found in the LXX, Symmachus and both of Jerome's translations. The emended prepositional phrase, as found in Symmachus, is also preferred over the MT's בְּ, in light of the similes found elsewhere (see, e.g., Ps 52:10), the previous line, and the easy בְּ/כְּ interchange (cf. Aquila's ὡς ἀτμὸν for the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל in Ps 78:33; the LXX and Syr.' ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ in Ps 78:69; and TgPss' היך בנפשיה for בְּנַפְשׁ֑וֹ in Ps 105:22). Due to the fragmentary nature of Symmachus (ἡ παλαίωσίς μου ὡς ἐλαία εὐθαλής), it may be read as a verbless clause (requiring also the revocalization of the infinitive—see above—and the emendation of בְּ with כְּ). We have followed this verbless clause as our preferred syntax. Furthermore, we have preferred to read רַעֲנָֽן as the adjectival complement of the copula, "to be," rather than modifying שֶׁמֶן, which never occurs elsewhere in the Bible. For a full discussion of the issue, see the exegetical issue The_Grammar_and_Meaning_of_Ps_92:11b.

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V. 11b - alternative (LXX, Jerome)

(Alternative); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up <status="elided">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like <status="emendation">
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh
            Adverbial <status="alternative">
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh
            Object
              Clause
                Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
                Predicate
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-infinitive: בְּלֹת old age <status="revocalization">
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me

Diagram Code

 Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up <status="elided">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like <status="emendation">
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh
            Adverbial <status="alternative">
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh
            Object
              Clause
                Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
                Predicate
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-infinitive: בְּלֹת old age <status="revocalization">
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11b-alternative-LXX-Jerome }}

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Lexical Notes

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Verbal Notes

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V. 11b - Alternative (TgPs, Syr)

(Alternative); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: בַּלֹּתַ you anointed <status="emendation">
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me <status="emendation">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

Diagram Code

 Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: בַּלֹּתַ you anointed <status="emendation">
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me <status="emendation">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11b-Alternative-TgPs-Syr }}

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V. 11b - Alternative (MT)

(Alternative); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I am anointed
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: בְּ with
                    Object
                      noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                      adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

Diagram Code

 Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I am anointed
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: בְּ with
                    Object
                      noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                      adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11b-Alternative-MT }}

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V. 11b

V. 11 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
      Fragment
        particle: וַ and
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כִּ like
                Object
                  noun: רְאֵים a wild ox
            Object
              Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: קַרְנִ horn
                  suffix-pronoun: י me

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
      Fragment
        particle: וַ and
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כִּ like
                Object
                  noun: רְאֵים a wild ox
            Object
              Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: קַרְנִ horn
                  suffix-pronoun: י me

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11-None }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11

One solution (see Ibn Ezra; Ḥakham (1979, 182); Hupfeld (1862 28-29); Radak; Tate (1998, 462-463)) is to understand קַרְנִ֑י as elided and בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י can therefore be read as transitive. The primary issue here is the rarity of object gapping (O'Connor 1980, 404-405), and where it is attested, it is backwards gapping, so the syntax becomes slightly questionable.

Note for V. 11a

v. 11a – This alternative involves reading קַרְנִ֑י as the subject of a 3fs verb (as the LXX's ὑψωθήσεται and both of Jerome's translations – exaltabitur), rather than the object of a 2ms verb (as indicated in the pointing of both Eastern and Western Syriac texts and the conjugation of Targum Psalms' וזקיפתא).

The middle-passive reading of the European translations would require the qal תָּרֹם/תָּרוּם, where the Tiberian evidence is unambiguously intended as a hiphil (see L, A and Sassoon), with Kennicott 173 even containing the mater yod: ותרים (see also the ketiv/qere in Ps 89:18 for the same issue). For the sake of parsimony, we have offered the revocalized תָּרֹם as an alternative.

Note for V. 11b

Many interpretations of the MT treat בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as the 1cs of בלל. This reading is difficult, however, since qal בלל is always transitive elsewhere, so the passive of the CSB, CEB, KJV, NASB, NJPS, NET, REB, SG21 and TOB is problematic.

Note for V. 11b

v. 11b – The preferred reading of v. 11b involves revocalizing בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as an infinitive construct, בְּלֹתִי, from בלה, "my old age" (BDB), as found in the LXX, Symmachus and both of Jerome's translations. The emended prepositional phrase, as found in Symmachus, is also preferred over the MT's בְּ, in light of the similes found elsewhere (see, e.g., Ps 52:10), the previous line, and the easy בְּ/כְּ interchange (cf. Aquila's ὡς ἀτμὸν for the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל in Ps 78:33; the LXX and Syr.' ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ in Ps 78:69; and TgPss' היך בנפשיה for בְּנַפְשׁ֑וֹ in Ps 105:22). Due to the fragmentary nature of Symmachus (ἡ παλαίωσίς μου ὡς ἐλαία εὐθαλής), it may be read as a verbless clause (requiring also the revocalization of the infinitive—see above—and the emendation of בְּ with כְּ). We have followed this verbless clause as our preferred syntax. Furthermore, we have preferred to read רַעֲנָֽן as the adjectival complement of the copula, "to be," rather than modifying שֶׁמֶן, which never occurs elsewhere in the Bible. For a full discussion of the issue, see the exegetical issue The_Grammar_and_Meaning_of_Ps_92:11b.

Note for V. 11b

The verbal phrase of the previous line (וַתָּ֣רֶם) has been understood as elided by the LXX (καὶ τὸ γῆράς μου ἐν ἐλαίῳ πίονι) and both of Jerome's translations (Gall.: et senectus mea in misericordia uberi; Iuxta Heb.: et senecta mea in oleo uberi), with "my old age" as the object. The difficulties here are semantic, however, as "raising up = bestowing strength" is always accompanied by קֶרֶן.

Note for V. 11b

Another alternative is the emendation of the 2ms with 1cs suffix, found in both Targum Psalms' רביתא יתי and the Syr. ܘܨܒܥܬܢܝ ('you have anointed me'), followed by the German and Spanish translations. While attractive, there is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for such a reading, so it is probably contextually derived.

Again, for a fuller discussion of this line, see the [issue].

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11b

The MT's בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י has been glossed as "be anointed," despite בלל never occurring intransitively. For further discussion, see the exegetical issue The Grammar and Meaning of Ps 92:11b.
On the combination of שֶׁמֶן with רַעֲנָן, Goldingay notes that "it implies a metonymy or ellipse: it is as if Yhwh applied to this exhausted person the oil from a green olive tree and brought refreshment."^[18]

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11b

Although read as an attribute adjective, if שֶׁמֶן רַעֲנָֽן were a construct phrase, it would be possible to read it as "oil which renews the beauty of a person and gives him a fresh look" (שׁמן המחדשׁ את יפיו של האדם ומשׁוה לו מראה רענן).^[19]

Verbal Notes

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Note for V. 11

Scholarship has also struggled with the verbal forms of both this verse and v. 12.^[20] Nevertheless, we understand the wayyiqtol וַתָּרֶם at the beginning of this verse to carry on the tense-aspect-modality values of the preceding finite verb, which in this case is the future yiqtols of v. 10: and you will lift up. Support for this interpretation is found in v. 12b, which reverts back to a future yiqtol (see below).

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V. 11 - Alternative ("horn" elided)

(Alternative); edit diagram

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I anointed
              Object <status="elided">
                Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: קַרְנ horn
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: בְּ with
                  Object
                    noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                    adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

Diagram Code

 Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I anointed
              Object <status="elided">
                Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: קַרְנ horn
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: בְּ with
                  Object
                    noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                    adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=92|DiagramID=V-11-Alternative-horn-elided }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11

One solution (see Ibn Ezra; Ḥakham (1979, 182); Hupfeld (1862 28-29); Radak; Tate (1998, 462-463)) is to understand קַרְנִ֑י as elided and בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י can therefore be read as transitive. The primary issue here is the rarity of object gapping (O'Connor 1980, 404-405), and where it is attested, it is backwards gapping, so the syntax becomes slightly questionable.

Note for V. 11a

v. 11a – This alternative involves reading קַרְנִ֑י as the subject of a 3fs verb (as the LXX's ὑψωθήσεται and both of Jerome's translations – exaltabitur), rather than the object of a 2ms verb (as indicated in the pointing of both Eastern and Western Syriac texts and the conjugation of Targum Psalms' וזקיפתא).

The middle-passive reading of the European translations would require the qal תָּרֹם/תָּרוּם, where the Tiberian evidence is unambiguously intended as a hiphil (see L, A and Sassoon), with Kennicott 173 even containing the mater yod: ותרים (see also the ketiv/qere in Ps 89:18 for the same issue). For the sake of parsimony, we have offered the revocalized תָּרֹם as an alternative.

Note for V. 11b

Many interpretations of the MT treat בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as the 1cs of בלל. This reading is difficult, however, since qal בלל is always transitive elsewhere, so the passive of the CSB, CEB, KJV, NASB, NJPS, NET, REB, SG21 and TOB is problematic.

Note for V. 11b

v. 11b – The preferred reading of v. 11b involves revocalizing בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as an infinitive construct, בְּלֹתִי, from בלה, "my old age" (BDB), as found in the LXX, Symmachus and both of Jerome's translations. The emended prepositional phrase, as found in Symmachus, is also preferred over the MT's בְּ, in light of the similes found elsewhere (see, e.g., Ps 52:10), the previous line, and the easy בְּ/כְּ interchange (cf. Aquila's ὡς ἀτμὸν for the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל in Ps 78:33; the LXX and Syr.' ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ in Ps 78:69; and TgPss' היך בנפשיה for בְּנַפְשׁ֑וֹ in Ps 105:22). Due to the fragmentary nature of Symmachus (ἡ παλαίωσίς μου ὡς ἐλαία εὐθαλής), it may be read as a verbless clause (requiring also the revocalization of the infinitive—see above—and the emendation of בְּ with כְּ). We have followed this verbless clause as our preferred syntax. Furthermore, we have preferred to read רַעֲנָֽן as the adjectival complement of the copula, "to be," rather than modifying שֶׁמֶן, which never occurs elsewhere in the Bible. For a full discussion of the issue, see the exegetical issue The_Grammar_and_Meaning_of_Ps_92:11b.

Note for V. 11b

The verbal phrase of the previous line (וַתָּ֣רֶם) has been understood as elided by the LXX (καὶ τὸ γῆράς μου ἐν ἐλαίῳ πίονι) and both of Jerome's translations (Gall.: et senectus mea in misericordia uberi; Iuxta Heb.: et senecta mea in oleo uberi), with "my old age" as the object. The difficulties here are semantic, however, as "raising up = bestowing strength" is always accompanied by קֶרֶן.

Note for V. 11b

Another alternative is the emendation of the 2ms with 1cs suffix, found in both Targum Psalms' רביתא יתי and the Syr. ܘܨܒܥܬܢܝ ('you have anointed me'), followed by the German and Spanish translations. While attractive, there is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for such a reading, so it is probably contextually derived.

Again, for a fuller discussion of this line, see the [issue].

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11b

The MT's בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י has been glossed as "be anointed," despite בלל never occurring intransitively. For further discussion, see the exegetical issue The Grammar and Meaning of Ps 92:11b.
On the combination of שֶׁמֶן with רַעֲנָן, Goldingay notes that "it implies a metonymy or ellipse: it is as if Yhwh applied to this exhausted person the oil from a green olive tree and brought refreshment."^[21]

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11b

Although read as an attribute adjective, if שֶׁמֶן רַעֲנָֽן were a construct phrase, it would be possible to read it as "oil which renews the beauty of a person and gives him a fresh look" (שׁמן המחדשׁ את יפיו של האדם ומשׁוה לו מראה רענן).^[22]

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 11

Note for V. 11