Psalm 22/Diagrams
v. 1
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| לַ֭מְנַצֵּחַ עַל־אַיֶּ֥לֶת הַשַּׁ֗חַר מִזְמ֥וֹר לְדָוִֽד׃ | v. 1 | For the director. According to "The Doe of the Dawn." A psalm. By David. |
Macula
לַ֭מְנַצֵּחַ עַל־אַיֶּ֥לֶת הַשַּׁ֗חַר מִזְמ֥וֹר לְדָוִֽד׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ for
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
Nominal
verb-participle: מְנַצֵּחַ director
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="according to the doe who goes out at dawn >> according to the doe of the dawn">
Preposition
preposition: עַל according to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אַיֶּלֶת doe
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: שַּׁחַר dawn
Fragment
noun: מִזְמוֹר a psalm
Fragment
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ by
Object
noun: דָוִד David
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ for
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
Nominal
verb-participle: מְנַצֵּחַ director
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="according to the doe who goes out at dawn >> according to the doe of the dawn">
Preposition
preposition: עַל according to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אַיֶּלֶת doe
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: שַּׁחַר dawn
Fragment
noun: מִזְמוֹר a psalm
Fragment
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ by
Object
noun: דָוִד David
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-1-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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v. 2
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אֵלִ֣י אֵ֭לִי לָמָ֣ה עֲזַבְתָּ֑נִי | v. 2a | My God, my God, why have you abandoned me? |
| רָח֥וֹק מִֽ֝ישׁוּעָתִ֗י דִּבְרֵ֥י שַׁאֲגָתִֽי׃ | v. 2b | [Why are you] far from my protection, [far from] my words of groaning? |
Macula
אֵלִ֣י אֵ֭לִי לָמָ֣ה עֲזַבְתָּ֑נִי רָח֥וֹק מִֽ֝ישׁוּעָתִ֗י דִּבְרֵ֥י שַׁאֲגָתִֽי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="my God">
noun: אֵל God
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="my God">
noun: אֵל God
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: עֲזַבְתָּ you have abandoned
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
adverb: לָמָה why
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: are
adverb: לָמָה why <status="elided">
Complement
adjective: רָחוֹק far
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from the protecting of me >> from my protection">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: ישׁוּעָת protection
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: are
adverb: לָמָה why <status="elided">
Complement
adjective: רָחוֹק far <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="the words of groaning performed by me >> my words of groaning">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from <status="elided">
Object
ConstructChain
noun: דִּבְרֵי the words
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁאֲגָת groaning
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="my God">
noun: אֵל God
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="my God">
noun: אֵל God
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: עֲזַבְתָּ you have abandoned
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
adverb: לָמָה why
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: are
adverb: לָמָה why <status="elided">
Complement
adjective: רָחוֹק far
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from the protecting of me >> from my protection">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: ישׁוּעָת protection
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: are
adverb: לָמָה why <status="elided">
Complement
adjective: רָחוֹק far <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="the words of groaning performed by me >> my words of groaning">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from <status="elided">
Object
ConstructChain
noun: דִּבְרֵי the words
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁאֲגָת groaning
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-2-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level Notes
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Verbal Notes
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v. 2 Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: דִּבְרֵי the words
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁאֲגָת groaning
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
adjective: רָחוֹק far
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: ישׁוּעָת protection
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 2 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: דִּבְרֵי the words
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁאֲגָת groaning
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
adjective: רָחוֹק far
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: ישׁוּעָת protection
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-2-v-2-Alternative }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 2
v. 2 – We understand the function of רָחוֹק to be a predication of "my God" (cf. DCH, 466). Alternatively, as represented by the NASB (cf. Jerome, Theodotion, Quinta, Sexta), one could understand the form as an invariable adverb with a plural subject: "Far (sg.) from my help are the words (pl.) of my groaning" (cf. JM §148b). Nevertheless, since רָחוֹק can inflect for gender and number, adverbial readings may prefer בְּרָחוֹק or מֵרָחוֹק (see our notes on Ps 119:155), and the sense of the NASB is difficult to grasp, the elision of "Why are you...?" has been preferred here.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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v. 3
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אֱֽלֹהַ֗י אֶקְרָ֣א י֭וֹמָם וְלֹ֣א תַעֲנֶ֑ה | v. 3a | My God, I cry out by day but you do not answer; |
| וְ֝לַ֗יְלָה וְֽלֹא־דֽוּמִיָּ֥ה לִֽי׃ | v. 3b | and by night, and I am not silent. |
Macula
אֱֽלֹהַ֗י אֶקְרָ֣א י֭וֹמָם וְלֹ֣א תַעֲנֶ֑ה וְ֝לַ֗יְלָה וְֽלֹא־דֽוּמִיָּ֥ה לִֽי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="my God">
noun: אֱלֹה God
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶקְרָא I cry out
Adverbial
noun: יוֹמָם by day
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ but
Clause
Predicate
verb: תַעֲנֶה you answer
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Fragment
conjunction: וְ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶקְרָא I cry out <status="elided">
Adverbial
noun: לַיְלָה by night
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause <gloss="silence is not to me >> I have no silence >> I am not silent">
Subject
noun: דוּמִיָּה silence
Predicate
verb: (is)
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Adverbial <status="alternative">
noun: לַיְלָה by night
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: י me
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="my God">
noun: אֱלֹה God
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶקְרָא I cry out
Adverbial
noun: יוֹמָם by day
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ but
Clause
Predicate
verb: תַעֲנֶה you answer
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Fragment
conjunction: וְ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶקְרָא I cry out <status="elided">
Adverbial
noun: לַיְלָה by night
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause <gloss="silence is not to me >> I have no silence >> I am not silent">
Subject
noun: דוּמִיָּה silence
Predicate
verb: (is)
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Adverbial <status="alternative">
noun: לַיְלָה by night
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: י me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-3-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – The adverbial interpretation of לַיְלָה is evident in all the ancient versions (whether by case—Greek genitive and Latin ablative—or prepositional phrase), as parallel to יוֹמָם. The parallelism between this word pair is explicit in the DHH: "día y noche te llamo, y no respondes." The alternative placement of לַיְלָה follows Targum Psalms' "and by night, I have no quietness" (Stec 2004, 58; cf. the NET's "and during the night my prayers do not let up"), though this interpretation is complicated by the presence of the waw before וְֽלֹא־דֽוּמִיָּ֥ה לִֽי (which, admittedly, is absent in a number of manuscripts—see VTH vol. 4, 322).
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – The word דּוּמִיָּה means silence (SDBH).[1] Our preferred interpretation involves the cessation of speaking, which the psalmist claims not to have done (see, e.g., the "I cry out" in the previous, parallel, line). An alternative interpretation is that the "silence" is the result of rest offered to the psalmist, so the ESV, for example: "but I find no rest" (cf. NASB, NIV, the German translations [Ruhe] and most French translations [repos]), or the JPS: "[I] have no respite."
Phrase-Level Notes
Verbal Notes
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v. 4
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וְאַתָּ֥ה קָד֑וֹשׁ | v. 4a | But you are holy, |
| י֝וֹשֵׁ֗ב תְּהִלּ֥וֹת יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ | v. 4b | the one sitting enthroned on Israel’s songs of praise. |
Macula
וְאַתָּ֥ה קָד֑וֹשׁ י֝וֹשֵׁ֗ב תְּהִלּ֥וֹת יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
Fragment
conjunction: וְ but
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: יוֹשֵׁב the one sitting enthroned upon
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="the praises sung by Israel >> Israel's songs of praise">
noun: תְּהִלּוֹת songs of praise
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
adjective: קָדוֹשׁ holy
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
Fragment
conjunction: וְ but
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: יוֹשֵׁב the one sitting enthroned upon
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="the praises sung by Israel >> Israel's songs of praise">
noun: תְּהִלּוֹת songs of praise
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
adjective: קָדוֹשׁ holy
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-4-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 4
v. 4 – Although we might expect a preposition following י֝וֹשֵׁ֗ב as a participle of "one who inhabits" (DCH), there are examples with prepositions (see, e.g., יָשַׁ֥בְתָּ לְ֝כִסֵּ֗א שׁוֹפֵ֥ט צֶֽדֶק in Ps 9:5; cf. 29:10; 47:9) and bare nominals (see, e.g., זַמְּר֗וּ לַ֭יהוָה יֹשֵׁ֣ב צִיּ֑וֹן in Ps 9:12; cf. 99:1) without any apparent variation in sense.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 4
v. 4 – Although we might expect a preposition following י֝וֹשֵׁ֗ב as a participle of "one who inhabits" (DCH), there are examples with prepositions (see, e.g., יָשַׁ֥בְתָּ לְ֝כִסֵּ֗א שׁוֹפֵ֥ט צֶֽדֶק in Ps 9:5; cf. 29:10; 47:9) and bare nominals (see, e.g., זַמְּר֗וּ לַ֭יהוָה יֹשֵׁ֣ב צִיּ֑וֹן in Ps 9:12; cf. 99:1) without any apparent variation in sense.
Verbal Notes
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v. 4 Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4 alternative]
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: תְּהִלַּת praise <status="emendation">
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb-participle: יוֹשֵׁב dwell
Adverbial
Nominal
adjective: קָדוֹשׁ in the holy place
DiscourseUnit [v. 4 alternative]
Fragment
Clause <status="alternative">
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: תְּהִלַּת praise <status="emendation">
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb-participle: יוֹשֵׁב dwell
Adverbial
Nominal
adjective: קָדוֹשׁ in the holy place
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-4-v-4-Alternative }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 4
v. 4 – This alternative diagram represents the LXX's "But you, the commendation of Israel, reside in a holy place" (NETS; σὺ δὲ ἐν ἁγίοις κατοικεῖς, ὁ ἔπαινος Ισραηλ). See also the REB's "You, the praise of Israel, are enthroned in the sanctuary." Such an interpretation of the syntax, however, requires the singular "praise" (תְּהִלַּת) for the MT's plural תְּהִלּ֥וֹת, the former of which is found not only in the LXX, but also in Aquila, Symmachus, Quinta, and a number of Kennicott manuscripts (see VTH, vol 4., 322). See, however, the plural תהלות in 5/6HevNum-b f8-9:1.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level Notes
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Verbal Notes
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v. 5
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| בְּ֭ךָ בָּטְח֣וּ אֲבֹתֵ֑ינוּ | v. 5a | Our ancestors trusted you; |
| בָּ֝טְח֗וּ וַֽתְּפַלְּטֵֽמוֹ׃ | v. 5b | they trusted and you rescued them. |
Macula
בְּ֭ךָ בָּטְח֣וּ אֲבֹתֵ֑ינוּ בָּ֝טְח֗וּ וַֽתְּפַלְּטֵֽמוֹ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors">
noun: אֲבֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: בָּטְחוּ trusted
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="you">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: בָּטְחוּ they trusted
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּפַלְּטֵ you rescued
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors">
noun: אֲבֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: בָּטְחוּ trusted
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="you">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: בָּטְחוּ they trusted
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּפַלְּטֵ you rescued
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-5-None }}
Textual Notes
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Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level Notes
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Verbal Notes
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v. 6
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אֵלֶ֣יךָ זָעֲק֣וּ וְנִמְלָ֑טוּ | v. 6a | They called to you and they were delivered; |
| בְּךָ֖ בָטְח֣וּ וְלֹא־בֽוֹשׁוּ׃ | v. 6b | they trusted you and they were not disappointed. |
Macula
אֵלֶ֣יךָ זָעֲק֣וּ וְנִמְלָ֑טוּ בְּךָ֖ בָטְח֣וּ וְלֹא־בֽוֹשׁוּ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: זָעֲקוּ they called
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶיךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נִמְלָטוּ they were delivered
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: בָטְחוּ they trusted
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="you">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: בוֹשׁוּ they were disappointed
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: זָעֲקוּ they called
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶיךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נִמְלָטוּ they were delivered
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: בָטְחוּ they trusted
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="you">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: בוֹשׁוּ they were disappointed
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-6-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – Because Biblical Hebrew contains no example of בטח followed by the stimulus of trust without a preposition,[2] it is a target language issue whether to translate the verb phrase as "Our ancestors trusted you" (CEV) or "Our ancestors trusted in you" (CSB). As a standard example of "figurative contact (by means of mental process),"[3] we prefer the former.
Verbal Notes
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v. 7
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ | v. 7a | But I am a worm and not a man; |
| חֶרְפַּ֥ת אָ֝דָ֗ם וּבְז֥וּי עָֽם׃ | v. 7b | I am scorned by mankind and despised by people. |
Macula
וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ חֶרְפַּ֥ת אָ֝דָ֗ם וּבְז֥וּי עָֽם׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
conjunction: וְ but
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָנֹכִי I
Predicate
verb: am
Complement
noun: תוֹלַעַת a worm
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָנֹכִי I <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: am <status="elided">
Complement
noun: אִישׁ man
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָנֹכִי I <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: am <status="elided">
Complement
Nominal
Nominal <gloss="scorned by mankind">
ConstructChain
noun: חֶרְפַּת object of scorn
noun: אָדָם mankind
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal <gloss="despised by people">
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: בְזוּי despised
noun: עָם people
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
conjunction: וְ but
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָנֹכִי I
Predicate
verb: am
Complement
noun: תוֹלַעַת a worm
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָנֹכִי I <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: am <status="elided">
Complement
noun: אִישׁ man
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָנֹכִי I <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: am <status="elided">
Complement
Nominal
Nominal <gloss="scorned by mankind">
ConstructChain
noun: חֶרְפַּת object of scorn
noun: אָדָם mankind
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal <gloss="despised by people">
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: בְזוּי despised
noun: עָם people
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-7-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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No Verbal notes.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 8
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כָּל־רֹ֭אַי יַלְעִ֣גוּ לִ֑י | v. 8a | Everyone who sees me mocks me; |
| יַפְטִ֥ירוּ בְ֝שָׂפָ֗ה יָנִ֥יעוּ רֹֽאשׁ׃ | v. 8b | they open [their] mouth wide; they shake [their] head. |
Macula
כָּל־רֹ֭אַי יַלְעִ֣גוּ לִ֑י יַפְטִ֥ירוּ בְ֝שָׂפָ֗ה יָנִ֥יעוּ רֹֽאשׁ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="everyone who sees me">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: רֹא seeing
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Predicate
verb: יַלְעִגוּ mock
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="me">
Preposition
preposition: ל at
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַפְטִירוּ they curl
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="they curl with their lip >> they curl their lip >> they open their mouth wide">
Preposition
preposition: בְ with
Object
noun: שָׂפָה lip
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָנִיעוּ they shake
Object
noun: רֹאשׁ head
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="everyone who sees me">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: רֹא seeing
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Predicate
verb: יַלְעִגוּ mock
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="me">
Preposition
preposition: ל at
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַפְטִירוּ they curl
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="they curl with their lip >> they curl their lip >> they open their mouth wide">
Preposition
preposition: בְ with
Object
noun: שָׂפָה lip
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָנִיעוּ they shake
Object
noun: רֹאשׁ head
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-8-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – For the idiom "shaking the head" as a mocking gesture, see also 2 Kings 19:21; Psalm 109:25; Lamentations 2:15; Ben Sira 12:18, and with the preposition בְּ "with" in Job 16:4; Ben Sira 13:7.
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – The idiom יַפְטִירוּ בְשָׂפָה only appears here in the Bible, defined by SDBH as "literally: to open with the lip; hence: = action by which humans are curling their lips ► as a mocking gesture." Other similar expressions are found with qal פער and hiphil רחב in "Men have gaped at me with their mouth (פָּעֲרוּ עָלַי בְּפִיהֶם)" (Job 16:10, ESV) and "They open wide their mouths against me (וַיַּרְחִיבוּ עָלַי פִּיהֶם)" (Ps 35:21, ESV), respectively.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – The בְּ in יַפְטִ֥ירוּ בְ֝שָׂפָ֗ה should be understood as instrumental.[4] See the similar formulation cf. פָּעֲרוּ עָלַי בְּפִיהֶם in Job 16:10; "Men have gaped at me with their mouth," ESV), as discussed in the lexical notes.
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – Because Biblical Hebrew contains no example of hiphil לעג followed by the experiencer without a preposition,[5] it is a target language issue whether to translate the verb phrase with a construction that does not require a prepositional phrase, such as "Everyone who sees me mocks me" (CSB) or one that does not, such as "All who see me jeer at me" (CJB). As a standard example of לְ as "experienced relationship,"[6] we prefer the former.
Verbal Notes
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v. 9
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| גֹּ֣ל אֶל־יְהוָ֣ה יְפַלְּטֵ֑הוּ | v. 9a | "Commit [it] to YHWH! —Let him rescue him; |
| יַ֝צִּילֵ֗הוּ כִּ֘י חָ֥פֵֽץ בּֽוֹ׃ | v. 9b | let him deliver him, because he is pleased with him." |
Macula
גֹּ֣ל אֶל־יְהוָ֣ה יְפַלְּטֵ֑הוּ יַ֝צִּילֵ֗הוּ כִּ֘י חָ֥פֵֽץ בּֽוֹ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: גֹּל commit
verb: גַּל he committed <status="alternative revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶל to
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְפַלְּטֵ let him rescue
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַצִּילֵ let him deliver
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Predicate
verb: חָפֵץ he is pleased
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בּ with
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: גֹּל commit
verb: גַּל he committed <status="alternative revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶל to
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְפַלְּטֵ let him rescue
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַצִּילֵ let him deliver
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Predicate
verb: חָפֵץ he is pleased
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בּ with
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-9-None }}
Textual Notes
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – For the indicative reading גַּל in place of the MT's imperative, see the full discussion in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar and Participants of Psalm 22:9.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – The verb גלל literally means "to roll," used here as an expression of an "action by which humans show their confidence in a deity by putting difficult matters in that deity's hands, ◄ like a heavy stone is rolled on to someone else who is more able to carry it" (SDBH), for which, see also Psalm 37:5 and Proverbs 16:3.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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Note for v. 9
Following most modern versions, as well as the LXX and Jerome, we understand the two yiqtols in these clauses as jussives, with "Let him..." For detailed discussion, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar and Participants of Psalm 22:9, and our Story Behind the Psalm layer.
Note for v. 9
For the alternatives to the imperative in this clause, see the discussion in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar and Participants of Psalm 22:9.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 10
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כִּֽי־אַתָּ֣ה גֹחִ֣י מִבָּ֑טֶן | v. 10a | However, you are the one who took me out of the womb, |
| מַ֝בְטִיחִ֗י עַל־שְׁדֵ֥י אִמִּֽי׃ | v. 10b | who made me feel secure upon my mother's breasts. |
Macula
כִּֽי־אַתָּ֣ה גֹחִ֣י מִבָּ֑טֶן מַ֝בְטִיחִ֗י עַל־שְׁדֵ֥י אִמִּֽי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
conjunction: כִּי however
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Nominal
Clause <gloss="the one who took me out of the womb">
Predicate
verb-participle: גֹח take out
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ of
Object
noun: בָּטֶן womb
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Nominal
Clause <gloss="the one who made me feel secure upon my mother's breasts">
Predicate
verb-participle: מַבְטִיחִ make feel secure
Object
suffix-pronoun: י me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="upon my mother's breasts">
Preposition
preposition: עַל upon
Object
ConstructChain
noun: שְׁדֵי breasts
ConstructChain
noun: אִמּ mother
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
conjunction: כִּי however
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Nominal
Clause <gloss="the one who took me out of the womb">
Predicate
verb-participle: גֹח take out
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ of
Object
noun: בָּטֶן womb
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
Nominal
Clause <gloss="the one who made me feel secure upon my mother's breasts">
Predicate
verb-participle: מַבְטִיחִ make feel secure
Object
suffix-pronoun: י me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="upon my mother's breasts">
Preposition
preposition: עַל upon
Object
ConstructChain
noun: שְׁדֵי breasts
ConstructChain
noun: אִמּ mother
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-10-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 10
v. 10 – For the adversative interpretation of כִּי, see Jerome's autem (cf. "but" in the CEB, KJV, REB; and "yet" in the ESV, NASB, NIV). An alternative suggestion by Saadia, however, is that כִּי carries out its more standard function of a complementizer and continues the mockers' speech through to the end of v. 11: "They say that you are the one who took me out of the womb," etc. (see Qafaḥ 1965, 88).
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 10
v. 10 – The verb גחה only appears here in the Bible, apparently meaning pull out (HALOT) or extract (DCH). Along these lines, the LXX has "draw out"[7] and Targum Psalms "take out."[8]
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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v. 11
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| עָ֭לֶיךָ הָשְׁלַ֣כְתִּי מֵרָ֑חֶם | v. 11a | I have been cast upon you from the womb; |
| מִבֶּ֥טֶן אִ֝מִּ֗י אֵ֣לִי אָֽתָּה׃ | v. 11b | you have been my God from my mother's womb. |
Macula
עָ֭לֶיךָ הָשְׁלַ֣כְתִּי מֵרָ֑חֶם מִבֶּ֥טֶן אִ֝מִּ֗י אֵ֣לִי אָֽתָּה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הָשְׁלַכְתִּי I was cast
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עָל upon
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶיךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵ from
Object
noun: רָחֶם womb
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָתָּה you
Predicate
verb: have been
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="my God">
noun: אֵל God
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from the time I was in my mother's womb >> from my mother's womb">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בֶּטֶן womb
ConstructChain
noun: אִמּ mother
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הָשְׁלַכְתִּי I was cast
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עָל upon
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶיךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵ from
Object
noun: רָחֶם womb
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אָתָּה you
Predicate
verb: have been
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="my God">
noun: אֵל God
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from the time I was in my mother's womb >> from my mother's womb">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בֶּטֶן womb
ConstructChain
noun: אִמּ mother
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-11-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
The verbal_analysis.json table needs to be built first.
Note for v. 11
The gloss "you have been" is more suitable than "you are" due to the מִן prepositional phrase, despite being a verbless clause.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 12
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אַל־תִּרְחַ֣ק מִ֭מֶּנִּי | v. 12a | Do not be far from me, |
| כִּי־צָרָ֣ה קְרוֹבָ֑ה | v. 12b | because trouble is near; |
| כִּי־אֵ֥ין עוֹזֵֽר׃ | v. 12c | because there is no one helping. |
Macula
אַל־תִּרְחַ֣ק מִ֭מֶּנִּי כִּי־צָרָ֣ה קְרוֹבָ֑ה כִּי־אֵ֥ין עוֹזֵֽר׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 12]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּרְחַק be far
Adverbial
particle: אַל not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמּ from
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶנִּי me
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Subject
noun: צָרָה trouble
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
noun: קְרוֹבָה near
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּרְחַק be far <status="elided">
Adverbial
particle: אַל not <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמּ from <status="elided">
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶנִּי me <status="elided">
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause <gloss="there is no one helping">
Subject
Nominal
verb-participle: עוֹזֵר helper
Predicate
Adverbial
noun: אֵין there is not
DiscourseUnit [v. 12]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּרְחַק be far
Adverbial
particle: אַל not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמּ from
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶנִּי me
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Subject
noun: צָרָה trouble
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
noun: קְרוֹבָה near
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּרְחַק be far <status="elided">
Adverbial
particle: אַל not <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמּ from <status="elided">
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶנִּי me <status="elided">
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause <gloss="there is no one helping">
Subject
Nominal
verb-participle: עוֹזֵר helper
Predicate
Adverbial
noun: אֵין there is not
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-12-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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No Verbal notes.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 13
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| סְ֭בָבוּנִי פָּרִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים | v. 13a | Many bulls have surrounded me; |
| אַבִּירֵ֖י בָשָׁ֣ן כִּתְּרֽוּנִי׃ | v. 13b | mighty ones of Bashan have surrounded me. |
Macula
סְ֭בָבוּנִי פָּרִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים אַבִּירֵ֖י בָשָׁ֣ן כִּתְּרֽוּנִי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 13]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: פָּרִים bulls
adjective: רַבִּים many
Predicate
verb: סְבָבוּ have surrounded
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="might ones from Bashan >> mighty ones of Bashan">
Nominal
adjective: אַבִּירֵי mighty
noun: בָשָׁן Bashan
Predicate
verb: כִּתְּרוּ have surrounded
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 13]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: פָּרִים bulls
adjective: רַבִּים many
Predicate
verb: סְבָבוּ have surrounded
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="might ones from Bashan >> mighty ones of Bashan">
Nominal
adjective: אַבִּירֵי mighty
noun: בָשָׁן Bashan
Predicate
verb: כִּתְּרוּ have surrounded
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-13-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
The verbal_analysis.json table needs to be built first.
No Verbal notes.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 14
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| פָּצ֣וּ עָלַ֣י פִּיהֶ֑ם | v. 14a | They have opened their mouth wide against me |
| אַ֝רְיֵ֗ה טֹרֵ֥ף וְשֹׁאֵֽג׃ | v. 14b | like a mauling and roaring lion. |
Macula
פָּצ֣וּ עָלַ֣י פִּיהֶ֑ם אַ֝רְיֵ֗ה טֹרֵ֥ף וְשֹׁאֵֽג׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 14]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: פָּצוּ have opened wide
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עָל against
Object
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Adverbial <gloss=like a mauling and roaring lion">
Nominal
noun: אַרְיֵה lion
Adjectival
Nominal
Nominal
verb-participle: טֹרֵף mauling
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
verb-participle: שֹׁאֵג roaring
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their mouth">
noun: פִּי mouth
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
DiscourseUnit [v. 14]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: פָּצוּ have opened wide
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עָל against
Object
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Adverbial <gloss=like a mauling and roaring lion">
Nominal
noun: אַרְיֵה lion
Adjectival
Nominal
Nominal
verb-participle: טֹרֵף mauling
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
verb-participle: שֹׁאֵג roaring
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their mouth">
noun: פִּי mouth
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-14-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – For the comparative adverbial reading of אַ֝רְיֵ֗ה טֹרֵ֥ף וְשֹׁאֵֽג, see the "like" in all the ancient versions (ܐܝܟ, ὡς, quasi, היך), as well as Aquila and Symmachus (ὡς), even supplied as כאריה in one medieval manuscript (VTH vol. 4, 322).
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – For the adverbial interpretation of אַ֝רְיֵ֗ה טֹרֵ֥ף וְשֹׁאֵֽג, see the grammar notes.
Note for v. 14
v. 14 – A number of modern translations understand the עַל phrase as directional "at me," such as the RJPS: "They open their mouths at me."[9] It is preferable, however, to follow "the oppositional sense" (Mena 2012, 96),[10] as illustrated by the NIV: "open their mouths wide against me."
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 15
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כַּמַּ֥יִם נִשְׁפַּכְתִּי֮ | v. 15a | I am poured out like water |
| וְהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ כָּֽל־עַצְמ֫וֹתָ֥י | v. 15b | and all my bones are disjointed; |
| הָיָ֣ה לִ֭בִּי כַּדּוֹנָ֑ג | v. 15c | my heart has become like wax— |
| נָ֝מֵ֗ס בְּת֣וֹךְ מֵעָֽי׃ | v. 15d | it has melted within my interior. |
Macula
כַּמַּ֥יִם נִשְׁפַּכְתִּי֮ וְהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ כָּֽל־עַצְמ֫וֹתָ֥י הָיָ֣ה לִ֭בִּי כַּדּוֹנָ֑ג נָ֝מֵ֗ס בְּת֣וֹךְ מֵעָֽי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 15]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: נִשְׁפַּכְתִּי I am poured out
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ like
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: מַּיִם water
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all my bones">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: עַצְמוֹת bones
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
Predicate
verb: הִתְפָּרְדוּ are disjointed
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my heart">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: הָיָה has become
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ like
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: דּוֹנָג wax
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: נָמֵס melted
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="within my interior">
Preposition
preposition: בְּתוֹךְ within
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מֵע interior
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <status="elided">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: נָמֵס has melted
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="within my interior">
Preposition
preposition: בְּתוֹךְ within
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מֵע interior
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 15]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: נִשְׁפַּכְתִּי I am poured out
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ like
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: מַּיִם water
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all my bones">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: עַצְמוֹת bones
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
Predicate
verb: הִתְפָּרְדוּ are disjointed
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my heart">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: הָיָה has become
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ like
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: דּוֹנָג wax
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: נָמֵס melted
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="within my interior">
Preposition
preposition: בְּתוֹךְ within
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מֵע interior
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <status="elided">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: נָמֵס has melted
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="within my interior">
Preposition
preposition: בְּתוֹךְ within
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מֵע interior
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-15-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 15
v. 15 – Due to the morphology of נָ֝מֵ֗ס, which is mostly likely a qatal (Blau 2010, 260), rather than a participle, we prefer to read the final two lines of this verse as two finite clauses with "my heart" elided in the second instance. On the other hand, if נָ֝מֵ֗ס were understood as a qatel participle, the fourth line would serve as a predicative adjunct of the third, as reflected in the diagram's alternative. See, for example, the JPS: "my heart is like wax, melting within me."[11]
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 15
v. 15 – The article on both כַּמַּ֥יִם and כַּדּוֹנָ֑ג should be understood as indicating a class, as illustrated by the Spanish and French versions: "Me voy diluyendo, como el agua ... se me derrite como la cera" (RVC); "Comme l'eau je m'écoule ... Mon cœur est pareil à la cire" (TOB).
Note for v. 15
v. 15 – As a compound preposition, "locative [בְּת֣וֹךְ] mark[s] an INTERIOR- or INSIDE-REGION."[12] See also v. 23.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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Note for v. 15
The explicit היה copula favors the change-of-state "has become," rather than simply "is like wax" (see, e.g., the JPS, among others), which is more readily communicated by a verbless clause.
Note for v. 15
The form נָ֝מֵ֗ס is most likely a qatal,[13] though some ancient versions seem to have either interpreted this form as a participle or read נָמָס (see, e.g., the LXX, Jerome and Targum Psalms), modifying the "becoming like wax" rather than providing a new, finite clause. See further the grammar note.
Note for v. 15
The stative verb נִשְׁפַּכְתִּי֮ determines the gloss "I have been poured out" → "I am poured out."
Add Exegetical Note
v. 16
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| יָ֘בֵ֤שׁ כַּחֶ֨רֶשׂ ׀ כֹּחִ֗י | v. 16a | My strength has dried up like a potsherd |
| וּ֭לְשׁוֹנִי מֻדְבָּ֣ק מַלְקוֹחָ֑י | v. 16b | and my tongue clings to the roof of my mouth; |
| וְֽלַעֲפַר־מָ֥וֶת תִּשְׁפְּתֵֽנִי׃ | v. 16c | you place me in the dust of death. |
Macula
יָ֘בֵ֤שׁ כַּחֶ֨רֶשׂ ׀ כֹּחִ֗י וּ֭לְשׁוֹנִי מֻדְבָּ֣ק מַלְקוֹחָ֑י וְֽלַעֲפַר־מָ֥וֶת תִּשְׁפְּתֵֽנִי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 16]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my strength">
noun: כֹּח strength
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: יָבֵשׁ has dried up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ like
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: חֶרֶשׂ potsherd
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my tongue">
noun: לְשׁוֹנ tongue
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb-participle: מֻדְבָּק clings to
Adverbial
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="the roof of my mouth">
noun: מַלְקוֹח palate >> roof of mouth
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּשְׁפְּתֵ you place
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="in the dust which is death >> in the dust of death">
noun: עֲפַר dust
noun: מָוֶת death
DiscourseUnit [v. 16]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my strength">
noun: כֹּח strength
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: יָבֵשׁ has dried up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ like
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: חֶרֶשׂ potsherd
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my tongue">
noun: לְשׁוֹנ tongue
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb-participle: מֻדְבָּק clings to
Adverbial
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="the roof of my mouth">
noun: מַלְקוֹח palate >> roof of mouth
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּשְׁפְּתֵ you place
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="in the dust which is death >> in the dust of death">
noun: עֲפַר dust
noun: מָוֶת death
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-16-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 16
v. 16 – The noun מַלְקוֹחָי only appears here in the Bible. The ancient versions offer larynx,[14] palate,[15] gums or palate,[16] and "the top of my palate,"[17] i.e., the roof of my mouth. Drawing upon the more common noun for tongs (מֶלְקָחַ֫יִם) used to snuff out the candles in the Temple,[18] Radak (Sefer HaShorashim) asserts that our word in question here is "what is above and below the tongue" in the mouth,[19] also with dual morphology and sharing the same action as moving up and down (like tongs) while chewing. Obviously, the sense is limited to where a tongue can be stuck in a dry mouth, so within the domain of palates and gums, the roof of the mouth is the most likely.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 16
v. 16 – The article on כַּחֶ֨רֶשׂ should be understood as indicating a class as illustrated by the French of SG21: "Ma force se dessèche comme l’argile."
Note for v. 16
v. 16 – The word dust is also found in v. 30, in the phrase כָּל־יוֹרְדֵ֣י עָפָ֑ר (CBC: "all those going down to dust"), indicates that the construct chain עֲפַר־מָ֥וֶת is composed of an entity and its synonym, i.e., the dust, that is, death.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
The verbal_analysis.json table needs to be built first.
Note for v. 16
We prefer a habitual reading of the yiqtol תִּשְׁפְּתֵֽנִי "you place me." It is also possible to interpret this yiqtol as preterite, "you placed me" (see, e.g., the LXX, Jerome and the Peshitta, as well as a number of modern translations). This does not explain the preceding statives, however, which would require a perfect "placing" with ongoing effects, or the habitual, which is our preference. The habitual reading is also consistent with the verb forms of vv. 18–19.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 17
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כִּ֥י סְבָב֗וּנִי כְּלָ֫בִ֥ים | v. 17a | For dogs have surrounded me, |
| עֲדַ֣ת מְ֭רֵעִים הִקִּיפ֑וּנִי | v. 17b | a company of evildoers has encompassed me, |
| כָּ֝אֲרוּ יָדַ֥י וְרַגְלָֽי׃ | v. 17c | they have pierced my hands and my feet. |
Macula
כִּ֥י סְבָב֗וּנִי כְּלָ֫בִ֥ים עֲדַ֣ת מְ֭רֵעִים הִקִּיפ֑וּנִי כָּ֝אֲרוּ יָדַ֥י וְרַגְלָֽי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 17]
Fragment
conjunction: כִּי because
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: כְּלָבִים dogs
Predicate
verb: סְבָבוּ have surrounded
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: עֲדַת a company
Nominal
verb-participle: מְרֵעִים evildoers
Predicate
verb: הִקִּיפוּ have encompassed
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <status="elided">
noun: עֲדַת a company
Nominal
verb-participle: מְרֵעִים evildoers
Predicate
verb: כָּאֲרוּ have dug >> have pierced <status="emendation">
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="my hands">
noun: יָד hands
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
ConstructChain <gloss="my feet">
noun: רַגְל feet
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 17]
Fragment
conjunction: כִּי because
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: כְּלָבִים dogs
Predicate
verb: סְבָבוּ have surrounded
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: עֲדַת a company
Nominal
verb-participle: מְרֵעִים evildoers
Predicate
verb: הִקִּיפוּ have encompassed
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <status="elided">
noun: עֲדַת a company
Nominal
verb-participle: מְרֵעִים evildoers
Predicate
verb: כָּאֲרוּ have dug >> have pierced <status="emendation">
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="my hands">
noun: יָד hands
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
ConstructChain <gloss="my feet">
noun: רַגְל feet
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-17-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 17
v. 17 – For a full discussion of the MT's כָּ֝אֲרִ֗י and our emendation to כָּאֲרוּ, see the exegetical issue The Text of Psalm 22:17b. Our conclusion favors כָּאֲרוּ, from the verb כרה "to dig," as reflected in the LXX, Peshitta, and the text of 5/6ḤevPs.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
The verbal_analysis.json table needs to be built first.
No Verbal notes.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 17 Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 17 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <status="elided">
noun: עֲדַת a company
Nominal
verb-participle: מְרֵעִים evildoers
Predicate
verb: הִקִּיפוּ have encompassed <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כָּ like
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: אֲרִי lion
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: יָד hands
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
ConstructChain
noun: רַגְל feet
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 17 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <status="elided">
noun: עֲדַת a company
Nominal
verb-participle: מְרֵעִים evildoers
Predicate
verb: הִקִּיפוּ have encompassed <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כָּ like
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: אֲרִי lion
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: יָד hands
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
ConstructChain
noun: רַגְל feet
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-17-v-17-Alternative }}
Textual Notes
Alternative
v. 17 – For the MT's כָּ֝אֲרִ֗י "like a lion" in place of our preferred כָּאֲרוּ, see the full discussion in the exegetical issue, The Text of Psalm 22:17b.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
The verbal_analysis.json table needs to be built first.
No Verbal notes.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 18
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אֲסַפֵּ֥ר כָּל־עַצְמוֹתָ֑י | v. 18a | I can count all my bones; |
| הֵ֥מָּה יַ֝בִּ֗יטוּ יִרְאוּ־בִֽי׃ | v. 18b | they look, gazing at me. |
Macula
אֲסַפֵּ֥ר כָּל־עַצְמוֹתָ֑י הֵ֥מָּה יַ֝בִּ֗יטוּ יִרְאוּ־בִֽי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 18]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲסַפֵּר I can count
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="all my bones">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: עַצְמוֹת bones
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הֵמָּה they
Predicate <gloss="they look, staring at me">
Predicate
verb: יַבִּיטוּ stare
Predicate
verb: יִרְאוּ look
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב at
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הֵמָּה they
Predicate
verb: יַבִּיטוּ look
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִרְאוּ they gaze
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב at
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 18]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲסַפֵּר I can count
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="all my bones">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: עַצְמוֹת bones
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הֵמָּה they
Predicate <gloss="they look, staring at me">
Predicate
verb: יַבִּיטוּ stare
Predicate
verb: יִרְאוּ look
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב at
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הֵמָּה they
Predicate
verb: יַבִּיטוּ look
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִרְאוּ they gaze
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב at
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-18-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 18
v. 18 – For the preferred monoclausal interpretation of הֵ֥מָּה יַ֝בִּ֗יטוּ יִרְאוּ־בִֽי, see Jerome's ipsi respicientes viderunt in me ("they, gazing, look at me") Like other serial verb constructions, the two finite verbs are adjacent and lack any intervening conjunction, they share one explicit pronoun, and the first verb provides the adverbial of manner. Similar is the NFC's "Mes adversaires me regardent fixement" (cf. PDV). Alternatively, of course, they could be considered two distinct, finite clauses.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 18
v. 18 – The verbs יַ֝בִּ֗יטוּ יִרְאוּ should be understood as a serial verb construction (see Aikhenvald 2018).[20] As is typical of serial verb constructions in Biblical Hebrew, there is no conjunction between the two verbs, they share person, number, tense-aspect-modality values and follow only one explicit pronoun. For this analysis elsewhere, see the notes at Pss 45:5; 46:4; 78:6, 34, 41, 56.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
The verbal_analysis.json table needs to be built first.
Note for v. 18
In agreement with most modern versions, we understand the yiqtol אֲסַפֵּ֥ר to contain root modality, i.e., ability based on the current circumstances. Alternatively, the LXX has an aorist (ἐξηρίθμησα) and Jerome a perfect (numeravi), apparently interpreting the yiqtol as preterite, "I counted" (cf. v. 16c, though this pattern in both Greek and Latin continues throughout the yiqtols of vv. 18–19).
Add Exegetical Note
v. 19
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| יְחַלְּק֣וּ בְגָדַ֣י לָהֶ֑ם | v. 19a | They divide my clothes among themselves |
| וְעַל־לְ֝בוּשִׁ֗י יַפִּ֥ילוּ גוֹרָֽל׃ | v. 19b | and cast a lot for my garment. |
Macula
יְחַלְּק֣וּ בְגָדַ֣י לָהֶ֑ם וְעַל־לְ֝בוּשִׁ֗י יַפִּ֥ילוּ גוֹרָֽל׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 19]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְחַלְּקוּ they divide
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my clothes">
noun: בְגָד clothes
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Adverbial <gloss="for themselves >> among themselves">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
suffix-pronoun: הֶם themselves
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="for my garment">
Preposition
preposition: עַל for
Object
ConstructChain
noun: לְבוּשׁ garment
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
verb: יַפִּילוּ they cast
Object
noun: גוֹרָל lot
DiscourseUnit [v. 19]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְחַלְּקוּ they divide
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my clothes">
noun: בְגָד clothes
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Adverbial <gloss="for themselves >> among themselves">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
suffix-pronoun: הֶם themselves
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="for my garment">
Preposition
preposition: עַל for
Object
ConstructChain
noun: לְבוּשׁ garment
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
verb: יַפִּילוּ they cast
Object
noun: גוֹרָל lot
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-19-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 19
v. 19 – Following most modern English translations, we understand the לְ of לָהֶ֑ם as the recipient,[21] most likely with a partitive sense borrowed from the verbal semantics of piel חלק, among themselves.[22] Alternatively one could interpret לָהֶ֑ם as benefactive, "for themselves."[23]
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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No Verbal notes.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 20
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וְאַתָּ֣ה יְ֭הוָה אַל־תִּרְחָ֑ק | v. 20a | But you, YHWH, don’t be far! |
| אֱ֝יָלוּתִ֗י לְעֶזְרָ֥תִי חֽוּשָׁה׃ | v. 20b | My strength, hurry to my aid! |
Macula
וְיְ֭הוָה אַתָּ֣ה אַל־תִּרְחָ֑ק אֱ֝יָלוּתִ֗י לְעֶזְרָ֥תִי חֽוּשָׁה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 20]
Fragment
conjunction: וְ but
Fragment
Vocative
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: תִּרְחָק be far
Adverbial
particle: אַל not
Fragment
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="the one strengthening me >> my strength">
noun: אֱיָלוּתִ strength
suffix-pronoun: י me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: חוּשָׁה hurry
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in order to help me >> to my aid">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: עֶזְרָת help
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 20]
Fragment
conjunction: וְ but
Fragment
Vocative
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: תִּרְחָק be far
Adverbial
particle: אַל not
Fragment
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="the one strengthening me >> my strength">
noun: אֱיָלוּתִ strength
suffix-pronoun: י me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: חוּשָׁה hurry
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in order to help me >> to my aid">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: עֶזְרָת help
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-20-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 20
v. 20 – The noun אֱיָלוּת is unique in the Bible, though in all likelihood related to אֱיָל, as found in Psalm 88:5 (see the notes there). Jerome and Targum Psalms understand the same sense of "my strength" in the present instance, as is also our preference.[24]
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 20
v. 20 – For the construction לְעֶזְרָ֥תִי חֽוּשָׁה, see also Pss 38:23; 40:14; 70:2; 71:12.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 21
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| הַצִּ֣ילָה מֵחֶ֣רֶב נַפְשִׁ֑י | v. 21a | Rescue my life from a sword, |
| מִיַּד־כֶּ֝֗לֶב יְחִידָתִֽי׃ | v. 21b | my only [life] from a dog’s power. |
Macula
הַצִּ֣ילָה מֵחֶ֣רֶב נַפְשִׁ֑י מִיַּד־כֶּ֝֗לֶב יְחִידָתִֽי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 21]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַצִּילָה rescue
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵ from
Object
noun: חֶרֶב sword
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my life">
noun: נַפְשׁ life
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַצִּילָה <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from a dog's power">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: יַּד hand >> power
noun: כֶּלֶב dog
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my only one">
Nominal
adjective: יְחִידָת only
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 21]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַצִּילָה rescue
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵ from
Object
noun: חֶרֶב sword
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my life">
noun: נַפְשׁ life
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַצִּילָה <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from a dog's power">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: יַּד hand >> power
noun: כֶּלֶב dog
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my only one">
Nominal
adjective: יְחִידָת only
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-21-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 22
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| ה֭וֹשִׁיעֵנִי מִפִּ֣י אַרְיֵ֑ה | v. 22a | Save me from a lion’s mouth! |
| וּמִקַּרְנֵ֖י רֵמִ֣ים עֲנִיתָֽנִי׃ | v. 22b | And from wild oxen's horns —you have answered me! |
Macula
ה֭וֹשִׁיעֵנִי מִפִּ֣י אַרְיֵ֑ה וּמִקַּרְנֵ֖י רֵמִ֣ים עֲנִיתָֽנִי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 22]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשִׁיעֵ save
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from a lion's mouth">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: פִּי mouth
noun: אַרְיֵה lion
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from wild oxen's horns">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קַּרְנֵי horns
noun: רֵמִים wild oxen
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: עֲנִיתָ you answered
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
DiscourseUnit [v. 22]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשִׁיעֵ save
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from a lion's mouth">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: פִּי mouth
noun: אַרְיֵה lion
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from wild oxen's horns">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קַּרְנֵי horns
noun: רֵמִים wild oxen
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: עֲנִיתָ you answered
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-22-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 22
v. 22 – Our preferred interpretation of the unexpected form עֲנִיתָֽנִי "you answered me" is that of anacoluthon, which is "a syntactic break in the expected grammatical sequence within a sentence, as when a sentence begins with one construction and remains unfinished” (Crystal 2024, 23). See, e.g., Luther 2017: Hilf mir aus dem Rachen des Löwen und vor den Hörnern der wilden Stiere—du hast mich erhört! ("Rescue me from the jaws of the lion, and from the horns of the wild bulls—you have heard me!"). Similar are the new sentences indicated by the punctuation in the CSB and NET,[25] though such presentation does less justice to the line division and independent contribution of "from wild oxen's horns," after which another imperative would be expected, if not for the indicative verb form, signaling the anacoluthon.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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Note for v. 22
Although there is no finite verb in the clause וּמִקַּרְנֵ֖י רֵמִ֣ים, an imperative is expected, though anacoluthon causes a shift in discourse before the clause's conclusion (see the grammar notes).
Add Exegetical Note
v. 22 Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 22 alternative 1]
Fragment <status="alternative">
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשִׁיעֵ save
Object
Nominal
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: פִּי mouth
noun: אַרְיֵה lion
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשִׁיעָה save <status="elided">
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my misery">
noun: עֲנְוָת misery <status="emendation">
suffix-pronoun: ִי me <status="emendation">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קַּרְנֵי horns
noun: רֵמִים wild oxen
DiscourseUnit [v. 22 alternative 1]
Fragment <status="alternative">
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשִׁיעֵ save
Object
Nominal
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: פִּי mouth
noun: אַרְיֵה lion
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשִׁיעָה save <status="elided">
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my misery">
noun: עֲנְוָת misery <status="emendation">
suffix-pronoun: ִי me <status="emendation">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קַּרְנֵי horns
noun: רֵמִים wild oxen
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-22-v-22-Alternative }}
Textual Notes
Note for v. 22
v. 22 – For the emended alternative text, see the LXX's "and my lowliness from the horns of unicorns" (NETS; καὶ ἀπὸ κεράτων μονοκερώτων τὴν ταπείνωσίν μου), which has apparently read עֲנְוָתִי "my misery," in place of the MT's עֲנִיתָֽנִי "you answered me."[26]
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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Alternative 2
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 22 alternative 2]
Fragment <status="alternative">
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשַׁע save
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from a lion's mouth">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: פִּי mouth
noun: אַרְיֵה lion
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: עֲנִיתָ you answered
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from wild oxen's horns">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קַּרְנֵי horns
noun: רֵמִים wild oxen
DiscourseUnit [v. 22 alternative 2]
Fragment <status="alternative">
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשַׁע save
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from a lion's mouth">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: פִּי mouth
noun: אַרְיֵה lion
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: עֲנִיתָ you answered
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="from wild oxen's horns">
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: קַּרְנֵי horns
noun: רֵמִים wild oxen
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-22-Alternative-2 }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 22
v. 22 – Perhaps the most common interpretation of the second line of this verse is "From the horns of the wild oxen you have answered me!" (CEB), which, unfortunately, makes little sense of the מִן preposition "from" as the origin or source of YHWH's answering and saving action.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 23
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אֲסַפְּרָ֣ה שִׁמְךָ֣ לְאֶחָ֑י | v. 23a | I will announce your name to my brothers; |
| בְּת֖וֹךְ קָהָ֣ל אֲהַלְלֶֽךָּ׃ | v. 23b | I will praise you in the midst of the community. |
Macula
אֲסַפְּרָ֣ה שִׁמְךָ֣ לְאֶחָ֑י בְּת֖וֹךְ קָהָ֣ל אֲהַלְלֶֽךָּ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 23]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲסַפְּרָה I will announce
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your name">
noun: שִׁמְ name
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to my brothers">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אֶח brothers* >> fellow Israelites
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲהַלְלֶ I will praise
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָּ you-
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in the midst of the community" >
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: תוֹךְ midst
noun: קָהָל community
DiscourseUnit [v. 23]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲסַפְּרָה I will announce
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your name">
noun: שִׁמְ name
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to my brothers">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אֶח brothers* >> fellow Israelites
suffix-pronoun: ָי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲהַלְלֶ I will praise
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָּ you-
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in the midst of the community" >
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: תוֹךְ midst
noun: קָהָל community
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-23-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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v. 24
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| יִרְאֵ֤י יְהוָ֨ה ׀ הַֽלְל֗וּהוּ | v. 24a | You who fear YHWH, praise him! |
| כָּל־זֶ֣רַע יַעֲקֹ֣ב כַּבְּד֑וּהוּ | v. 24b | All you offspring of Jacob, honor him! |
| וְג֥וּרוּ מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ כָּל־זֶ֥רַע יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ | v. 24c | And be in awe of him, all you offspring of Israel! |
Macula
יִרְאֵ֤י יְהוָ֨ה ׀ הַֽלְל֗וּהוּ כָּל־זֶ֣רַע יַעֲקֹ֣ב כַּבְּד֑וּהוּ וְג֥וּרוּ מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ כָּל־זֶ֥רַע יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 24]
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="you who fear YHWH">
Nominal
adjective: יִרְאֵי fearers
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַלְלוּ praise
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="all you offspring of Jacob">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: זֶרַע offspring
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: כַּבְּדוּ honor
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: גוּרוּ be in awe
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמּ of
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶנּוּ him
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="all you offspring of Israel">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: זֶרַע offspring
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
DiscourseUnit [v. 24]
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="you who fear YHWH">
Nominal
adjective: יִרְאֵי fearers
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַלְלוּ praise
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="all you offspring of Jacob">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: זֶרַע offspring
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: כַּבְּדוּ honor
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: גוּרוּ be in awe
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמּ of
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶנּוּ him
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="all you offspring of Israel">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: זֶרַע offspring
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-24-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
The verbal_analysis.json table needs to be built first.
No Verbal notes.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 25
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כִּ֤י לֹֽא־בָזָ֨ה וְלֹ֪א שִׁקַּ֡ץ עֱנ֬וּת עָנִ֗י | v. 25a | Because he has not regarded as worthless nor detestable the sufferer's affliction |
| וְלֹא־הִסְתִּ֣יר פָּנָ֣יו מִמֶּ֑נּוּ | v. 25b | and he has not hidden his face from him; |
| וּֽבְשַׁוְּע֖וֹ אֵלָ֣יו שָׁמֵֽעַ׃ | v. 25c | but he heard when he cried to him for help. |
Macula
כִּ֤י לֹֽא־בָזָ֨ה וְלֹ֪א שִׁקַּ֡ץ עֱנ֬וּת עָנִ֗י וְלֹא־הִסְתִּ֣יר פָּנָ֣יו מִמֶּ֑נּוּ וּֽבְשַׁוְּע֖וֹ אֵלָ֣יו שָׁמֵֽעַ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 25]
Fragment
conjunction: כִּי because
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
Predicate
verb: בָזָה he has regarded as worthless
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: שִׁקַּץ he has regarded as detestable
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="the affliction that the afflicted suffer >> the sufferer's affliction">
noun: עֱנוּת affliction
Nominal
adjective: עָנִי sufferer
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִסְתִּיר he has hidden
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמּ from
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶנּוּ him
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his face">
noun: פָּנ face
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ but
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמֵעַ he heard
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="when he cried to him for help">
Preposition
preposition: בְ when
Object
Clause
Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
Predicate
ConstructChain
verb-infinitive: שַׁוְּע cry for help
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
DiscourseUnit [v. 25]
Fragment
conjunction: כִּי because
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
Predicate
verb: בָזָה he has regarded as worthless
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: שִׁקַּץ he has regarded as detestable
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="the affliction that the afflicted suffer >> the sufferer's affliction">
noun: עֱנוּת affliction
Nominal
adjective: עָנִי sufferer
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִסְתִּיר he has hidden
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמּ from
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֶנּוּ him
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his face">
noun: פָּנ face
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ but
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמֵעַ he heard
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="when he cried to him for help">
Preposition
preposition: בְ when
Object
Clause
Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
Predicate
ConstructChain
verb-infinitive: שַׁוְּע cry for help
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-25-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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No Verbal notes.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 26
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| מֵ֥אִתְּךָ֗ תְֽהִלָּ֫תִ֥י בְּקָהָ֥ל רָ֑ב | v. 26a | My praise among a great community is because of you; |
| נְדָרַ֥י אֲ֝שַׁלֵּ֗ם נֶ֣גֶד יְרֵאָֽיו׃ | v. 26b | I will fulfill my vows in the presence of those who fear him. |
Macula
מֵ֥אִתְּךָ֗ תְֽהִלָּ֫תִ֥י בְּקָהָ֥ל רָ֑ב נְדָרַ֥י אֲ֝שַׁלֵּ֗ם נֶ֣גֶד יְרֵאָֽיו׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 26]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my praising among a great community">
Nominal
noun: תְהִלָתּ praise
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ among
Object
noun: קָהָל community
adjective: רָב great
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵאִתְּ from
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲשַׁלֵּם I will fulfill
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="the vowing done by me >> my vows">
noun: נְדָר vows
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in the presence of the fearers of him >> in the presence of those who fear him">
Preposition
preposition: נֶגֶד in front of
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
adjective: יְרֵאָי fearers
suffix-pronoun: ו him
DiscourseUnit [v. 26]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my praising among a great community">
Nominal
noun: תְהִלָתּ praise
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ among
Object
noun: קָהָל community
adjective: רָב great
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵאִתְּ from
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲשַׁלֵּם I will fulfill
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="the vowing done by me >> my vows">
noun: נְדָר vows
suffix-pronoun: ַי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in the presence of the fearers of him >> in the presence of those who fear him">
Preposition
preposition: נֶגֶד in front of
Object
ConstructChain
Nominal
adjective: יְרֵאָי fearers
suffix-pronoun: ו him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-26-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 26
v. 26 – Although it is possible to read מֵ֥אִתְּךָ֗ as source or origin, such as the ESV's "from you comes my praise in the great congregation," it is better understood as causal, such as the CSB: "I will give praise in the great assembly because of you" (cf. NET; RJPS).
Verbal Notes
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v. 27
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| יֹאכְל֬וּ עֲנָוִ֨ים ׀ וְיִשְׂבָּ֗עוּ | v. 27a | The afflicted will eat and be satisfied; |
| יְהַֽלְל֣וּ יְ֭הוָה דֹּ֣רְשָׁ֑יו | v. 27b | those who seek him will praise YHWH— |
| יְחִ֖י לְבַבְכֶ֣ם לָעַֽד׃ | v. 27c | may your heart live forever! |
Macula
יֹאכְל֬וּ עֲנָוִ֨ים ׀ וְיִשְׂבָּ֗עוּ יְהַֽלְל֣וּ יְ֭הוָה דֹּ֣רְשָׁ֑יו יְחִ֖י לְבַבְכֶ֣ם לָעַֽד׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 27]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
adjective: עֲנָוִים the afflicted
Predicate
Predicate
verb: יֹאכְלוּ will eat
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: יִשְׂבָּעוּ will be satisfied
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="those who seek him">
Nominal
verb-participle: דֹּרְשָׁי seekers
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Predicate
verb: יְהַלְלוּ will praise
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your heart">
noun: לְבַבְ heart
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
Predicate
verb: יְחִי may live
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to eternity >> forever">
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
noun: עַד eternity
DiscourseUnit [v. 27]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
adjective: עֲנָוִים the afflicted
Predicate
Predicate
verb: יֹאכְלוּ will eat
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: יִשְׂבָּעוּ will be satisfied
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="those who seek him">
Nominal
verb-participle: דֹּרְשָׁי seekers
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Predicate
verb: יְהַלְלוּ will praise
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your heart">
noun: לְבַבְ heart
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
Predicate
verb: יְחִי may live
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to eternity >> forever">
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
noun: עַד eternity
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-27-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
The verbal_analysis.json table needs to be built first.
Note for v. 27
Some modern translations (e.g., the JPS), understand the yiqtols יֹאכְל֬וּ and יִשְׂבָּ֗עוּ as jussives: "Let the lowly eat and be satisfied." Nevertheless, we prefer the indicative interpretation of the first, while וְיִשְׂבָּ֗עוּ seems best read as a weyiqtol of result → "so that they will be satisfied" (though "and" is a sufficient gloss to communicate such in English).
Add Exegetical Note
v. 28
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| יִזְכְּר֤וּ ׀ וְיָשֻׁ֣בוּ אֶל־יְ֭הוָה כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ | v. 28a | Let all the ends of the earth consider so that they will turn to YHWH, |
| וְיִֽשְׁתַּחֲו֥וּ לְ֝פָנֶ֗יךָ כָּֽל־מִשְׁפְּח֥וֹת גּוֹיִֽם׃ | v. 28b | so that all the families of the nations will worship before you, |
Macula
יִזְכְּר֤וּ ׀ וְיָשֻׁ֣בוּ אֶל־יְ֭הוָה כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ וְיִֽשְׁתַּחֲו֥וּ לְ֝פָנֶ֗יךָ כָּֽל־מִשְׁפְּח֥וֹת גּוֹיִֽם׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 28]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all the ends of the earth">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: אַפְסֵי ends
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Predicate
Predicate
verb: יִזְכְּרוּ let consider
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ so that
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָשֻׁבוּ they will turn
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶל to
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ so that
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all the families of the nations">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: מִשְׁפְּחוֹת families
noun: גּוֹיִם nations
Predicate
verb: יִשְׁתַּחֲווּ will worship
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְפָנֶי before
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
DiscourseUnit [v. 28]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all the ends of the earth">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: אַפְסֵי ends
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Predicate
Predicate
verb: יִזְכְּרוּ let consider
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ so that
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָשֻׁבוּ they will turn
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶל to
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ so that
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all the families of the nations">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
noun: מִשְׁפְּחוֹת families
noun: גּוֹיִם nations
Predicate
verb: יִשְׁתַּחֲווּ will worship
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְפָנֶי before
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-28-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 28
v. 28 – The construct chain כָּֽל־מִשְׁפְּח֥וֹת גּוֹיִֽם communicates "all the families of the nations," i.e.," all the families found among the nations," as found explicitly in the RJPS: "and the peoples of all nations."
Verbal Notes
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Note for v. 28
It is possible to read the verbs in v. 28 as a series of future yiqtols, such as the ESV: "All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to the Lord, and all the families of the nations shall worship before you." Nevertheless, the jussive interpretation of the first yiqtol has been preferred (see, e.g., the JPS: "Let all the ends of the earth pay heed and turn to GOD"), followed by a pair of resultative weyiqtols.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 29
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כִּ֣י לַ֭יהוָה הַמְּלוּכָ֑ה | v. 29a | because kingship belongs to YHWH |
| וּ֝מֹשֵׁ֗ל בַּגּוֹיִֽם׃ | v. 29b | and he rules over the nations. |
Macula
כִּ֣י לַ֭יהוָה הַמְּלוּכָ֑ה וּ֝מֹשֵׁ֗ל בַּגּוֹיִֽם׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 29]
Fragment
conjunction: כִּי because
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
article: הַ the
noun: מְּלוּכָה kingship
Predicate
verb: is >> belongs
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
noun: יהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: מֹשֵׁל he rules
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ over
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: גּוֹיִם nations
DiscourseUnit [v. 29]
Fragment
conjunction: כִּי because
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
article: הַ the
noun: מְּלוּכָה kingship
Predicate
verb: is >> belongs
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
noun: יהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: מֹשֵׁל he rules
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ over
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: גּוֹיִם nations
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-29-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 30
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אָכְל֬וּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּ֨וּ ׀ כָּֽל־דִּשְׁנֵי־אֶ֗רֶץ | v. 30a | All the strong ones of the earth have eaten and worshiped; |
| לְפָנָ֣יו יִ֭כְרְעוּ כָּל־יוֹרְדֵ֣י עָפָ֑ר | v. 30b | all those going down to dust will kneel before him, |
| וְ֝נַפְשׁ֗וֹ לֹ֣א חִיָּֽה׃ | v. 30c | and he did not preserve their life. |
Macula
אָכְל֬וּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּ֨וּ ׀ כָּֽל־דִּשְׁנֵי־אֶ֗רֶץ לְפָנָ֣יו יִ֭כְרְעוּ כָּל־יוֹרְדֵ֣י עָפָ֑ר וְ֝נַפְשׁ֗וֹ לֹ֣א חִיָּֽה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 30]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all the strong ones of the earth">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל every
ConstructChain
Nominal
adjective: דִּשְׁנֵי strong
noun: אֶרֶץ earth
Predicate
Predicate
verb: אָכְלוּ have eaten
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Predicate
verb: יִּשְׁתַּחֲוּוּ have worshiped
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all those going down to dust">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: יוֹרְדֵי going down
noun: עָפָר dust
Predicate
verb: יִכְרְעוּ will kneel
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְפָנָי before
Object
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: חִיָּה he preserved
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their life">
noun: נַפְשׁ life
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him >> them
DiscourseUnit [v. 30]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all the strong ones of the earth">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל every
ConstructChain
Nominal
adjective: דִּשְׁנֵי strong
noun: אֶרֶץ earth
Predicate
Predicate
verb: אָכְלוּ have eaten
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Predicate
verb: יִּשְׁתַּחֲוּוּ have worshiped
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="all those going down to dust">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: יוֹרְדֵי going down
noun: עָפָר dust
Predicate
verb: יִכְרְעוּ will kneel
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְפָנָי before
Object
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: חִיָּה he preserved
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their life">
noun: נַפְשׁ life
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him >> them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-30-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 30
v. 30 – There are a number of textual issues with the last line of this verse. For details, see the exegetical issue, The Text and Grammar of Psalm 22:30.
Grammatically, the syntactic connection with the preceding and following clauses have been understood in a number of ways. One could understand the clause וְ֝נַפְשׁ֗וֹ לֹ֣א חִיָּֽה to expand upon the previous clause as an elaboration, i.e., following an explicative waw (see, e.g., Baker 1980, Wilton 1994; cf. Gen 4:4; Num 27:21; Deut 23:1), or as a relative clause (Delitzsch 1871, 326), such as the NIV: "all who go down to the dust will kneel before him— those who cannot keep themselves alive." One disadvantage of these readings is that the final line follows the strongest disjunctive accent of the verse, so one could argue that this unit is too prosodically significant to contain a mere elaboration, whether relative or not. On the other hand, some understand a stronger connection between this clause and the first clause of v. 31. This could also be relative, though as a headless relative clause: "And he who did not keep his life—his descendants shall serve him" (Craigie 2004, 195). Other possibilities are that of a conditional protasis, "And if his soul no longer lives, posterity will serve him,"[27] or a temporal clause, "When the man himself is no longer among the living, his seed ... will serve."[28] In support of these interpretations, both clauses (vv. 30c, 31a) are on the same line in Codex Sinaiticus.[29]
Nevertheless, all of these are logical implicatures open to interpretation, where the text itself contains only a waw. Thus, we have preferred to leave the text as it stands and leave the interpretations open within the possibilities outlined above.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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v. 30 Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 30 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: נַפְשׁ soul
suffix-pronoun: ִי me <status="emendation">
Predicate
verb: חָיָה lives <status="revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל for <status="revocalization">
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him <status="emendation">
DiscourseUnit [v. 30 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: נַפְשׁ soul
suffix-pronoun: ִי me <status="emendation">
Predicate
verb: חָיָה lives <status="revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל for <status="revocalization">
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him <status="emendation">
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-30-v-30-Alternative }}
Textual Notes
Note for v. 30
v. 30 – The alternative diagram represents the LXX (cf. Peshitta): "And my soul lives for him" (NETS; καὶ ἡ ψυχή μου αὐτῷ ζῇ). For a complete discussion, see the exegetical issue, The Text and Grammar of Psalm 22:30.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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No Verbal notes.
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v. 31
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| זֶ֥רַע יַֽעַבְדֶ֑נּוּ | v. 31a | Future generations will serve him; |
| יְסֻפַּ֖ר לַֽאדֹנָ֣י לַדּֽוֹר׃ | v. 31b | it will be proclaimed concerning the Lord to that generation— |
Macula
זֶ֥רַע יַֽעַבְדֶ֑נּוּ יְסֻפַּ֖ר לַֽאדֹנָ֣י לַדּֽוֹר׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 31]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: זֶרַע offspring >> a future generation
Predicate
verb: יַעַבְדֶ will serve
Object
suffix-pronoun: נּוּ him
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְסֻפַּר it will be proclaimed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ concerning
Object
noun: אדֹנָי Lord
Adverbial <gloss="to that generation">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: דּוֹר generation
DiscourseUnit [v. 31]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: זֶרַע offspring >> a future generation
Predicate
verb: יַעַבְדֶ will serve
Object
suffix-pronoun: נּוּ him
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְסֻפַּר it will be proclaimed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ concerning
Object
noun: אדֹנָי Lord
Adverbial <gloss="to that generation">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: דּוֹר generation
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-31-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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Alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 31 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: דּוֹר generation <status="emendation">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: who
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָבֹאוּ will come
Predicate
verb: יְסֻפַּר will be proclaimed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ concerning
Object
noun: אדֹנָי Lord
DiscourseUnit [v. 31 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: דּוֹר generation <status="emendation">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: who
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָבֹאוּ will come
Predicate
verb: יְסֻפַּר will be proclaimed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ concerning
Object
noun: אדֹנָי Lord
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-31-Alternative }}
Textual Notes
Note for v. 31
v. 31 – For the alternative diagram of v. 31, see the LXX: "the coming generation" (γενεὰ ἡ ἐρχομένη), which reads יָבֹאוּ from the beginning of v. 32 as the end of this verse, as modifying "the generation," which also requires the loss of the preposition לַדּֽוֹר to read as the nominative γενεὰ "the generation."
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
No Phrasal notes.
Verbal Notes
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v. 32
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| יָ֭בֹאוּ וְיַגִּ֣ידוּ צִדְקָת֑וֹ | v. 32a | Let them come so that they tell his righteous deed |
| לְעַ֥ם נ֝וֹלָ֗ד כִּ֣י עָשָֽׂה׃ | v. 32b | to a people who will be born—what he has done. |
Macula
יָ֭בֹאוּ וְיַגִּ֣ידוּ צִדְקָת֑וֹ לְעַ֥ם נ֝וֹלָ֗ד כִּ֣י עָשָֽׂה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 32]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
Predicate
verb: יָבֹאוּ let them come
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ so that
Predicate
verb: יַגִּידוּ they will tell
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="a people who will be born">
noun: עַם people
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹלָד being born
Object
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="his righteous deed">
Nominal
noun: צִדְקָת righteous deed
Adjectival <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
ConstructChain
noun: עַם people
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹלָד being born
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Nominal
ComplementClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי what
Clause
Predicate
verb: עָשָׂה he has done
SubordinateClause <status="alternative">
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Predicate
verb: עָשָׂה he has acted
DiscourseUnit [v. 32]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
Predicate
verb: יָבֹאוּ let them come
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ so that
Predicate
verb: יַגִּידוּ they will tell
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="a people who will be born">
noun: עַם people
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹלָד being born
Object
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="his righteous deed">
Nominal
noun: צִדְקָת righteous deed
Adjectival <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
ConstructChain
noun: עַם people
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹלָד being born
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Nominal
ComplementClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי what
Clause
Predicate
verb: עָשָׂה he has done
SubordinateClause <status="alternative">
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Predicate
verb: עָשָׂה he has acted
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=22|DiagramID=v-32-None }}
Textual Notes
No Textual notes.
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 32
v. 32 – In both Biblical Hebrew and modern languages, the sentence "they shall tell of His beneficence to people yet to be born" (JPS) is ambiguous as to whether לְעַ֥ם נ֝וֹלָ֗ד refers to the addressee of the "announcing," or the benefactor of the "righteous deed." Nevertheless, the addressee interpreted has been preferred in light of the preceding verse's "it shall be told to that generation."
Note for v. 32
v. 32 – Causal grounds are a very natural function of כִּי, as perhaps reflected in the LXX: "because the Lord acted" (NETS; ὅτι ἐποίησεν ὁ κύριος; cf. the Peshitta); see also the JPS: "for He has acted." Nevertheless, as a complementizer, it naturally functions as an elaboration of "his righteous deed" to be announced—namely, that which he has done. Of course, this function overlaps with that of relativizers, which we also read in Jerome (quas fecit), Symmachus (ἣν ἐποίησε), and Codex Sinaiticus of the LXX.[30] See, e.g., the NET (which supplies a second "they will tell"): "they will tell a future generation what he has accomplished."
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes.
Phrase-Level Notes
Note for v. 32
v. 32 – For the apposition introduced by the complementizer כִּ֣י, preceding עָשָֽׂה, see the grammar notes.
Verbal Notes
Preliminary analysis
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Note for v. 32
The unambiguously future reference time of the participle נ֝וֹלָ֗ד—reflected, for example, in the LXX's future participle, τῷ τεχθησομένῳ, and Jerome's "who will be born" (qui nascetur)—license the gloss supplied here. Grammatically, the form could be analyzed as the so-called "imminent future" function of the participle.
Note for v. 32
Although it is a minority position among modern translations, we prefer to understand the yiqtol יָ֭בֹאוּ as jussive, followed by a resultative weyiqtol (cf. v. 28).
Add Exegetical Note
Appendix
Files
Diagrams
- v. 1.
- v. 10.
- v. 11.
- v. 11.v. 11b Alternative
- v. 12.
- v. 13.
- v. 14.
- v. 15.
- v. 16.
- v. 17.
- v. 17.v. 17 Alternative
- v. 18.
- v. 18.v. 18 Alternative
- v. 19.
- v. 2.
- v. 2.v. 2 Alternative
- v. 20.
- v. 21.
- v. 22.
- v. 22.Alternative 2
- v. 22.v. 22 Alternative
- v. 23.
- v. 24.
- v. 25.
- v. 26.
- v. 27.
- v. 28.
- v. 29.
- v. 3.
- v. 30.
- v. 30.v. 30 Alternative
- v. 31.
- v. 31.Alternative
- v. 32.
- v. 4.
- v. 4.v. 4 Alternative 1
- v. 4.v. 4 Alternative 2
- v. 5.
- v. 6.
- v. 7.
- v. 8.
- v. 9.
Notes
Approvals
Current Grammar status is {{{Status}}} for version {{{Version}}}. Current Lexical status is {{{Status}}} for version {{{Version}}}.
References
- ↑ Cf. Jerome's silentium.
- ↑ As well as בְּ here, there are also examples of אֶל, לְ and עַל, apparently somewhat interchangeable.
- ↑ BHRG (§39.6.(1).b.2); cf. GKC §119l; object of trust (IBHS §11.2.5f).
- ↑ See GKC (§119q), BHRG (§39.6.3.a), IBHS (§11.2.5.d).
- ↑ As well as לְ here, there are also examples of עַל and בְּ, sometimes by the same authors (see, e.g., Neh 2:19; 3:33).
- ↑ BHRG (§39.11(5a).2); cf. IBHS (§11.2.10.b, d g).
- ↑ LSJ; ἐκσπάω.
- ↑ אפקתני. Jerome (Hebr.), the Peshitta and Aquila seem to have read כֹּחִי "my strength" (cf. v. 16) instead of the MT's גֹחִ֣י, perhaps not recognizing the hapax legomenon of גחה (propugnator meus, ܬܘܟܠܢܝ; παλαίων ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ).
- ↑ Cf. LXX and Jerome's "over me" (super me).
- ↑ Malefactive (BHRG §39.20.2.b, GKC §119dd); "disadvantage" (IBHS §11.2.13.c; Joüon §133c.
- ↑ Both the LXX and Jerome provide participles for נָמֵס, as a modification of the "wax" (ὡσεὶ κηρὸς τηκόμενος; sicut cera liquefacta), while Targum Psalms conflates the two verbal forms into one clause: "my heart is melted like wax within my breast" (Stec 2004, 59; הוה לבי מתמסי היך שעוא בגו מעיי).
- ↑ Hardy (2022, 141).
- ↑ Blau 2010, 260.
- ↑ λάρυγξ (LXX).
- ↑ palatum (Jerome).
- ↑ מוריג (Targum Psalms).
- ↑ ܫܡ̈ܝ ܚܟܝ (Peshitta).
- ↑ Cf. Punic mlqḥ as "pincers or candle-snuffer" (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 645).
- ↑ מה שעל הלשון ומתחתיו.
- ↑ For this interpretation, see, e.g., the participle in Jerome's ipsi respicientes viderunt in me; the gerund in the CEB: "they just stare at me, watching me"; and the adverbials in the RVC: "ellos se regodean al verme" and NFC: "Mes adversaires me regardent fixement" (cf. PDV).
- ↑ Jenni (2000, 84).
- ↑ As explicit in the Peshitta's ܒܝܢܬܗܘܢ "among themselves" (cf. Malul 1996, 103; מחלקים אותו ביניהם).
- ↑ See, e.g., "cause a relation of belonging" (BHRG §39.11.1.a).
- ↑ The LXX, somewhat similarly, reads "my help" (τὴν βοήθειάν μου), though as the object of a transitive (presumably of the piel binyan) רחק. This is unlikely, however, in light of the identical phrase in v. 12.
- ↑ CSB: "Save me from the lion’s mouth, from the horns of wild oxen. You answered me!" NET: "Rescue me from the mouth of the lion, and from the horns of the wild oxen. You have answered me."
- ↑ See also τὴν κάκωσίν μου in Symmachus, though Aquila reads as the MT: εἰσήκουσάς με.
- ↑ «Et (si) son âme ne vit plus, la postérité Le servira» (Lipinski 1969, 161; cf. Saadia). See also Ps 95:7–8 for a conditional construction crossing verse boundaries.
- ↑ So Malul (1996, 105; כשהאדם עצמו כבר לא יהיה בין החיים, זרעו ... ויעבדו).
- ↑ καὶ ἡ ψυχή μου αὐτῷ ζῇ, καὶ τὸ σπέρμα μου δουλεύσει αὐτῷ.
- ↑ ΟΝΕΠΟΙΗΣΕΝΚΣ → ὅν ἐποίησεν κύριος.