Psalm 78/Diagrams/5

v. 41

Hebrew	Verse	English
וַיָּשׁ֣וּבוּ וַיְנַסּ֣וּ אֵ֑ל	41a	Again they put God to the test
וּקְד֖וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל הִתְווּ׃	41b	and they provoked the Holy One of Israel.

Macula

וַיָּשׁ֣וּבוּ וַיְנַסּ֣וּ אֵ֑ל וּקְד֖וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל הִתְווּ׃

Preferred

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 41]
  Fragment
    particle: וַ and
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate <gloss="they put God to the test again">
          Predicate
            verb: יָּשׁוּבוּ they turned
          Conjunction
            conjunction: וַ and
          Predicate
            verb: יְנַסּוּ they put to the test
            Object
              noun: אֵל God
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וּ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הִתְווּ they provoked
          Object
            ConstructChain
              noun: קְדוֹשׁ the Holy One
              noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 41]
  Fragment
    particle: וַ and
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate <gloss="they put God to the test again">
          Predicate
            verb: יָּשׁוּבוּ they turned
          Conjunction
            conjunction: וַ and
          Predicate
            verb: יְנַסּוּ they put to the test
            Object
              noun: אֵל God
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וּ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הִתְווּ they provoked
          Object
            ConstructChain
              noun: קְדוֹשׁ the Holy One
              noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-41-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 41

v. 41 – For the compound predicate interpretation, see the discussion of the multi-verb predication at phrase level (as attested, e.g., in the ESV: "They tested God again and again," cf. CSB, CEB, CJB, ELB, EÜ, GNT, Luther 2017, NASB, NABRE, NET, NIV, NJPS, RVC, SG21, ZÜR). For the waw-coordination in a serial verb construction, see further, the note at v. 6. Here, וַיָּשׁ֣וּבוּ contributes the aspectual value of habituality/repetition (Aikhenvald 2018, 6). Alternatively, וַיָּשׁ֣וּבוּ could be considered its own event, i.e., turning back (as the ancient versions and the KJV's "they turned back and tempted God").

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 41

v. 41 – The hiphil √תוה only occurs here in the Bible. The more commonly attested root is that of "a mark" תָּו or "to mark" תָּוָה, which Radak considers to be identical to that of the hiphil here (SeferHaShorashim; cf. Ezek 9:4). Similarly, Tate states, "The verb תוה means “mark off/set bounds to”; thus to grieve or pain God in this context by doubting and testing the limits of divine power" (1998, 283). Nevertheless, the semantic leap from "make a mark" to "grieve/provoke" requires too large an ellipsis, so a homophonous root, only attested here, appears more likely. Aramaic, indeed, contains this other root, for pael "shudder, be disgusted" (Jastrow 1903, 1651), whose sense is indicated by TgPs here: איתיו תיוהא "they brought astonishment."

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 41

v. 41 – For the the pseudo-coordination of וַיָּשׁ֣וּבוּ וַיְנַסּ֣וּ אֵ֑ל as mono-eventive, see the Symmachuas' καὶ πάλιν ἐπείραζον τὸν θ(εὸν) "and again they tested G[od]" (cf. CEB, CSB, DHH, ESV, EÜ, ELB, NABRE, NASB, NBS, NET, NFC, NIV, NJPS, Luther 2017, PDV, RVC, SG21, TOB, ZÜR).

Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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v. 42

Hebrew	Verse	English
לֹא־זָכְר֥וּ אֶת־יָד֑וֹ	42a	They did not remember his strength;
י֝֗וֹם אֲֽשֶׁר־פָּדָ֥ם מִנִּי־צָֽר׃	42b	[they did not remember] the day in which he saved them from an adversary.

Macula

לֹא־זָכְר֥וּ אֶת־יָד֑וֹ י֝֗וֹם אֲֽשֶׁר־פָּדָ֥ם מִנִּי־צָֽר׃

Preferred

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 42]
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: זָכְרוּ they remembered
            adverb: לֹא not
            Object
              particle: אֶת d.o.m
              Nominal <gloss="his strength">
                ConstructChain 
                  noun: יָד strength
                  suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: זָכְרוּ they remembered <status="elided">
            adverb: לֹא not <status="elided">
            Object
              noun: יוֹם day
              RelativeClause
                RelativeParticle
                  particle: אֲשֶׁר in which
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    verb: פָּד he saved
                    Object
                      suffix-pronoun: ָם them
                    Adverbial
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: מִנִּי from
                        Object
                          noun: צָר adversary 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 42]
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: זָכְרוּ they remembered
            adverb: לֹא not
            Object
              particle: אֶת d.o.m
              Nominal <gloss="his strength">
                ConstructChain 
                  noun: יָד strength
                  suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: זָכְרוּ they remembered <status="elided">
            adverb: לֹא not <status="elided">
            Object
              noun: יוֹם day
              RelativeClause
                RelativeParticle
                  particle: אֲשֶׁר in which
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    verb: פָּד he saved
                    Object
                      suffix-pronoun: ָם them
                    Adverbial
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: מִנִּי from
                        Object
                          noun: צָר adversary

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-42-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 42

v. 42 – Our interpretation of the syntax of this verse is followed by all the ancient versions and most modern translations. A minority of modern translations, however, understand the phrase headed by "day" (יוֹם) as adverbial, providing the time in which they did not remember his show of strength (see, e.g., CSB: "They did not remember his power shown on the day he redeemed them from the foe"; cf. CJB, DHH, NFC).

Lexical Notes

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Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for v. 42

Note for v. 42

Associate with v-42-None

Once again, with the mention of ""day,"" the reference time moves back. The discourse from vv. 42-57b (cf. the lexical parallelism with v. 9) recounts precisely what they ""did not remember"" (v. 42a), though, artfully passes the ""present"" of v. 42, through the wilderness on into the conquest of the promised land, which brings us back to vv. 9-12 in Shiloh. Notice, too, the double 3pl + 3ms in vv. 40, 58. Alternatively, though slightly awkward, לֹא־זָכְר֥וּ of v. 42 might refer to the Ephraimites in vv. 9-12 who ""did not remember.""

Textual Notes

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v. 43

Hebrew	Verse	English
אֲשֶׁר־שָׂ֣ם בְּ֭מִצְרַיִם אֹֽתוֹתָ֑יו	43a	[They did not remember the day] in which he displayed his signs in Egypt
וּ֝מוֹפְתָ֗יו בִּשְׂדֵה־צֹֽעַן׃	43b	and [displayed] his miracles in the region of Zoan—

Macula

אֲשֶׁר־שָׂ֣ם בְּ֭מִצְרַיִם אֹֽתוֹתָ֑יו וּ֝מוֹפְתָ֗יו בִּשְׂדֵה־צֹֽעַן׃

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 43]
  Fragment
    Clause
      Predicate
        verb: זָכְרוּ they remembered <status="elided">
        adverb: לֹא not <status="elided">
        Object
          noun: יוֹם day <status="elided">
          RelativeClause
            RelativeParticle
              particle: אֲשֶׁר in which
            ClauseCluster
              Clause
                Predicate
                  verb: שָׂם he set up >> he displayed
                  Object
                    ConstructChain <gloss="his signs">
                      noun: אֹתוֹתָי signs
                      suffix-pronoun: ו him
                  Adverbial
                    PrepositionalPhrase
                      Preposition
                        preposition: בְּ in
                      Object
                        noun: מִצְרַיִם Egypt
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וּ and
              Clause
                Predicate
                  verb: שָׂם he displayed <status="elided">
                  Object
                    ConstructChain <gloss="his miracles">
                      noun: מוֹפְתָי miracles 
                      suffix-pronoun: ו him
                  Adverbial
                    PrepositionalPhrase
                      Preposition
                        preposition: בִּ in
                      Object
                        ConstructChain
                          noun: שְׂדֵה region
                          noun: צֹעַן Zoan 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 43]
  Fragment
    Clause
      Predicate
        verb: זָכְרוּ they remembered <status="elided">
        adverb: לֹא not <status="elided">
        Object
          noun: יוֹם day <status="elided">
          RelativeClause
            RelativeParticle
              particle: אֲשֶׁר in which
            ClauseCluster
              Clause
                Predicate
                  verb: שָׂם he set up >> he displayed
                  Object
                    ConstructChain <gloss="his signs">
                      noun: אֹתוֹתָי signs
                      suffix-pronoun: ו him
                  Adverbial
                    PrepositionalPhrase
                      Preposition
                        preposition: בְּ in
                      Object
                        noun: מִצְרַיִם Egypt
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וּ and
              Clause
                Predicate
                  verb: שָׂם he displayed <status="elided">
                  Object
                    ConstructChain <gloss="his miracles">
                      noun: מוֹפְתָי miracles 
                      suffix-pronoun: ו him
                  Adverbial
                    PrepositionalPhrase
                      Preposition
                        preposition: בִּ in
                      Object
                        ConstructChain
                          noun: שְׂדֵה region
                          noun: צֹעַן Zoan

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-43-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 43

v. 43 – The use of שָׂם in שָׂ֣ם בְּ֭מִצְרַיִם אֹֽתוֹתָ֑יו is very uncommon. Though some ancient translations follow the apparent sense of the verse with "did," a possible semantic extension can be found in set up >> displayed (cf. the CJB, NIV, NJPS, REB), as we have preferred here.

Phrase-Level

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v. 44

Hebrew	Verse	English
וַיַּהֲפֹ֣ךְ לְ֭דָם יְאֹרֵיהֶ֑ם	44a	how he turned their rivers into blood
וְ֝נֹזְלֵיהֶ֗ם בַּל־יִשְׁתָּיֽוּן׃	44b	and they could not drink [from] their streams.

Macula

וַיַּהֲפֹ֣ךְ לְ֭דָם יְאֹרֵיהֶ֑ם וְ֝נֹזְלֵיהֶ֗ם בַּל־יִשְׁתָּיֽוּן׃

Preferred

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 44]
  Fragment
    particle: וַ how
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יַּהֲפֹךְ he turned
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their rivers">
              noun: יְאֹרֵי rivers
              suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לְ into
              Object
                noun: דָם blood
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יִשְׁתָּיוּן they could drink
          adverb: בַּל not
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="fromtheir streams">
              noun: נֹזְלֵי streams
              suffix-pronoun: הֶם them 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 44]
  Fragment
    particle: וַ how
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יַּהֲפֹךְ he turned
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their rivers">
              noun: יְאֹרֵי rivers
              suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לְ into
              Object
                noun: דָם blood
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יִשְׁתָּיוּן they could drink
          adverb: בַּל not
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="fromtheir streams">
              noun: נֹזְלֵי streams
              suffix-pronoun: הֶם them

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-44-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

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Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for v. 44

Note for v. 44

Associate with v-44-None

This is the only instance of 3mpl yiqtol שׁתה with energic nun (cf. Deut 32:38; Isa 24:9; 62:8; 65:13; Jer 49:12; Ezek 4:16; 12:19; 25:4; 44:21; Amos 2:8; Obad 16; Jonah 3:7; Zeph 1:13; Ps 75:0; Prov 4:17). For the ability modality, see also the CEB, CSB, DHH, EÜ, ESV, ELB, KJV, Luther 2017, NABRE, NASB, NBS, NET, NFC, NIV, PDV, SG21, ZÜR (cf. Ḥakham 1979, 53: וְאֶת מֵימֵיהֶם לֹא יָכְלוּ לִשְׁתּוֹת ""and their waters they were not able to drink""). Alternatively, for a result reading, see the interpretation of the LXX and Jerome's Hebr.: ὅπως μὴ πίωσιν/ut non biberent ""so that they might not drink.""

Note for v. 44

Associate with v-44-None

On the the interpretation of wayyiqtol introducing ""unordered addition"" and elaborative specification, see Khan (forthcoming, Vayyiqṭol, 58-60); cf. 2 Sam 12:8; 1 Kgs 18:13. See also v. 5 above. Here, as in v. 5, the Syr. provides the complementizer ܕ, with the reading ܕܗܦܟ ܢܗܪ̈ܘܬܗܘܢ ܠܕܡܐ ""such that he changed their rivers into blood.""

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v. 45

Hebrew	Verse	English
יְשַׁלַּ֬ח בָּהֶ֣ם עָ֭רֹב וַיֹּאכְלֵ֑ם	45a	He sent a swarm of insects among them and it devoured them;
וּ֝צְפַרְדֵּ֗עַ וַתַּשְׁחִיתֵֽם׃	45b	[he sent] a plague of frogs [among them] and it destroyed them.

Macula

יְשַׁלַּ֬ח בָּהֶ֣ם עָ֭רֹב וַיֹּאכְלֵ֑ם וּ֝צְפַרְדֵּ֗עַ וַתַּשְׁחִיתֵֽם׃

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 45]
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יְשַׁלַּח he sent
          Object
            noun: עָרֹב a swarm of insects
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בָּ among
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וַ and
      Clause
        Predicate 
          verb: יֹּאכְל it devoured
          Object
            suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וּ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יְשַׁלַּח he sent <status="elided">
          Object
            noun: צְפַרְדֵּעַ a frog >> a plague of frogs
          Adverbial <status="elided">
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בָּ among
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וַ and
      Clause
        Predicate 
          verb: תַּשְׁחִית it destroyed
          Object
            suffix-pronoun: ֵם them 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 45]
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יְשַׁלַּח he sent
          Object
            noun: עָרֹב a swarm of insects
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בָּ among
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וַ and
      Clause
        Predicate 
          verb: יֹּאכְל it devoured
          Object
            suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וּ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יְשַׁלַּח he sent <status="elided">
          Object
            noun: צְפַרְדֵּעַ a frog >> a plague of frogs
          Adverbial <status="elided">
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בָּ among
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וַ and
      Clause
        Predicate 
          verb: תַּשְׁחִית it destroyed
          Object
            suffix-pronoun: ֵם them

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-45-None }}

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Lexical Notes

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Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 45

The yiqtol beginning the present verse (as well as vv. 26, 47, 49, 50) are probably best considered archaic preterite functions of the yiqtol (see Notarius 2013; cf. Ḥakham 1979, 53: לשׁון עתיד שׁמשׁמעו לשׁעבר ""in language of the future whose meaning is in the past""). Notarius notes, ""a coherent, non-contradictory, archaic system is not proof of a genuine archaic text. Theoretically, a later writer could stylize the archaic linguistic type without any slips"" (2013, 274), such that the present text may intentionally transport the reader to what the author consider language of the period of the Exodus/Wilderness wanderings. Notice their clause-initial position (cf. Notarius 2013, 280-281) and consistent asyndesis in a psalm full of waw-coordination. Their functional overlap with wayyiqtol is suggested by the scribal tendency to provide the wayyiqtol וַיָּהֲרֹג for the MT's יַהֲרֹג in v. 47 (see below). One could postulate that the functional distinction to be drawn between these yiqtol forms and the wayyiqtol is analogous to the same aspectual effect brought about by the historical present in English (Khan, Long Yiqṭol, 35), though a preterite reading has been preferred here. The lexical prominence brought about by the form may prime the following instance of the verb שׁלח in v. 49.

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v. 46

Hebrew	Verse	English
וַיִּתֵּ֣ן לֶחָסִ֣יל יְבוּלָ֑ם	46a	He gave their crops to young locusts
וִֽ֝יגִיעָ֗ם לָאַרְבֶּֽה׃	46b	and [he gave] the fruit of their labor to locusts.

Macula

וַיִּתֵּ֣ן לֶחָסִ֣יל יְבוּלָ֑ם וִֽ֝יגִיעָ֗ם לָאַרְבֶּֽה׃

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 46]
  Fragment
    particle: וַ and
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate 
          verb: יִּתֵּן he gave
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their crops">
              noun: יְבוּל crops
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial 
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לֶ to
              Object
                Nominal <gloss="young locusts">
                  article: ה the <status="elided">
                  noun: חָסִיל young locust
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וִ and
      Clause
        Predicate 
          verb: נָתַן he gave <status="elided">
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="the fruit of their labor">
              noun: יגִיע fruit of labor
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial 
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ to
              Object
                Nominal <gloss="locusts">
                  article: ה the <status="elided">
                  noun: אַרְבֶּה locust 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 46]
  Fragment
    particle: וַ and
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate 
          verb: יִּתֵּן he gave
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their crops">
              noun: יְבוּל crops
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial 
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לֶ to
              Object
                Nominal <gloss="young locusts">
                  article: ה the <status="elided">
                  noun: חָסִיל young locust
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וִ and
      Clause
        Predicate 
          verb: נָתַן he gave <status="elided">
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="the fruit of their labor">
              noun: יגִיע fruit of labor
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial 
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ to
              Object
                Nominal <gloss="locusts">
                  article: ה the <status="elided">
                  noun: אַרְבֶּה locust

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-46-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 46

v. 46 – While there are a number of other appearances of חָסִיל in the Bible (see 1 Kgs 8:27 / 2 Chr 6:28; Isa 33:4; Joel 1:4; 2:25), its "exact meaning [is] unknown; probably: juvenile form of locust" (SDBH). Similarly, HALOT (337) claims it is a "certain stage in life cycle of locust."</ref>The Greek translations contain ἐρυσίβη "rust" (LXX), μυζητής (Symmachus) "caterpillar," and βροῦκος (Aquila) "a locust, or its wingless larva" (LSJ, 331) = Hebr. brucho. Syr. has ܩܡܨܐ "locust," and TgPs זחלא "type of locust" (CAL).</ref>

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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Add Exegetical Note

v. 47

Hebrew	Verse	English
יַהֲרֹ֣ג בַּבָּרָ֣ד גַּפְנָ֑ם	47a	He killed their vines with hail
וְ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ֗ם בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל׃	47b	and [he killed] their sycamore trees with frost.

Macula

יַהֲרֹ֣ג בַּבָּרָ֣ד גַּפְנָ֑ם וְ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ֗ם בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל׃

Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 47]
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יַהֲרֹג he killed
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their vines">
              noun: גַּפְנ vine
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בַּ with
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: בָּרָד hail
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יַהֲרֹג he killed <status="elided">
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their sycamore trees">
              noun: שִׁקְמוֹת sycamore trees
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בַּ with
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: חֲנָמַל frost 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 47]
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יַהֲרֹג he killed
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their vines">
              noun: גַּפְנ vine
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בַּ with
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: בָּרָד hail
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יַהֲרֹג he killed <status="elided">
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their sycamore trees">
              noun: שִׁקְמוֹת sycamore trees
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בַּ with
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: חֲנָמַל frost

Copy to display elsewhere

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-47-None }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 47

v. 47 – Even though "kill" with sounds a bit strange with "vine," the literal sense has been maintained in our preferred gloss—rather than something which may sound more natural, such as "destroyed"—as the choice of הרג by the poet is intentional and stresses the living nature of "their crops" (v. 46) as integral to the Egyptians' livelihood.

Note for V. 47

v. 47 –The word גֶּפֶן is always found in the singular, even when modified by plural quantifiers (see, e.g., אֶ֥לֶף גֶּ֖פֶן "a thousand vines" in Isa 7:23). Since the form is ambiguous between a singular and plural reference, context is determinative. In the present case, the denotation of all the vines of Egypt, and the parallel with the plural וְ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ֗ם "and their sycamore trees" support the plural interpretation (see also Jerome's Hebr., Syr., and TgPs).

Note for V. 47

v. 47 – The word חֲנָמַל only occurs here in the Bible, for which the ancient versions vary from either "frost," or "locust/worm/larva." Because of the parallelism with the first line, the former interpretation has been preferred here (though a closer, lexically unwarranted, parallelism providing the sense of "floods" should be avoided—for which, see, e.g., CSB, ELB, NET, NVC, REB, ZÜR).

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for Vv. 47-48

vv. 47-48 – The articles on בַּבָּרָ֣ד, בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל, לַבָּרָ֣ד and לָרְשָׁפִֽים are those of kind-reference (Bekins, forthcoming §2.1); cf the French versions, e.g., TOB: "Il ravage leurs vignes par la grêle, leurs sycomores par le gel; Il abandonne leur bétail aux grêlons, leurs troupeaux à la foudre."

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for v. 47

Note for v. 47

Associate with v-47-None

For the scribal tendency to understand this verb as part of the chain from vv. 44-48, see the wayyiqtol ויהרג in JTS 611, 631, and BL Or 1477. Ḥakham comments, עתיד שׁמשׁמעו עבר ""future whose meaning is past"" (1979, 54).

Textual Notes

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Add Exegetical Note

v. 48

Hebrew	Verse	English
וַיַּסְגֵּ֣ר לַבָּרָ֣ד בְּעִירָ֑ם	48a	He gave their livestock over to hail
וּ֝מִקְנֵיהֶ֗ם לָרְשָׁפִֽים׃	48b	and [he gave] their herds [over] to lightning.

Macula

וַיַּסְגֵּ֣ר לַבָּרָ֣ד בְּעִירָ֑ם וּ֝מִקְנֵיהֶ֗ם לָרְשָׁפִֽים׃

Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 48]
  Fragment
    particle: וַ and 
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יַּסְגֵּר he shut >> gave over
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their livestock">
              noun: בְּעִיר livestock
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לַ to
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: בָּרָד hail
          Adverbial <status="alternative">
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לַ to
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: דֶּבֶר pestilence <status="emendation">
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וּ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הִסְגִּיר he gave over <status="elided">
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their herds">
              noun: מִקְנֵי herds
              suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ to
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: רְשָׁפִים lightning 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 48]
  Fragment
    particle: וַ and 
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יַּסְגֵּר he shut >> gave over
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their livestock">
              noun: בְּעִיר livestock
              suffix-pronoun: ָם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לַ to
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: בָּרָד hail
          Adverbial <status="alternative">
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לַ to
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: דֶּבֶר pestilence <status="emendation">
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וּ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הִסְגִּיר he gave over <status="elided">
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="their herds">
              noun: מִקְנֵי herds
              suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לָ to
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: רְשָׁפִים lightning

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-48-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 48

For the alternative emendation דֶּבֶר "pestilence" in place of the MT's בָּרָד, see Symmachus' τοῦ ἐκδόντος λοιμῷ τὰ κτὴνη αὐτῶν "giving their cattle to pestilence," along with a couple of Hebrew manuscripts (see VTH, vol 4, 305; de-Rossi, Variae Lectiones, vol 4, 54.). This is, however, probably a harmonization with וְ֝חַיָּתָ֗ם לַדֶּ֥בֶר הִסְגִּֽיר in v. 50.

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 48

v. 48 – The word רֶשֶׁף appears seven times in the Bible and has received numerous interpretations. The two major positions seem to be those of a generic plague, and flames of light, i.e., lightning.

• The "plague" reading is probably due to the parallel appearance of קֶטֶב in Deut 32:24 and דֶּבֶר in Hab 3:5. In the latter case there is evidence for the tradition of the "plague god" Rašap (see HALOT) in the Vulgate's diabolus. Deut 32:24, on the other hand, reads "birds" in the LXX, Vulgate and Targum Onkelos.

• "Birds" are also attested in our present verse​ in Aquila and Symmachus, while Shemot Rabbah (12) makes the explicit connection to the בְנֵי־רֶ֝֗שֶׁף in Job 5:7, which it interprets as birds, stating, "What is 'and their livestock lareshafim? These are birds, as it is stated: 'As the sparks [uvnei reshef] fly upward' (Job 5:7).

• "Flame/flashes" seem to be the most likely reading:

– The other instances of the word are in construct with קֶשֶׁת and אֵשׁ (see Ps 76:4, רִשְׁפֵי־קָ֑שֶׁת and Song 8:6, רְשָׁפֶ֕יהָ רִשְׁפֵּ֕י אֵ֖שׁ).

– Radak's Sefer HaShorashim offers a semantic map neatly organized around the idea of "coals" (ענין הכל גחלים), though Job 5:7 probably refers to "sparks" (הניצוצות), Deut 34:24 as a plague which results in heat, i.e., fever (חולי החמימות שהוא ברשף) as the connection to "fire." Unfortunately, he mentions every other instance except our verse.

– Once again, we must draw upon context and the parallel line, which speaks of hail. Something coming from the sky which resembles fire most likely refers to lightning.

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 48

v. 48 – The לְ prepositional complement of hiphil סגר is one of direction/recipient, in this case with verbs of "surrendering, handing over" (Jenni 2000, 88); cf. also vv. 50, 62.

Other notes for v. 48

Note for Vv. 47-48

Associate with v-48-None

vv. 47-48 – The articles on בַּבָּרָ֣ד, בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל, לַבָּרָ֣ד and לָרְשָׁפִֽים are those of kind-reference (Bekins, forthcoming §2.1); cf the French versions, e.g., TOB: "Il ravage leurs vignes par la grêle, leurs sycomores par le gel; Il abandonne leur bétail aux grêlons, leurs troupeaux à la foudre."

Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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Add Exegetical Note

v. 49

Hebrew	Verse	English
יְשַׁלַּח־בָּ֨ם ׀ חֲר֬וֹן אַפּ֗וֹ	49a	He sent among them the wrath of his anger:
עֶבְרָ֣ה וָזַ֣עַם וְצָרָ֑ה	49b	fury and indignation and trouble,
מִ֝שְׁלַ֗חַת מַלְאֲכֵ֥י רָעִֽים׃	49c	by a deputation of angels bringing disaster.

Macula

יְשַׁלַּח־בָּ֨ם ׀ חֲר֬וֹן אַפּ֗וֹ עֶבְרָ֣ה וָזַ֣עַם וְצָרָ֑ה מִ֝שְׁלַ֗חַת מַלְאֲכֵ֥י רָעִֽים׃

Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 49]
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: יְשַׁלַּח he sent
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בָּ among
                Object
                  Nominal
                    suffix-pronoun: ם them
            Adverbial
              Nominal <gloss="by a deputation of angels bringing disaster">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: מִשְׁלַחַת a sending >> deputation
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: מַלְאֲכֵי angels
                    noun: רָעִים disastrous events
            Object
              Apposition
                Nominal <gloss="the wrath of his anger">
                  ConstructChain 
                    noun: חֲרוֹן wrath
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: אַפּ anger
                      suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
                Nominal 
                  Nominal
                    noun: עֶבְרָה fury
                  Conjunction
                    conjunction: וָ and
                  Nominal
                    noun: זַעַם indignation
                  Conjunction
                    conjunction: וְ and
                  Nominal
                    noun: צָרָה trouble 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 49]
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: יְשַׁלַּח he sent
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בָּ among
                Object
                  Nominal
                    suffix-pronoun: ם them
            Adverbial
              Nominal <gloss="by a deputation of angels bringing disaster">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: מִשְׁלַחַת a sending >> deputation
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: מַלְאֲכֵי angels
                    noun: רָעִים disastrous events
            Object
              Apposition
                Nominal <gloss="the wrath of his anger">
                  ConstructChain 
                    noun: חֲרוֹן wrath
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: אַפּ anger
                      suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
                Nominal 
                  Nominal
                    noun: עֶבְרָה fury
                  Conjunction
                    conjunction: וָ and
                  Nominal
                    noun: זַעַם indignation
                  Conjunction
                    conjunction: וְ and
                  Nominal
                    noun: צָרָה trouble

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-49-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 49

The alternative emendation מַלְאָכִים for the construct מַלְאֲכֵ֥י is found in Kennicott 538 (see VTH, vol 4, 375). It may be that the ancient versions reflect such a reading, too (see, e.g., διʼ ἀγγέλων πονηρῶν "through wicked angels"; angelorum malorum, etc.), though this rendering is also a valid interpretation of the construct phrase מַלְאֲכֵ֥י רָעִֽים entity-characteristic (so "messengers of evil ones" >> "messengers of [carrying out] evils"). Similarly, GKC (§128w) notes the common construction (cf. מֵ֥י מָ֝לֵ֗א in Ps 73:10 and לִ֭שְׁמָרְךָ מֵאֵ֣שֶׁת רָ֑ע in Prov 6:24).

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 49

v. 49 – Rather than a deviation from SDBH's "anger, wrath," the gloss "indignation" (so BDB, DCH) has been provided for זַעַם to vary from the preceding the "wrath of his anger" (חֲר֬וֹן אַפּ֗וֹ).

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 49

v. 49 – The construct chain חֲר֬וֹן אַפּ֗וֹ is probably best understood as entity-cause/origin, i.e., the wrath that came about because of / out of his anger.

Note for v. 49

v. 49 – In this verse, only the sequence עֶבְרָ֣ה וָזַ֣עַם וְצָרָ֑ה, i.e., the second poetic line of the verse, contains the waw conjunction (apart from one medieval manuscript, reading ומשלחת for the beginning of the third line; see VTH vol 4., 375). It is possible that the prosodic pause between poetic lines was sufficient to distinguish this list of nominals, though the asyndesis (lack of conjunction) may also be interpreted as elaboration/explication, as the CSB's "He sent his burning anger against them: fury, indignation, and calamity— a band of deadly messengers," (cf. CEB, TOB) or TgPs's דמשתלחן בעידן בידיהון דאזגדין בישין "which was sent by the hands of evil messengers" (Stec 2004, 153); a comitative relationship, such as the RVC's "con un ejército de ángeles destructores" or one of means, as the KJV's "He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, wrath, and indignation, and trouble, by sending evil angels among them," the DHH's "como mensajeros de calamidades," and the NET's "His raging anger lashed out against them. He sent fury, rage, and trouble as messengers who bring disaster." It seems plausible, then, that the first asyndesis indicates elaboration/explication, while the second communicates the means by which God's "fury and indignation and trouble" was manifested.

Note for v. 49

v. 49 – For the construct relationship מַלְאֲכֵ֥י רָעִֽים as entity-characteristic, see the grammar notes.

Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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Add Exegetical Note

v. 50

Hebrew	Verse	English
יְפַלֵּ֥ס נָתִ֗יב לְאַ֫פּ֥וֹ	50a	He cleared a path for his anger;
לֹא־חָשַׂ֣ךְ מִמָּ֣וֶת נַפְשָׁ֑ם	50b	he did not spare their soul from death
וְ֝חַיָּתָ֗ם לַדֶּ֥בֶר הִסְגִּֽיר׃	50c	but gave their life over to plague.

Macula

יְפַלֵּ֥ס נָתִ֗יב לְאַ֫פּ֥וֹ לֹא־חָשַׂ֣ךְ מִמָּ֣וֶת נַפְשָׁ֑ם וְ֝חַיָּתָ֗ם לַדֶּ֥בֶר הִסְגִּֽיר׃

Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 50]
  Fragment
    Clause
      Predicate
        verb: יְפַלֵּס he made level >> he cleared
        Object
          Nominal
            noun: נָתִיב path
            Adjectival
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לְ for
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="his anger">
                    noun: אַפּ anger
                    suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: חָשַׂךְ he spared
          adverb: לֹא not
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: מִ from
              Object
                noun: מָּוֶת death
          Object
            Nominal <gloss="their soul">
              ConstructChain 
                noun: נַפְשׁ soul
                suffix-pronoun: ָם them
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ but
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הִסְגִּיר he shut >> gave over
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לַ to
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: דֶּבֶר plague
          Object
            Nominal <gloss="their life">
              ConstructChain 
                noun: חַיָּת life
                suffix-pronoun: ָם them 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 50]
  Fragment
    Clause
      Predicate
        verb: יְפַלֵּס he made level >> he cleared
        Object
          Nominal
            noun: נָתִיב path
            Adjectival
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לְ for
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="his anger">
                    noun: אַפּ anger
                    suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: חָשַׂךְ he spared
          adverb: לֹא not
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: מִ from
              Object
                noun: מָּוֶת death
          Object
            Nominal <gloss="their soul">
              ConstructChain 
                noun: נַפְשׁ soul
                suffix-pronoun: ָם them
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ but
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הִסְגִּיר he shut >> gave over
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לַ to
              Object
                Nominal
                  article: ה <status="elided">
                  noun: דֶּבֶר plague
          Object
            Nominal <gloss="their life">
              ConstructChain 
                noun: חַיָּת life
                suffix-pronoun: ָם them

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-50-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 50

v. 50 – Note that a number of ancient versions read "death" for the MT's לַדֶּ֥בֶר "pestilence." A grammatical alternative has not been provided, however, as it is not clear how this could arise from a textual issue, and is, in all likelihood, interpretive.

Lexical Notes

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Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for v. 50

Note for v. 50

Associate with v-50-None

Once again (cf. vv. 26, 45, 47), Ḥakham opines, ׳יְפַלֵּט׳ עדית במשׁמעות עבר ""future with the meaning of past"" (1979, 55).

Textual Notes

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Add Exegetical Note

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Appendix

Files

Diagrams

Notes

• Grammar.V. 1.142421
• Grammar.V. 10.856105
• Grammar.V. 11.741627
• Grammar.V. 12.885665
• Grammar.V. 17.600763
• Grammar.V. 2.200143
• Grammar.V. 24.142971
• Grammar.V. 28.567213
• Grammar.V. 28.666161
• Grammar.V. 32.760091
• Grammar.V. 34.837458
• Grammar.V. 36.822732
• Grammar.V. 39.7727
• Grammar.V. 3a.555136
• Grammar.V. 41.706414
• Grammar.V. 49.683964
• Grammar.V. 50.51497
• Grammar.V. 9.179548
• Grammar.V. 9.257459
• Grammar.Vv. 13-14.484033
• Grammar.Vv. 15.425807
• Grammar.Vv. 3-4.239598
• Grammar.Vv. 47-48.833138
• Grammar.Vv. 5-8.672193
• Grammar.v. 12.333926
• Grammar.v. 12.628604
• Grammar.v. 31.624770
• Grammar.v. 33.270054
• Grammar.v. 42.464194
• Grammar.v. 51.975339
• Grammar.v. 54.993969
• Grammar.v. 55.588213
• Grammar.v. 56.855625
• Grammar.v. 60.389634
• Grammar.v. 64.710118
• Grammar.v. 68.327932
• Grammar.v. 69.814644
• Grammar.v. 69.833981
• Grammar.v. 69a.64577
• Grammar.v. 69b.665636
• Grammar.v. 71.289893
• Grammar.v. 72.315425
• Grammar.v. 8.676290
• Grammar.vv. 21-22.268361
• Grammar.vv. 63-64.711824
• Grammar.vv. 71.447591
• Grammar.vv. 72.9098
• Lexical.V. 13.417473
• Lexical.V. 16.951919
• Lexical.V. 28.690178
• Lexical.V. 29.39767
• Lexical.V. 33.439894
• Lexical.V. 34.227161
• Lexical.V. 40.321522
• Lexical.V. 41.576410
• Lexical.V. 46.253400
• Lexical.V. 47.526706
• Lexical.V. 47.816095
• Lexical.V. 47.870775
• Lexical.V. 48.50141
• Lexical.V. 51.729929
• Lexical.v. 12.715237
• Lexical.v. 15.330857
• Lexical.v. 20.300801
• Lexical.v. 25.480527
• Lexical.v. 31.846026
• Lexical.v. 32.620497
• Lexical.v. 36.655733
• Lexical.v. 39.360776
• Lexical.v. 43.943291
• Lexical.v. 49.367959
• Lexical.v. 54.935896
• Lexical.v. 55.605314
• Lexical.v. 57.320703
• Lexical.v. 57.885972
• Lexical.v. 61.391700
• Lexical.v. 64.201697
• Lexical.v. 65.579388
• Lexical.v. 66.240586
• Lexical.v. 67.998731
• Lexical.v. 7.172068
• Lexical.v. 7.568462
• Lexical.v. 8.623278
• Lexical.vv. 21-22.146086
• Lexical.vv. 21-22.547752
• Lexical.vv. 21-22.997862
• Lexical.vv. 67-70.495489
• Phrasal.V. 14.778101
• Phrasal.V. 14.863017
• Phrasal.V. 14.909224
• Phrasal.V. 15.402091
• Phrasal.V. 16.305229
• Phrasal.V. 27.17093
• Phrasal.V. 27.518179
• Phrasal.V. 28.435429
• Phrasal.V. 33.607554
• Phrasal.V. 34.379869
• Phrasal.V. 36.750609
• Phrasal.V. 37.208950
• Phrasal.V. 37.531292
• Phrasal.V. 38.185771
• Phrasal.V. 40.280869
• Phrasal.V. 40.282367
• Phrasal.V. 41.553378
• Phrasal.V. 48.574563
• Phrasal.V. 51.328780
• Phrasal.V. 52.774916
• Phrasal.Vv. 47-48.492276
• Phrasal.v. 1.257490
• Phrasal.v. 1.364985
• Phrasal.v. 1.972397
• Phrasal.v. 17.102829
• Phrasal.v. 18.194438
• Phrasal.v. 18.647429
• Phrasal.v. 18.701760
• Phrasal.v. 19.896591
• Phrasal.v. 21.487450
• Phrasal.v. 23.828593
• Phrasal.v. 25.702859
• Phrasal.v. 31.565370
• Phrasal.v. 31.576392
• Phrasal.v. 32.50711
• Phrasal.v. 4.812844
• Phrasal.v. 49.450759
• Phrasal.v. 49.539766
• Phrasal.v. 49.837046
• Phrasal.v. 53.508578
• Phrasal.v. 54.394670
• Phrasal.v. 54.406757
• Phrasal.v. 55.444873
• Phrasal.v. 56.464655
• Phrasal.v. 59.161082
• Phrasal.v. 6.549203
• Phrasal.v. 61.788735
• Phrasal.v. 62.979755
• Phrasal.v. 65.80060
• Phrasal.v. 66.323089
• Phrasal.v. 67.189623
• Phrasal.v. 68.327781
• Phrasal.v. 7.624387
• Phrasal.v. 71.680895
• Phrasal.v. 8.323896
• Phrasal.v. 8.795349
• Phrasal.v. 9.235459
• Phrasal.vv. 67-70.887990
• Verbal.v. 11.221785
• Verbal.v. 11.602994
• Verbal.v. 14.20316
• Verbal.v. 15.537593
• Verbal.v. 16.243383
• Verbal.v. 19.593594
• Verbal.v. 20.332525
• Verbal.v. 20.612891
• Verbal.v. 26.281939
• Verbal.v. 29.433596
• Verbal.v. 34.194556
• Verbal.v. 34.356921
• Verbal.v. 35.130232
• Verbal.v. 35.617378
• Verbal.v. 36.17007
• Verbal.v. 36.693195
• Verbal.v. 38.25018
• Verbal.v. 38.328430
• Verbal.v. 39.364644
• Verbal.v. 40.206902
• Verbal.v. 42.858505
• Verbal.v. 44.344645
• Verbal.v. 44.877767
• Verbal.v. 45.22417
• Verbal.v. 47.389324
• Verbal.v. 5.221241
• Verbal.v. 5.824316
• Verbal.v. 50.835859
• Verbal.v. 52.981991
• Verbal.v. 55.239545
• Verbal.v. 56.999975
• Verbal.v. 58.207498
• Verbal.v. 59.350387
• Verbal.v. 60.867341
• Verbal.v. 63.872558
• Verbal.v. 64.349655
• Verbal.v. 65.226504
• Verbal.v. 65.889728
• Verbal.v. 67.885880
• Verbal.v. 68.676677
• Verbal.v. 68.770748
• Verbal.v. 69.462163
• Verbal.v. 70.863288
• Verbal.v. 72.113137
• Verbal.v. 72.119478
• Verbal.v. 8.109937
• Verbal.v. 8.776243
• Verbal.v. 9.357559
• Verbal.v. 9.551787
• Verbal.vv. 21-22.112518
• Verbal.vv. 71-72.907824

Approvals

Current Grammar status is not set for version not set. Current Lexical status is not set for version not set.

• Approve Grammar as version 1.1
• Approve Lexical as version 1.0

References