Psalm 78/Diagrams/1
v. 1
הַאֲזִ֣ינָה עַ֭מִּי תּוֹרָתִ֑י
הַטּ֥וּ אָ֝זְנְכֶ֗ם לְאִמְרֵי־פִֽי׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
Fragment
Nominal
noun: מַשְׂכִּיל maskil
Fragment
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ by
Object
noun: אָסָף Asaph
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="my people">
noun: עַמּ people
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַאֲזִינָה listen to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my teaching">
noun: תּוֹרָת teaching
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַטּוּ turn
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your ear">
noun: אָזְנְ ear
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
Object <status="alternative emendation">
ConstructChain
noun: אָזְנֵי ears
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="words of my mouth">
noun: אִמְרֵי words
ConstructChain
noun: פ mouth
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-1-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for V. 1
For alternative plural "ears" see Kennicott 73, 74, 76, 133, 172, 192, 266 (VTH vol. 4, 373), אזניכם, as well as TgPss (אודניכון) and the Syr. (ܐ̈ܕܢܝܟܘܢ). 11Q6, however, lacks any sign of the plural yod, with אוזנכמה. Although the semantic result is plural "ears" in any case— indicated by plural addressees—it is not unheard of to refer to a group's hearing with a singular collective (see also Isa 55:3; Jer 9:19; 25:4; 35:15).
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 1
v. 1 לְאָ֫סָ֥ף – As is typical in the superscriptions of the Psalms, the ל preceding a proper noun indicates authorship (see, e.g., the arguments in https://psalms.scriptura.org/w/Ledavid). In the present case, however, it is both possible that Asaph the individual was the author (see his mention among the singers Heman and Ethan in 1 Chr 15:17—cf. Pss 88, 89) or one of the Asaphite school of Levitical musicians later in the First Temple period.
Note for v. 1
v. 1 עַ֭מִּי – As relationship-possessor, עַ֭מִּי does not specify the possessor of the people, but rather the psalmist belongs to the people and thus expresses solidarity with them, as brought out in the shift to first-person plural in vv. 3-4. Nevertheless, הַאֲזִ֣ינָה עַ֭מִּי תּוֹרָתִ֑י echoes the Song of Moses (cf. הַאֲזִ֥ינוּ ... אִמְרֵי־פִֽי in Deut 32:1) and thus gives the psalmist a certain authority.
Note for v. 1
v. 1 – The collocation of the verb נטה with אֹזֶן, "bend your ear," is an idiom which amounts to a similar meaning as the preceding parallel verb, "listen" (the latter of which, הַאֲזִ֣ינָה, is also derived from the root √אזן, "ear"); see also Pss 17:6; 31:3; 45:11; 49:5; 71:2; 86:1; 88:3; 102:3 and 116:2.
Verbal Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 2
אַבִּ֥יעָה חִ֝יד֗וֹת מִנִּי־קֶֽדֶם׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶפְתְּחָה let me open
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my mouth">
noun: פ mouth
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ with
Object
noun: מָשָׁל parable
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אַבִּיעָה let me pour out
Object
Apposition
Nominal
noun: חִידוֹת puzzling problems
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִנִּי from
Object
noun: קֶדֶם ancient times >> long ago
RelativeClause <status="alternative">
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we heard
Object <located="relative clause head">
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֵּדָע we learned
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors">
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: סִפְּרוּ told
Object <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Nominal <status="alternative">
noun: <status="elided">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we heard
Object <located="relative clause head">
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֵּדָע we learned
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors">
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: סִפְּרוּ told
Object <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶפְתְּחָה let me open
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my mouth">
noun: פ mouth
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ with
Object
noun: מָשָׁל parable
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אַבִּיעָה let me pour out
Object
Apposition
Nominal
noun: חִידוֹת puzzling problems
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִנִּי from
Object
noun: קֶדֶם ancient times >> long ago
RelativeClause <status="alternative">
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we heard
Object <located="relative clause head">
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֵּדָע we learned
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors">
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: סִפְּרוּ told
Object <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Nominal <status="alternative">
noun: <status="elided">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we heard
Object <located="relative clause head">
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֵּדָע we learned
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors">
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: סִפְּרוּ told
Object <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-2-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for V. 2
If there was any doubt that מִנִּי־קֶֽדֶם modifies חִ֝יד֗וֹת, both the Syr. and TgPss provides the relative particle "which are from of old."[1]
Despite the gender disagreement, under this alternative reading of the relative clause in v. 3, חִ֝יד֗וֹת would be best read as the antecedent of the suffix on וַנֵּדָעֵ֑ם.
The second alternative position is in apposition to the "riddles of old," as a headless relative clause. Such an interpretation is illustrated by the CSB: "I will speak mysteries from the past—things we have heard and known and that our ancestors have passed down to us" (cf. ESV, NABRE, NIV, NJPS).
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
vv. 3-4
וַ֝אֲבוֹתֵ֗ינוּ סִפְּרוּ־לָֽנוּ׃
לֹ֤א נְכַחֵ֨ד ׀ מִבְּנֵיהֶ֗ם לְד֥וֹר אַחֲר֗וֹן
מְֽ֭סַפְּרִים תְּהִלּ֣וֹת יְהוָ֑ה
וֶעֱזוּז֥וֹ וְ֝נִפְלְאוֹתָ֗יו אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָֽׂה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 3-4]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נְכַחֵד we will hide
verb: נִכְחַד it is hidden <status="alternative revocalization"
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
Nominal <gloss="their children">
ConstructChain
noun: בְּנֵי children
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ in
Object
noun: דוֹר generation
adjective: אַחֲרוֹן latest
Object
Nominal
noun: <status="elided">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר that which
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we heard
Object <located="relative clause head">
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֵּדָע we learned
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Subject
Nominal <gloss="our ancestors">
ConstructChain
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: סִפְּרוּ told
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: מְסַפְּרִים proclaiming
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: דוֹר generation
adjective: אַחֲרוֹן next
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: תְּהִלּוֹת praiseworthy deeds
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וֶ and
Nominal <gloss="his power">
ConstructChain
noun: עֱזוּז power
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal <gloss="his wonderful deeds which he has accomplished">
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: נִפְלְאוֹתָי wonderful deeds
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
Clause
Predicate
verb: עָשָׂה he has accomplished
suffix-pronoun: ו him
DiscourseUnit [vv. 3-4]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נְכַחֵד we will hide
verb: נִכְחַד it is hidden <status="alternative revocalization"
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
Nominal <gloss="their children">
ConstructChain
noun: בְּנֵי children
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ in
Object
noun: דוֹר generation
adjective: אַחֲרוֹן latest
Object
Nominal
noun: <status="elided">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר that which
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we heard
Object <located="relative clause head">
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֵּדָע we learned
Object
suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Subject
Nominal <gloss="our ancestors">
ConstructChain
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: סִפְּרוּ told
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: מְסַפְּרִים proclaiming
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: דוֹר generation
adjective: אַחֲרוֹן next
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: תְּהִלּוֹת praiseworthy deeds
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וֶ and
Nominal <gloss="his power">
ConstructChain
noun: עֱזוּז power
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal <gloss="his wonderful deeds which he has accomplished">
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: נִפְלְאוֹתָי wonderful deeds
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
Clause
Predicate
verb: עָשָׂה he has accomplished
suffix-pronoun: ו him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=vv-3-4-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for Vv. 3-4
For our preferred headless relative clause of v. 3 as subordinate to the main clause in v. 4a, see the NET: "What we have heard and learned—that which our ancestors have told us—we will not hide from their descendants" (cf. DHH, SG21, TOB and the German versions; cf. Delitzsch 1871, 356), as well as the LXX.[2] This syntax has also been preferred in light of the person shift from first singular to the body of the חִ֝יד֗וֹת in vv. 3ff, recounted in the first plural.
The alternative revocalized niphal represents the LXX's passive, "It was not hidden from their children"; cf. the REB).[3]
The alternative placement of לְד֥וֹר אַחֲר֗וֹן follows translations understanding the phrase to belong to the following participial clause (as most English versions, and the Syr., with its finite verb: "so that we might not hide them from their children, but relate to another generation..."; Taylor 2020, 313).[4] The preferred reading, however, is evident in the Douay-Rheims translation of the Vulgate: "They have not been hidden from their children, in another generation,"[5] and the poetic line division of the LXX, as explicit in Sinaiticus and followed by Rahlfs. For other instances of participles functioning as predicative complements, as מְסַפְּרִים here, see also Judg 19:22; 1 Sam 17:19.
Note for V. 3a
Another possibility is to read אֲשֶׁ֣ר as a headless relative particle (as the preferred interpretation below), though with וַנֵּדָעֵ֑ם as the main clause. Such is found in the Syr. ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܫܡܥܢ ܝܕܥܢ ܐܢܝܢ ("we know those things that we have heard," Taylor 2020, 313), and would result in a hanging topic left-dislocation of the relativized content, in light of the waw on וַנֵּדָעֵ֑ם consistently attested in Hebrew manuscripts. This is not impossible, but the relative content containing all of v. 3 has been preferred (see below).
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 4
v. 4 תְּהִלּ֣וֹת יְהוָ֑ה – As indicated by the gloss "praiseworthy deeds" (SDBH), YHWH is the agent of these deeds, rather than the recipient of praise, as made clear by the following phrases וֶעֱזוּז֥וֹ וְ֝נִפְלְאוֹתָ֗יו אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָֽׂה.
Verbal Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 3a - alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [Syr. alt. v. 3a]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֵּדָע we learned
Object
Apposition
suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
Nominal
noun: <status="elided">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we heard
Object <located="relative clause head">
DiscourseUnit [Syr. alt. v. 3a]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֵּדָע we learned
Object
Apposition
suffix-pronoun: ֵם them
Nominal
noun: <status="elided">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we heard
Object <located="relative clause head">
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-3a-alternative }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Note for Vv. 3-4
For our preferred headless relative clause of v. 3 as subordinate to the main clause in v. 4a, see the NET: "What we have heard and learned—that which our ancestors have told us—we will not hide from their descendants" (cf. DHH, SG21, TOB and the German versions; cf. Delitzsch 1871, 356), as well as the LXX.[6] This syntax has also been preferred in light of the person shift from first singular to the body of the חִ֝יד֗וֹת in vv. 3ff, recounted in the first plural.
The alternative revocalized niphal represents the LXX's passive, "It was not hidden from their children"; cf. the REB).[7]
The alternative placement of לְד֥וֹר אַחֲר֗וֹן follows translations understanding the phrase to belong to the following participial clause (as most English versions, and the Syr., with its finite verb: "so that we might not hide them from their children, but relate to another generation..."; Taylor 2020, 313).[8] The preferred reading, however, is evident in the Douay-Rheims translation of the Vulgate: "They have not been hidden from their children, in another generation,"[9] and the poetic line division of the LXX, as explicit in Sinaiticus and followed by Rahlfs. For other instances of participles functioning as predicative complements, as מְסַפְּרִים here, see also Judg 19:22; 1 Sam 17:19.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
vv. 5-8
וְתוֹרָה֮ שָׂ֤ם בְּיִשְׂרָ֫אֵ֥ל
אֲשֶׁ֣ר צִ֭וָּה אֶת־אֲבוֹתֵ֑ינוּ
לְ֝הוֹדִיעָ֗ם לִבְנֵיהֶֽם׃
לְמַ֤עַן יֵדְע֨וּ ׀ דּ֣וֹר אַ֭חֲרוֹן
בָּנִ֣ים יִוָּלֵ֑דוּ
יָ֝קֻ֗מוּ וִֽיסַפְּר֥וּ לִבְנֵיהֶֽם׃
וְיָשִׂ֥ימוּ בֵֽאלֹהִ֗ים כִּ֫סְלָ֥ם
וְלֹ֣א יִ֭שְׁכְּחוּ מַֽעַלְלֵי־אֵ֑ל
וּמִצְוֺתָ֥יו יִנְצֹֽרוּ׃
וְלֹ֤א יִהְי֨וּ ׀ כַּאֲבוֹתָ֗ם
דּוֹר֮ סוֹרֵ֪ר וּמֹ֫רֶ֥ה
דּ֭וֹר לֹא־הֵכִ֣ין לִבּ֑וֹ
וְלֹא־נֶאֶמְנָ֖ה אֶת־אֵ֣ל רוּחֽוֹ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 5-8]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָּקֶם he established
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ among
Object
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Object
noun: עֵדוּת a testimony
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׂם he set up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ among
Object
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
Object
noun: תוֹרָה teaching
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
Clause
Predicate
verb: צִוָּה he commanded
Object <located="relative clause head">
SecondObject
particle: אֶת d.o.m
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors">
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
Clause
Predicate
ConstructChain
verb-infinitive: הוֹדִיע teach
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their children">
noun: בְנֵי children
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: לְמַעַן so that
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
noun: בָּנִים children
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: who
Clause
Subject <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
verb: יִוָּלֵדוּ would be born
Nominal
noun: דּוֹר generation
adjective: אַחֲרוֹן latest
Predicate
verb: יֵדְעוּ might know
Clause
Subject <status="alternative">
Nominal
noun: בָּנִים sons
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: who
Clause
Subject <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
verb: יִוָּלֵדוּ would be born
Predicate <gloss="they might begin to tell their children">
Predicate
verb: יָקֻמוּ they might arise
Conjunction
conjunction: וִ and
Predicate
verb: יסַפְּרוּ tell
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְנֵי children
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָשִׂימוּ they might put
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בֵ in
Object
noun: אלֹהִים God
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their trust">
noun: כִּסְל trust
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִשְׁכְּחוּ they might forget
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מַעַלְלֵי deeds
noun: אֵל God
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִנְצֹרוּ they will obey
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his commands">
noun: מִצְוֹתָי commands
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִהְיוּ they will be
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ like
Object
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="their ancestors">
Nominal
noun: אֲבוֹת ancestors
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Nominal
noun: דּוֹר generation
Adjectival
verb-participle: סוֹרֵר stubborn
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
verb-participle: מֹרֶה rebellious
Nominal
noun: דּוֹר generation
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: who
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הֵכִין make steadfast >> committed
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their heart">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: וֹ their <located="relative clause head">
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their mind">
noun: רוּח mind
suffix-pronoun: וֹ their <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
verb: נֶאֶמְנָה was faithful
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶת with
Object
noun: אֵל God
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶל to <status="emendation">
Object
noun: אֵל God
DiscourseUnit [vv. 5-8]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָּקֶם he established
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ among
Object
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Object
noun: עֵדוּת a testimony
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׂם he set up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ among
Object
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
Object
noun: תוֹרָה teaching
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
Clause
Predicate
verb: צִוָּה he commanded
Object <located="relative clause head">
SecondObject
particle: אֶת d.o.m
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors">
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
Clause
Predicate
ConstructChain
verb-infinitive: הוֹדִיע teach
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their children">
noun: בְנֵי children
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: לְמַעַן so that
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
noun: בָּנִים children
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: who
Clause
Subject <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
verb: יִוָּלֵדוּ would be born
Nominal
noun: דּוֹר generation
adjective: אַחֲרוֹן latest
Predicate
verb: יֵדְעוּ might know
Clause
Subject <status="alternative">
Nominal
noun: בָּנִים sons
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: who
Clause
Subject <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
verb: יִוָּלֵדוּ would be born
Predicate <gloss="they might begin to tell their children">
Predicate
verb: יָקֻמוּ they might arise
Conjunction
conjunction: וִ and
Predicate
verb: יסַפְּרוּ tell
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ to
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְנֵי children
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָשִׂימוּ they might put
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בֵ in
Object
noun: אלֹהִים God
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their trust">
noun: כִּסְל trust
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִשְׁכְּחוּ they might forget
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מַעַלְלֵי deeds
noun: אֵל God
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִנְצֹרוּ they will obey
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his commands">
noun: מִצְוֹתָי commands
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִהְיוּ they will be
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ like
Object
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="their ancestors">
Nominal
noun: אֲבוֹת ancestors
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Nominal
noun: דּוֹר generation
Adjectival
verb-participle: סוֹרֵר stubborn
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
verb-participle: מֹרֶה rebellious
Nominal
noun: דּוֹר generation
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: who
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הֵכִין make steadfast >> committed
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their heart">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: וֹ their <located="relative clause head">
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their mind">
noun: רוּח mind
suffix-pronoun: וֹ their <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
verb: נֶאֶמְנָה was faithful
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶת with
Object
noun: אֵל God
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶל to <status="emendation">
Object
noun: אֵל God
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=vv-5-8-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for Vv. 5-8
v. 5 – The plural antecedent of the suffix on לְ֝הוֹדִיעָ֗ם refers to both the עֵד֨וּת׀ and the תוֹרָה֮.
vv. 5-8 – For the continuation of the scope of למען, see Jerome's (Hebr.) ut "so that" at the beginning of vv. 6-8 (and, likewise, the ܕ in the Syr. vv. 6-7).
v. 6 – The Syr. seems to take יָ֝קֻ֗מוּ as part of the modifying phrase בָּנִ֣ים יִוָּלֵ֑דוּ (see ܒܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܡܬܝܠܕܝܢ ܘܩܝܡܝܢ "the children who are being born and remaining," Taylor 2020, 313). The accents make this interpretation unlikely, however, as well as "remaining" being a strange rendering of יָ֝קֻ֗מוּ.
For the compound predicate interpretation, see the discussion of the multi-verb predication at phrase level (see, e.g., the NIV: "and they in turn would tell their children," cf. DHH, GNT, NABRE, NJPS, RVC). While prototypically we would expect serial verb constructions to be asyndetic, waw-coordination is not unheard of (see, e.g., 1 Chr 22:16), and it is unclear what the "rising up" could mean if construed as its own verbal event (perhaps, "growing up," as the NET and SG21). While קום's role in serial verb constructions is well-documented in prose (see Andrason 2019), it is, admittedly, less common in poetry. Nevertheless, the agreement in person, number, TAM and polarity values support the serial verb reading. See also the omission in HaEdut: והבנים שיִיוולדו יספרו לבניהם.
v. 8 – For the alternative אֶל in place of the MT's אֶת־ in וְלֹא־נֶאֶמְנָ֖ה אֶת־אֵ֣ל רוּחֽוֹ see VTH vol. 4, 373 and de-Rossi, 53.
The Syr. understands רוּחֽוֹ as a dependent of the construct phrase אֶת־אֵ֣ל רוּחֽוֹ.[10] Nonetheless, the parallel with the previous line's לִבּ֑וֹ as the grammatical object is preferred.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 7
v. 7 – For the sense of כֶּסֶל, see the parallel with מִבְטָח "trust" in Job 31:24 (אִם־שַׂ֣מְתִּי זָהָ֣ב כִּסְלִ֑י וְ֝לַכֶּ֗תֶם אָמַ֥רְתִּי מִבְטַחִֽי).
Note for v. 7
v. 7 – For the sense of כֶּסֶל, see the parallel with מִבְטָח "trust" in Job 31:24 (אִם־שַׂ֣מְתִּי זָהָ֣ב כִּסְלִ֑י וְ֝לַכֶּ֗תֶם אָמַ֥רְתִּי מִבְטַחִֽי).
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – This verse contains a unique collocation of niphal אמן with the preposition אֵת (though see the similar expression וְ֠עַתָּה אִם־יֶשְׁכֶ֨ם עֹשִׂ֜ים חֶ֧סֶד וֶֽאֱמֶ֛ת אֶת־אֲדֹנִ֖י הַגִּ֣ידוּ לִ֑י in Gen 24:49; cf. 32:11). For the intended sense, see the LXX's "with God" (μετὰ τοῦ θεοῦ). The other ancient versions likewise reflect an interpretation of God as benefactor or goal of the faithfulness, and have apparently struggled with the appearance of אֵת for such a function (hence the alternative אֶל as noted in VTH vol. 4, 373 and de-Rossi, 53).[11] For modern translations' representation of the same result, see the DHH's "infiel a Dios," SG21's "n’était pas fidèle à Dieu," ESV "not faithful to God" (though see the KJV's "not faithful with God"). Or course, in clearer instances, such as with the verb הלך, the preposition אֵת can encode devotion (such as וַיִּתְהַלֵּ֨ךְ חֲנ֜וֹךְ אֶת־הָֽאֱלֹהִ֗ים in Gen 5:22; cf. BHRG §39.5). Indeed, van der Merwe et al. claim that while עִם and אֵת are "synonyms in the Pentateuch, in the rest of the Hebrew Bible, עִם became the default preposition to refer to all of the sense identified" for אֵת (BHRG 334, n. 7), which makes the instance in our psalm all the more remarkable.
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – This verse contains a unique collocation of niphal אמן with the preposition אֵת (though see the similar expression וְ֠עַתָּה אִם־יֶשְׁכֶ֨ם עֹשִׂ֜ים חֶ֧סֶד וֶֽאֱמֶ֛ת אֶת־אֲדֹנִ֖י הַגִּ֣ידוּ לִ֑י in Gen 24:49; cf. 32:11). For the intended sense, see the LXX's "with God" (μετὰ τοῦ θεοῦ). The other ancient versions likewise reflect an interpretation of God as benefactor or goal of the faithfulness, and have apparently struggled with the appearance of אֵת for such a function (hence the alternative אֶל as noted in VTH vol. 4, 373 and de-Rossi, 53).[12] For modern translations' representation of the same result, see the DHH's "infiel a Dios," SG21's "n’était pas fidèle à Dieu," ESV "not faithful to God" (though see the KJV's "not faithful with God"). Or course, in clearer instances, such as with the verb הלך, the preposition אֵת can encode devotion (such as וַיִּתְהַלֵּ֨ךְ חֲנ֜וֹךְ אֶת־הָֽאֱלֹהִ֗ים in Gen 5:22; cf. BHRG §39.5). Indeed, van der Merwe et al. claim that while עִם and אֵת are "synonyms in the Pentateuch, in the rest of the Hebrew Bible, עִם became the default preposition to refer to all of the sense identified" for אֵת (BHRG 334, n. 7), which makes the instance in our psalm all the more remarkable.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For the pseudo-coordination of יָ֝קֻ֗מוּ וִֽיסַפְּר֥וּ, see the grammar notes.
Note for v. 7
v. 7 – As evident from the parallel in Job 31:24, כֶּסֶל, like מִבְטָח, should be understood as the verbal notion hoping >> hope, carried out by them, which is then placed in a metaphorical location בֵֽאלֹהִ֗ים.
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – For the collocation סוֹרֵ֪ר וּמֹ֫רֶ֥ה, see also בֵּ֚ן סוֹרֵ֣ר וּמוֹרֶ֔ה (Deut 21:18); בְּנֵ֤נוּ זֶה֙ סוֹרֵ֣ר וּמֹרֶ֔ה (Deut 21:20) and וְלָעָ֤ם הַזֶּה֙ הָיָ֔ה לֵ֖ב סוֹרֵ֣ר וּמוֹרֶ֑ה (Jer 5:23).
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – For discussion of אֵת following niphal אמן, see the lexical notes.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 9
הָ֝פְכ֗וּ בְּי֣וֹם קְרָֽב׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="Ephraimites">
noun: בְּנֵי people
noun: אֶפְרַיִם Ephraim
Adjectival
Nominal
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹשְׁקֵי armed
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow <status="elided">
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="archers">
Nominal
verb-participle: רוֹמֵי shooters
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow
Predicate
verb: הָפְכוּ turned back
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: יוֹם day
noun: קְרָב battle
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹשְׁקֵי armed
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow <status="elided">
Conjunction
conjunction:
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: רוֹמֵי shooters
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹשְׁקֵי armed
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: רוֹמֵי shooters
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="Ephraimites">
noun: בְּנֵי people
noun: אֶפְרַיִם Ephraim
Adjectival
Nominal
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹשְׁקֵי armed
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow <status="elided">
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="archers">
Nominal
verb-participle: רוֹמֵי shooters
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow
Predicate
verb: הָפְכוּ turned back
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: יוֹם day
noun: קְרָב battle
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹשְׁקֵי armed
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow <status="elided">
Conjunction
conjunction:
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: רוֹמֵי shooters
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: נוֹשְׁקֵי armed
ConstructChain
Nominal
verb-participle: רוֹמֵי shooters
noun: קָשֶׁת a bow
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-9-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for V. 9
For the elided קֶשֶׁת after נשׁק, see the collocation in 1 Chr 12:2 and 2 Chr 17:17. As an entire construction, however, the first constituent, נוֹשְׁקֵ֥י, is in semantic apposition to the two following, רוֹמֵי־קָ֑שֶׁת (GKC §130e), to read "those armed of those shooters of a bow" >> "those armed [with a bow], those shooting [with] a bow" (cf. Delitzsch 1871, 365).
Note for V. 9
Rather than modifying the subject, the phrase(s) נוֹשְׁקֵ֥י רוֹמֵי־קָ֑שֶׁת could also be understood as adverbial, though this is unlikely in light of the ancient versions and the Masoretic accents.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – According to our preferred grammatical interpretation of this verse, the entity-name, בְּֽנֵי־אֶפְרַ֗יִם, are further described as armed with [a bow] and shooters of the bow, both instances of verbal notion-object. (For the elision of "bow" in the first instance, see the grammar notes.) Finally, the בְּֽנֵי־אֶפְרַ֗יִם are said to turn back in (בְּ as a temporal frame) a day of battle, i.e., a day marked by battle (entity-characteristic). Note that the definite reading of the construct phrase בְּי֣וֹם קְרָֽב as "the day of battle" is not licensed by the grammar or the parallel passages of Zech 14:3 and Job 38:23, both of which can be read as general characteristics of the day, rather than a specific battle (notwithstanding the TgPs's interpretive expansion here, which concludes with ביום סידרי קרבא "in the day of the battle lines"). This grammatical construal is not surprising, given that there is no agreement regarding the referent of the battle in question in the literature (though the lexical connections to v. 57 might indicate that the fall of Shiloh is in view).
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 10
וּ֝בְתוֹרָת֗וֹ מֵאֲנ֥וּ לָלֶֽכֶת׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמְרוּ they kept
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְּרִית covenant
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: מֵאֲנוּ they refused
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
Clause
Predicate
verb-infinitive: לֶכֶת walk
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his teaching">
noun: תוֹרָת teaching
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמְרוּ they kept
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְּרִית covenant
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: מֵאֲנוּ they refused
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
Clause
Predicate
verb-infinitive: לֶכֶת walk
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his teaching">
noun: תוֹרָת teaching
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-10-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for V. 10
Although probably fronted for poetic symmetry, the appearance of וּ֝בְתוֹרָת֗וֹ before its clause head (לָלֶֽכֶת) is one of the reasons Fassberg provides for considering Ps 78 Archaic/Early Biblical Hebrew, along with Pss 18 and 29 (2019, §8: צורת נסמך לפני מלת יחס "dependent form [placed] before its conjunction"). See also the focus-fronted הֲגַם־לֶ֭חֶם in הֲגַם־לֶ֭חֶם י֣וּכַל תֵּ֑ת (v. 20).
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Appendix
Files
Diagrams
Notes
- Grammar.V. 1.142421
- Grammar.V. 10.856105
- Grammar.V. 11.741627
- Grammar.V. 12.885665
- Grammar.V. 17.600763
- Grammar.V. 2.200143
- Grammar.V. 24.142971
- Grammar.V. 28.567213
- Grammar.V. 28.666161
- Grammar.V. 32.760091
- Grammar.V. 34.837458
- Grammar.V. 36.822732
- Grammar.V. 39.7727
- Grammar.V. 3a.555136
- Grammar.V. 41.706414
- Grammar.V. 49.683964
- Grammar.V. 50.51497
- Grammar.V. 9.179548
- Grammar.V. 9.257459
- Grammar.Vv. 13-14.484033
- Grammar.Vv. 15.425807
- Grammar.Vv. 3-4.239598
- Grammar.Vv. 47-48.833138
- Grammar.Vv. 5-8.672193
- Grammar.v. 12.333926
- Grammar.v. 12.628604
- Grammar.v. 31.624770
- Grammar.v. 33.270054
- Grammar.v. 42.464194
- Grammar.v. 51.975339
- Grammar.v. 54.993969
- Grammar.v. 55.588213
- Grammar.v. 56.855625
- Grammar.v. 60.389634
- Grammar.v. 64.710118
- Grammar.v. 68.327932
- Grammar.v. 69.814644
- Grammar.v. 69.833981
- Grammar.v. 69a.64577
- Grammar.v. 69b.665636
- Grammar.v. 71.289893
- Grammar.v. 72.315425
- Grammar.v. 8.676290
- Grammar.vv. 63-64.711824
- Grammar.vv. 71.447591
- Grammar.vv. 72.9098
- Lexical.V. 13.417473
- Lexical.V. 16.951919
- Lexical.V. 28.690178
- Lexical.V. 29.39767
- Lexical.V. 33.439894
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- Lexical.V. 51.729929
- Lexical.v. 12.715237
- Lexical.v. 15.330857
- Lexical.v. 20.300801
- Lexical.v. 25.480527
- Lexical.v. 31.846026
- Lexical.v. 32.620497
- Lexical.v. 36.655733
- Lexical.v. 49.367959
- Lexical.v. 54.935896
- Lexical.v. 55.605314
- Lexical.v. 57.320703
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- Lexical.v. 61.391700
- Lexical.v. 64.201697
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- Lexical.v. 66.240586
- Lexical.v. 67.998731
- Lexical.v. 7.172068
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- Lexical.v. 8.623278
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.146086
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.547752
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.997862
- Lexical.vv. 67-70.495489
- Phrasal.V. 14.778101
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- Phrasal.V. 15.402091
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- Phrasal.V. 27.17093
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- Phrasal.V. 28.435429
- Phrasal.V. 33.607554
- Phrasal.V. 34.379869
- Phrasal.V. 36.750609
- Phrasal.V. 37.208950
- Phrasal.V. 37.531292
- Phrasal.V. 38.185771
- Phrasal.V. 40.280869
- Phrasal.V. 40.282367
- Phrasal.V. 41.553378
- Phrasal.V. 48.574563
- Phrasal.V. 51.328780
- Phrasal.V. 52.774916
- Phrasal.Vv. 47-48.492276
- Phrasal.v. 1.257490
- Phrasal.v. 1.364985
- Phrasal.v. 1.972397
- Phrasal.v. 17.102829
- Phrasal.v. 18.194438
- Phrasal.v. 18.647429
- Phrasal.v. 18.701760
- Phrasal.v. 19.896591
- Phrasal.v. 21.487450
- Phrasal.v. 23.828593
- Phrasal.v. 25.702859
- Phrasal.v. 31.565370
- Phrasal.v. 31.576392
- Phrasal.v. 32.50711
- Phrasal.v. 4.812844
- Phrasal.v. 49.450759
- Phrasal.v. 49.539766
- Phrasal.v. 49.837046
- Phrasal.v. 53.508578
- Phrasal.v. 54.394670
- Phrasal.v. 54.406757
- Phrasal.v. 55.444873
- Phrasal.v. 56.464655
- Phrasal.v. 59.161082
- Phrasal.v. 6.549203
- Phrasal.v. 61.788735
- Phrasal.v. 62.979755
- Phrasal.v. 65.80060
- Phrasal.v. 66.323089
- Phrasal.v. 67.189623
- Phrasal.v. 68.327781
- Phrasal.v. 7.624387
- Phrasal.v. 71.680895
- Phrasal.v. 8.323896
- Phrasal.v. 8.795349
- Phrasal.v. 9.235459
- Phrasal.vv. 67-70.887990
Approvals
Current Grammar status is not set for version not set. Current Lexical status is not set for version not set.
References
- ↑ These read ܕܡܢ ܩܕܝܡ and דמן לקדמין, respectively; see also Symmachus' ἀναβλύσω προβλήματα ἀρχαῖα "I will gush forth ancient problems." The Syr. also, quite inexplicably, provides the conjunction and mirative particle ܗܐ ܓܝܪ ("for look"; Taylor 2020, 311) at the beginning of this verse.
- ↑ The LXX reads φθέγξομαι προβλήματα ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς. ὅσα ἠκούσαμεν καὶ ἔγνωμεν αὐτὰ "I will utter problems from of old. That which we heard, and we knew them..." (= Gall.).
- ↑ οὐκ ἐκρύβη ἀπὸ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῶν.
- ↑ ܕܠܐ ܢܟܣܐ ܡܢ ܒܢܝ̈ܗܘܢ ܐܠܐ ܠܕܪܐ ܐܚܪܝܐ ܢܫܬܥܐ.
- ↑ non sunt occultata a filiis eorum in generationem alteram.
- ↑ The LXX reads φθέγξομαι προβλήματα ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς. ὅσα ἠκούσαμεν καὶ ἔγνωμεν αὐτὰ "I will utter problems from of old. That which we heard, and we knew them..." (= Gall.).
- ↑ οὐκ ἐκρύβη ἀπὸ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῶν.
- ↑ ܕܠܐ ܢܟܣܐ ܡܢ ܒܢܝ̈ܗܘܢ ܐܠܐ ܠܕܪܐ ܐܚܪܝܐ ܢܫܬܥܐ.
- ↑ non sunt occultata a filiis eorum in generationem alteram.
- ↑ See ܕܪܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܩܢ ܠܒܗ "and did not believe the God of their spirit" (Taylor 2020, 313).
- ↑ Symmachus' πρός is ambiguous between these two senses.
- ↑ Symmachus' πρός is ambiguous between these two senses.