Psalm 78/Diagrams/7
v. 61
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
DiscourseUnit [v. 61]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּתֵּן he gave over
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his strength">
noun: עֻזּ strength
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
Nominal
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: שְּׁבִי captivity
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נָתַן he gave over <status="elided">
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his glory">
noun: תִפְאַרְתּ glory
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ into
Object
ConstructChain
noun: יַד hand >> possession
noun: צָר adversary
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-61-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
Note for v. 61
v. 61 – Do עֻזּ֑וֹ וְֽתִפְאַרְתּ֥וֹ refer to his people or to his Ark (for the 3pl suffix in the LXX, see the notes at the grammar layer)?[1] The evidence is much stronger for the latter, in light of the discourse topic of Shiloh's destruction (primarily drawn from 1 Sam 4-6). See, e.g., the GNT, NET, and NIV's paraphrases: • "He allowed our enemies to capture the Covenant Box, the symbol of his power and glory" (GNT) • "He allowed the symbol of his strong presence to be captured; he gave the symbol of his splendor into the hand of the enemy" (NET) • "He sent the ark of his might into captivity, his splendor into the hands of the enemy" (NIV) This denotation is most in view in the context of the battle of Aphek (so Midrash Tehilim; Rashi; Radak; Ibn Ezra; Delitzsch 1871, 374; Greenstein 1990, 208; Jacobson 2017, 136; Kugler 2020, 129), as well as perhaps an echo of the name of עֻזָּא, who touched the Ark and was subsequently killed (see 2 Sam 6). See also the phrase אֲרוֹן עֻזֶּךָ in Ps 132:8 and 2 Chr 6:41. The Ark was also known to contain the tablets from Sinai, so TgPs: ומסר לשיביתא אורייתיה "And he handed over his law to captivity" (Stec 2004, 154). Finally, "the people" are said to be given over to the "sword" in the following verse, not "captivity." Why such a subtle reference, then? One explanation could involve the analogy with a commentator (in this case, commenting on 1 Sam 4) assuming the reader will have in mind the larger literary context from an underlying text / passage mentioned, when only partially drawn upon. Indeed, being too specific would sell the reader short (Leonard 2008, 261-262).
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 61
v. 61 – Regarding the article on לַשְּׁבִ֣י, see the discussion under v. 52 above. The Masoretes vocalize שְׁבִי as articular if at all possible, even when no anaphora or concrete reference is in view (cf. בַּשֶּֽׁבִי as the first mention of "captivity" in Deut 28:41—in this case, the Samaritan Pentateuch attests an anarthrous pronunciation, afšēbi, according to Ben-Ḥayyim [1977, 547]; see also Isa 46:2, Jer 15:2; 20:6; 22:22; 30:16; 43:11; 48:46; Ezek 12:11; 30:17, 18; Amos 9:4; Nahum 3:10; Lam 1:18; Dan 11:8; Ezra 9:7). Indeed, everywhere a proclitic preposition is present, the word is vocalized as definite (the only apparent exception being the instrumental בְּ in Dan 11:13). Other instances, with the orthographic ה (e.g., מֵהַשְּׁבִ֣י [Ezra 3:8; 8:35]; מִן־הַשֶּׁ֖בִי [Neh 1:2, 3; 8:17]), refer to the Babylonian exile after the fact.
Verbal Notes
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v. 62
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 62]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַּסְגֵּר he shut >> gave over
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his people">
noun: עַמּ people
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: חֶרֶב sword >> war
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִתְעַבָּר he raged
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ against
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his inheritance">
noun: נַחֲלָת inheritance
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 62]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַּסְגֵּר he shut >> gave over
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his people">
noun: עַמּ people
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: חֶרֶב sword >> war
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִתְעַבָּר he raged
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ against
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his inheritance">
noun: נַחֲלָת inheritance
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-62-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
Note for v. 62
v. 62 – For the בְּ constituent following verbs of anger (hithpael עבר), malefactive בְּ see BHRG (§39.6.1.b.ii) and Jenni (1992, 265; cf. Deut 3:26).
Verbal Notes
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v. 63
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 63]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
noun: אֵשׁ fire
Predicate
verb: אָכְלָה consumed
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his young men">
noun: בַּחוּרָי young men
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his young women">
noun: בְתוּלֹתָי young women
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Predicate
verb: הוּלָּלוּ were praised >> sung to
adverb: לֹא not
DiscourseUnit [vv. 63]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
noun: אֵשׁ fire
Predicate
verb: אָכְלָה consumed
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his young men">
noun: בַּחוּרָי young men
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his young women">
noun: בְתוּלֹתָי young women
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Predicate
verb: הוּלָּלוּ were praised >> sung to
adverb: לֹא not
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-63-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for vv. 63-64
v. 63-64 – As in v. 28, there is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for textual variation between the MT's בַּחוּרָ֥יו ... וּ֝בְתוּלֹתָ֗יו ... כֹּ֭הֲנָיו ... וְ֝אַלְמְנֹתָ֗יו and a 3pl suffix, such that the LXX's (cf. Gall.) νεανίσκους αὐτῶν ... αἱ παρθένοι αὐτῶν ... ἱερεῖς αὐτῶν ... αἱ χῆραι αὐτῶν ("their young men ... their young women ... their priests ... their widows" = Syr. ܠܓܕܘ̈ܕܝܗܘܢ ... ܒܬ̈ܘܠܬܗܘܢ ... ܟܗ̈ܢܝܗܘܢ ... ܐܪ̈ܡܠܬܗܘܢ) seems to be purely interpretive regarding the expected participant's antecedent. Although עַמּ֑וֹ (v. 62) is a plausible antecedent, elsewhere in the psalm the collective reference is not used, but plural anaphora (see vv. 1, 52, 71-72). Just like in v. 28, Jerome's Hebr. and TgPss follow the MT's singular suffix.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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v. 64
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 64]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his priests">
noun: כֹּהֲנָי priests
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Predicate
verb: נָפָלוּ fell
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ by
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: חֶרֶב sword
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his widows">
noun: אַלְמְנֹתָי widows
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Predicate
verb: תִבְכֶּינָה mourn
verb: תִבָּכֶינָה were mourned <status="alternative revocalization">
adverb: לֹא not
DiscourseUnit [v. 64]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his priests">
noun: כֹּהֲנָי priests
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Predicate
verb: נָפָלוּ fell
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ by
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: חֶרֶב sword
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his widows">
noun: אַלְמְנֹתָי widows
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Predicate
verb: תִבְכֶּינָה mourn
verb: תִבָּכֶינָה were mourned <status="alternative revocalization">
adverb: לֹא not
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-64-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 64
v. 64 – For the MT's qal תִבְכֶּֽינָה, both the LXX (= Gall.) and Syr. have the passive "be lamented."[2] The active is read in Jerome's Hebr., Symmachus, and most manuscripts of TgPs.[3] The niphal of בכה is never attested elsewhere, while the active verb makes most sense of the historical context of the wife of Phinehas in 1 Sam 4:19-22, who shows no signs of weeping.
Note for vv. 63-64
v. 63-64 – As in v. 28, there is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for textual variation between the MT's בַּחוּרָ֥יו ... וּ֝בְתוּלֹתָ֗יו ... כֹּ֭הֲנָיו ... וְ֝אַלְמְנֹתָ֗יו and a 3pl suffix, such that the LXX's (cf. Gall.) νεανίσκους αὐτῶν ... αἱ παρθένοι αὐτῶν ... ἱερεῖς αὐτῶν ... αἱ χῆραι αὐτῶν ("their young men ... their young women ... their priests ... their widows" = Syr. ܠܓܕܘ̈ܕܝܗܘܢ ... ܒܬ̈ܘܠܬܗܘܢ ... ܟܗ̈ܢܝܗܘܢ ... ܐܪ̈ܡܠܬܗܘܢ) seems to be purely interpretive regarding the expected participant's antecedent. Although עַמּ֑וֹ (v. 62) is a plausible antecedent, elsewhere in the psalm the collective reference is not used, but plural anaphora (see vv. 1, 52, 71-72). Just like in v. 28, Jerome's Hebr. and TgPss follow the MT's singular suffix.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 64
v. 64 – The root of הוּלָּֽלוּ is quite unambiguously √הלל "to praise" (SDBH), here in quite a unique use of being praised "in wedding songs" (HALOT, 249). Some (e.g., DCH, 561; HALOT, 249) have suggested the emendation הֵילִילוּ "they wailed," though this is unattested anywhere in the manuscripts, and doesn't solve the passive voice problem. The best options are "praised >> sung for" either (1) in a wedding or (2) in a funeral. The latter is probably intended by "they were mourned" in the LXX and Greek revisers—minus Aquila's ὑμνήθησαν—(ἐπενθήθησαν), Hebr. (luxit) and the CPA (ܐܬܒܠܝ). Nevertheless, the wedding setting is more likely with the young men at war in the previous line (so Radak and Ibn Ezra). Cf. also the Aramaic nominal הִלּוּלָה as "praising the bride by dancing before her >> wedding" (Jastrow 1903, 346). See, for example, the ESV: "and their young women had no marriage song."[4]
Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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v. 65
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 65]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֲדֹנָי the Lord
Predicate
verb: יִּקַץ arose
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
Nominal
adjective: יָשֵׁן one sleeping
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
Nominal
noun: גִבּוֹר a warrior
Adjectival
verb-participle: מִתְרוֹנֵן shouting
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ because of
Object
noun: יָּיִן wine
DiscourseUnit [v. 65]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֲדֹנָי the Lord
Predicate
verb: יִּקַץ arose
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
Nominal
adjective: יָשֵׁן one sleeping
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
Nominal
noun: גִבּוֹר a warrior
Adjectival
verb-participle: מִתְרוֹנֵן shouting
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ because of
Object
noun: יָּיִן wine
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-65-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
Note for v. 65
v. 65 – The hithpolel מִתְרוֹנֵ֥ן is either a unique instance of a derivative from the common root √רנן (so Rashi; Radak's Sefer HaShorashim), or simply a unique instance of a root √רו׳׳ן. In the first case, the idea would be "shouting because of wine." In the latter case, the senses offered in the lexicons are "shake off" (SDBH), or "overcome" (BDB, DCH, HALOT). These two interpretations are probably just two phases of the same process: (1) being overcome (i.e., drunk)—which may find support in the Arabic root ران, "become hard, severe" (see Lane), and (2) subsequently shaking it off, in parallel to one waking up in the previous line.[5] A quick survey of מִן with יַיִן shows that either causative מִן (see, e.g., Isa 51:21: וּשְׁכֻרַ֖ת וְלֹ֥א מִיָּֽיִן), which expresses the control of the wine over the experiencer (so Staszak 2024, 128), or detachment "from" are the most probable interpretations, which account for either shaking off the wine or being overcome with (i.e., because of) wine. As attractive as the temporal parallelism with the previous line is, the phasal aspect can only be reconciled if the participle is read as anterior (so the Greek and Latin versions). See, however, the employment of קיץ (as the first line here) in Gen 9:24: וַיִּ֥יקֶץ נֹ֖חַ מִיֵּינ֑וֹ and the separation in Num 6:3 מִיַּ֤יִן וְשֵׁכָר֙ יַזִּ֔יר.
In conclusion, it seems preferable to posit a unique by-form of רנן as רון than a totally different (and otherwise unattested) root (so Symmachus' διαλααλέω "speaking," probably derived from an understanding of רנן as "talk, meditate," especially in the Rabbinic period—see Jastrow 1903, 1484). It also does not seem advisable to follow the Greek and Latin versions in providing an anterior reading of the participle מִתְרוֹנֵ֥ן, but rather this characteristic describes the Lord's action after waking up. So Ḥakham: כגבור היוצא למלחמה וקולות רנה וזמרה יוצאים מפיו, מחמת יין ששתה, והיין מפיג את פחדו, והוא נלחם ביתר אמץ וביתר עז "like a warrior who is going out to war and sounds of shouting and songs coming from his mouth because of the rage of the wine that he has drunk. And the wine defuses his fear, and he fights with more might and more strength" (1979, 60); see also the CPA ܘܗܝܟ ܚܝܘܠܐ ܕܡܙܕܠܠ "and like a mighty one who staggers as a drunk."
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 65
v. 65 – For the possible readings of מִן in מִיָּֽיִן as either detachment or cause, see the lexical notes on מִתְרוֹנֵ֥ן.
Verbal Notes
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v. 66
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 66]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַּךְ he struck
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his adversaries">
noun: צָרָי adversaries
suffix-pronoun: ו him
adverb: אָחוֹר back
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נָתַן he gave
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="eternal shame">
noun: חֶרְפַּת shame
noun: עוֹלָם forever
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
DiscourseUnit [v. 66]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַּךְ he struck
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his adversaries">
noun: צָרָי adversaries
suffix-pronoun: ו him
adverb: אָחוֹר back
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נָתַן he gave
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="eternal shame">
noun: חֶרְפַּת shame
noun: עוֹלָם forever
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-66-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
Note for v. 66
v. 66 – This is the only place the verb נכה and אָחוֹר appear as a collocation in the Bible. There may be a slight echo of the tumors apparently afflicted upon the Philistines (see 1 Sam 5). This is the position of TgPs: ומחא מעיקוי בטחוריא באחוריהון ("And he smote his foes with hemorrhoids in their rear," Stec 2004, 155; see also Rashi and Ibn Ezra, KJV), which illuminates the meaning of חֶרְפַּ֥ת ע֝וֹלָ֗ם in the next line.[6] While this would require a locative interpretation (i.e., "on the back[side]"), the movement adverbial reading ("backwards") is most heavily attested among the ancient versions.[7] It also enables the participant ambiguity between the Philistines and the Israelites as "his adversaries" (see the discussion in participant analysis).
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 66
v. 66 – For discussion of the collocation וַיַּךְ ... אָחוֹר see the lexical notes. Further support for the movement adverbial reading, however, is found in other instances of hiphil נכה as "strike down" with directional movement (see, e.g., עַד in Josh 10:10, 41; 1 Sam 7:11; מִן plus allative he in 1 Sam 14:31; בְּ plus "wall" in the textually contested אַכֶּ֥ה בְדָוִ֖ד וּבַקִּ֑יר in 1 Sam 18:11 and 19:10; similarly וּבָאָ֙רֶץ֙ in 1 Sam 26:8; allative he with אַכֶּ֙כָּה֙ אַ֔רְצָה in 2 Sam 2:22; 18:11; 2 Kgs 13:18). On the other hand, if אָחוֹר is to be read as "back[side]," see also the אֵל locatives in 2 Sam 4:6, בֵּין in 1 Kgs 22:34, עַל in Jon 4:8; Mic 4:14; but most significantly, the bare nominals חֹמֶשׁ "stomach" and לְחִי "cheek" in 2 Sam 3:27 and Ps 3:8 (וַיַּכֵּ֤הוּ שָׁם֙ הַחֹ֔מֶשׁ and כִּֽי־הִכִּ֣יתָ אֶת־כָּל־אֹיְבַ֣י לֶ֑חִי, respectively).
Verbal Notes
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vv. 67-70
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 67-70]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּמְאַס he rejected
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אֹהֶל tent
noun: יוֹסֵף Joseph
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: בָחָר he chose
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ
Object
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁבֶט clan
noun: אֶפְרַיִם Ephraim
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּבְחַר he chose
Object
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
particle: אֶת d.o.m
noun: שֵׁבֶט clan
noun: יְהוּדָה Judah
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
particle: אֶת d.o.m
noun: הַר mountain
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
Clause
Predicate
verb: אָהֵב he loves
Object <located="relative clause head">
noun: צִיּוֹן Zion
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּבֶן he built
Object
Nominal <gloss="his holy place">
ConstructChain
noun: מִקְדָּשׁ holy place
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּמוֹ like
Object
noun: רָמִים heights >> heaven
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּמוֹ as
Object
noun: רֵמִים wild oxen <status="revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
noun: אֶרֶץ earth
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: which
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְסָד he established
Object <located="relative clause head">
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: עוֹלָם eternity >> ever
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in <status="emendation">
Object
noun: אֶרֶץ land
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: which
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְסָד he established
Object <located="relative clause head">
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: עוֹלָם eternity >> ever
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּבְחַר he chose
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ
Object
Apposition
noun: דָוִד David
ConstructChain <gloss="his servant">
noun: עַבְדּ servant
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּקָּחֵ he took
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="a sheep pen">
noun: מִּכְלְאֹת enclosure
noun: צֹאן sheep
DiscourseUnit [vv. 67-70]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּמְאַס he rejected
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אֹהֶל tent
noun: יוֹסֵף Joseph
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: בָחָר he chose
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ
Object
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁבֶט clan
noun: אֶפְרַיִם Ephraim
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּבְחַר he chose
Object
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
particle: אֶת d.o.m
noun: שֵׁבֶט clan
noun: יְהוּדָה Judah
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
particle: אֶת d.o.m
noun: הַר mountain
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר which
Clause
Predicate
verb: אָהֵב he loves
Object <located="relative clause head">
noun: צִיּוֹן Zion
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּבֶן he built
Object
Nominal <gloss="his holy place">
ConstructChain
noun: מִקְדָּשׁ holy place
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּמוֹ like
Object
noun: רָמִים heights >> heaven
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּמוֹ as
Object
noun: רֵמִים wild oxen <status="revocalization">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
noun: אֶרֶץ earth
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: which
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְסָד he established
Object <located="relative clause head">
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: עוֹלָם eternity >> ever
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in <status="emendation">
Object
noun: אֶרֶץ land
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: which
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְסָד he established
Object <located="relative clause head">
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: עוֹלָם eternity >> ever
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּבְחַר he chose
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ
Object
Apposition
noun: דָוִד David
ConstructChain <gloss="his servant">
noun: עַבְדּ servant
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּקָּחֵ he took
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="a sheep pen">
noun: מִּכְלְאֹת enclosure
noun: צֹאן sheep
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=vv-67-70-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 68
v. 68 – On the appositives אֶת־שֵׁ֣בֶט יְהוּדָ֑ה אֶֽת־הַ֥ר צִ֝יּ֗וֹן, see Fassberg (2019, §122).
Note for v. 69
The syntax of the LXX, Syr., and Jerome's Hebr. does not contain the preferred asyndetic relative clause, which renders the antecedent of the suffix on יְסָדָ֥הּ difficult to discern (Jerome's Hebr., e.g., provides illud, in agreement with sanctuarium suum, though the MT's 3fs agrees with אֶרֶץ, not מִקְדָּשׁ).
Note for v. 69
For the alternative emendation בְּאֶרֶץ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ, see the LXX and Syr.,[8] though Jerome's Hebr., Symmachus and TgPs follow the MT.[9] Kennicott lists six manuscripts which read בארץ (VTH, vol 4, 376), though de-Rossi adds a significant number (Variae Lectiones, vol 4, 54). BL Or 1477 also unambiguously reads vaˀārāts, both with ב and the definite article. The comparative כְּ seems preferable in light of the A-line (cf. also v. 72, in which two instances of בְּ has been deemed preferable).
Note for v. 69a
v. 69a – For the alternative revocalization רֵמִים for the MT's וַיִּ֣בֶן כְּמוֹ־רָ֭מִים מִקְדָּשׁ֑וֹ, see the LXX (= Gall.), Hebr. "like a wild ox" and TgPs' "like the horn of a wild ox" (ὡς μονοκερώτων; similitudinem monoceroton; היך קרנא דרימנא;). The Syr. and both Aquila and Symmachus, however, read the expected "high place" (ܒܢܐ ܥܠ ܪܘܡܐ ܡܩܕܫܗ; ὁμοίως ὑψηλοῖς; ὡς τὰ ὑψηλὰ), as the MT. The orthographic inclusion of the aleph, which is expected of רֵמִים/רְאֵמִים (cf. Pss 29:6; 92:11) but not רָמִים, is found in Kennicott manuscripts 121?, 128 (see VTH, vol 4, 376).
Note for v. 69b
v. 69b – For the alternative emendation בְּאֶרֶץ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ, see the LXX and Syr. (ἐν τῇ γῇ; ܒܐܪܥܐ), though Jerome's Hebr., Symmachus and TgPs follow the MT (quasi terram; ὡς τὴν γῆν; היך ארעא). Kennicott lists six manuscripts which read בארץ (VTH, vol 4, 376), though de-Rossi adds a significant number (Variae Lectiones, vol 4, 54). BL Or 1477 also unambiguously reads בארץ. The comparative כְּ seems preferable in light of the A-line (cf. also v. 72, in which two instances of בְּ has been deemed preferable).
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 67
v. 67a – For the בְּ–flagging of the stimulus argument with מאס, see the note at v. 59 and further discussion in the phrase-level notes.
Note for vv. 67-70
v. 67b, 70a – For the בְּ–flagging of the patient argument with בחר, see also Num 16:5; 17:20; Deut 4:37; 7:7; 10:15; 12:11; 14:15; Ps 105:26; 132:13; Prov 3:31; Neh 9:7, etc. See further the phrase-level notes.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 67
v. 67 – The "tent of Joseph" is unique in the Bible and refers either (1) simply to its dwelling place—as synonymous with Ephraim (see, e.g., 2 Sam 19:21; 1 Kgs 11:28; Ezek 37:16; Zech 10:6) and used previously in vv. 51, 55 (so argues Kugler 2020, 129); or (2), our preference, the tabernacle at Shiloh. The latter fits with the previous discourse (vv. 60-64; cf. also v. 9), since Shiloh belonged geographically to Ephraim/Joseph and the tabernacle there was described as the "tent of meeting" (Josh 18:1; 19:51; 1 Sam 2:22) and explicitly "tent" in v. 60 of our psalm. As Campbell notes, "It is the Israel of Shiloh that is rejected, and it is the Israel of Davidic Jerusalem upon which Yahweh's election has been conferred" (1979, 61).
Note for vv. 67-70
vv. 67-68, 70 – v. 67's second line reads וּֽבְשֵׁ֥בֶט אֶ֝פְרַ֗יִם לֹ֣א בָחָֽר, immediately followed by וַ֭יִּבְחַר אֶת־שֵׁ֣בֶט יְהוּדָ֑ה in v. 68a.[10] Unfortunately, the verb בחר takes a בְּ complement about as often as אֵת, such that "a clear distinction of the two types of use is not possible."[11] Nevertheless, it may be that בְּ constructions involve a more complete process of observation, scrutiny and examination (Bekins 2014, 146), such that the rejection of Ephraim and selection of David (vv. 67, 70) were not taken lightly, whereas the use of אֵת in v. 68 indicates the simple choice based on YHWH's love for Zion (v. 68b).
Note for v. 68
v. 68 – The construct chain אֶת־הַר צִיּוֹן is one of entity-name.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 69 - alternative
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 69b alt.]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְסָד he established
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
noun: אֶרֶץ earth
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in <status="emendation">
Object
noun: אֶרֶץ land
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: עוֹלָם eternity >> ever
DiscourseUnit [vv. 69b alt.]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְסָד he established
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ like
Object
noun: אֶרֶץ earth
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in <status="emendation">
Object
noun: אֶרֶץ land
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: עוֹלָם eternity >> ever
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-69-alternative }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 69
The syntax of the LXX, Syr., and Jerome's Hebr. does not contain the preferred asyndetic relative clause, which renders the antecedent of the suffix on יְסָדָ֥הּ difficult to discern (Jerome's Hebr., e.g., provides illud, in agreement with sanctuarium suum, though the MT's 3fs agrees with אֶרֶץ, not מִקְדָּשׁ).
Note for v. 69
For the alternative emendation בְּאֶרֶץ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ, see the LXX and Syr.,[12] though Jerome's Hebr., Symmachus and TgPs follow the MT.[13] Kennicott lists six manuscripts which read בארץ (VTH, vol 4, 376), though de-Rossi adds a significant number (Variae Lectiones, vol 4, 54). BL Or 1477 also unambiguously reads vaˀārāts, both with ב and the definite article. The comparative כְּ seems preferable in light of the A-line (cf. also v. 72, in which two instances of בְּ has been deemed preferable).
Note for v. 69a
v. 69a – For the alternative revocalization רֵמִים for the MT's וַיִּ֣בֶן כְּמוֹ־רָ֭מִים מִקְדָּשׁ֑וֹ, see the LXX (= Gall.), Hebr. "like a wild ox" and TgPs' "like the horn of a wild ox" (ὡς μονοκερώτων; similitudinem monoceroton; היך קרנא דרימנא;). The Syr. and both Aquila and Symmachus, however, read the expected "high place" (ܒܢܐ ܥܠ ܪܘܡܐ ܡܩܕܫܗ; ὁμοίως ὑψηλοῖς; ὡς τὰ ὑψηλὰ), as the MT. The orthographic inclusion of the aleph, which is expected of רֵמִים/רְאֵמִים (cf. Pss 29:6; 92:11) but not רָמִים, is found in Kennicott manuscripts 121?, 128 (see VTH, vol 4, 376).
Note for v. 69b
v. 69b – For the alternative emendation בְּאֶרֶץ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ, see the LXX and Syr. (ἐν τῇ γῇ; ܒܐܪܥܐ), though Jerome's Hebr., Symmachus and TgPs follow the MT (quasi terram; ὡς τὴν γῆν; היך ארעא). Kennicott lists six manuscripts which read בארץ (VTH, vol 4, 376), though de-Rossi adds a significant number (Variae Lectiones, vol 4, 54). BL Or 1477 also unambiguously reads בארץ. The comparative כְּ seems preferable in light of the A-line (cf. also v. 72, in which two instances of בְּ has been deemed preferable).
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Note for vv. 67-70
v. 67b, 70a – For the בְּ–flagging of the patient argument with בחר, see also Num 16:5; 17:20; Deut 4:37; 7:7; 10:15; 12:11; 14:15; Ps 105:26; 132:13; Prov 3:31; Neh 9:7, etc. See further the phrase-level notes.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for vv. 67-70
vv. 67-68, 70 – v. 67's second line reads וּֽבְשֵׁ֥בֶט אֶ֝פְרַ֗יִם לֹ֣א בָחָֽר, immediately followed by וַ֭יִּבְחַר אֶת־שֵׁ֣בֶט יְהוּדָ֑ה in v. 68a.[14] Unfortunately, the verb בחר takes a בְּ complement about as often as אֵת, such that "a clear distinction of the two types of use is not possible."[15] Nevertheless, it may be that בְּ constructions involve a more complete process of observation, scrutiny and examination (Bekins 2014, 146), such that the rejection of Ephraim and selection of David (vv. 67, 70) were not taken lightly, whereas the use of אֵת in v. 68 indicates the simple choice based on YHWH's love for Zion (v. 68b).
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Appendix
Files
Diagrams
Notes
- Grammar.V. 1.142421
- Grammar.V. 10.856105
- Grammar.V. 11.741627
- Grammar.V. 12.885665
- Grammar.V. 17.600763
- Grammar.V. 2.200143
- Grammar.V. 24.142971
- Grammar.V. 28.567213
- Grammar.V. 28.666161
- Grammar.V. 32.760091
- Grammar.V. 34.837458
- Grammar.V. 36.822732
- Grammar.V. 39.7727
- Grammar.V. 3a.555136
- Grammar.V. 41.706414
- Grammar.V. 49.683964
- Grammar.V. 50.51497
- Grammar.V. 9.179548
- Grammar.V. 9.257459
- Grammar.Vv. 13-14.484033
- Grammar.Vv. 15.425807
- Grammar.Vv. 3-4.239598
- Grammar.Vv. 47-48.833138
- Grammar.Vv. 5-8.672193
- Grammar.v. 12.333926
- Grammar.v. 12.628604
- Grammar.v. 31.624770
- Grammar.v. 33.270054
- Grammar.v. 42.464194
- Grammar.v. 51.975339
- Grammar.v. 54.993969
- Grammar.v. 55.588213
- Grammar.v. 56.855625
- Grammar.v. 60.389634
- Grammar.v. 64.710118
- Grammar.v. 68.327932
- Grammar.v. 69.814644
- Grammar.v. 69.833981
- Grammar.v. 69a.64577
- Grammar.v. 69b.665636
- Grammar.v. 71.289893
- Grammar.v. 72.315425
- Grammar.v. 8.676290
- Grammar.vv. 63-64.711824
- Grammar.vv. 71.447591
- Grammar.vv. 72.9098
- Lexical.V. 13.417473
- Lexical.V. 16.951919
- Lexical.V. 28.690178
- Lexical.V. 29.39767
- Lexical.V. 33.439894
- Lexical.V. 34.227161
- Lexical.V. 40.321522
- Lexical.V. 41.576410
- Lexical.V. 46.253400
- Lexical.V. 47.526706
- Lexical.V. 47.816095
- Lexical.V. 47.870775
- Lexical.V. 48.50141
- Lexical.V. 51.729929
- Lexical.v. 12.715237
- Lexical.v. 15.330857
- Lexical.v. 20.300801
- Lexical.v. 25.480527
- Lexical.v. 31.846026
- Lexical.v. 32.620497
- Lexical.v. 36.655733
- Lexical.v. 49.367959
- Lexical.v. 54.935896
- Lexical.v. 55.605314
- Lexical.v. 57.320703
- Lexical.v. 57.885972
- Lexical.v. 61.391700
- Lexical.v. 64.201697
- Lexical.v. 65.579388
- Lexical.v. 66.240586
- Lexical.v. 67.998731
- Lexical.v. 7.172068
- Lexical.v. 7.568462
- Lexical.v. 8.623278
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.146086
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.547752
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.997862
- Lexical.vv. 67-70.495489
- Phrasal.V. 14.778101
- Phrasal.V. 14.863017
- Phrasal.V. 14.909224
- Phrasal.V. 15.402091
- Phrasal.V. 16.305229
- Phrasal.V. 27.17093
- Phrasal.V. 27.518179
- Phrasal.V. 28.435429
- Phrasal.V. 33.607554
- Phrasal.V. 34.379869
- Phrasal.V. 36.750609
- Phrasal.V. 37.208950
- Phrasal.V. 37.531292
- Phrasal.V. 38.185771
- Phrasal.V. 40.280869
- Phrasal.V. 40.282367
- Phrasal.V. 41.553378
- Phrasal.V. 48.574563
- Phrasal.V. 51.328780
- Phrasal.V. 52.774916
- Phrasal.Vv. 47-48.492276
- Phrasal.v. 1.257490
- Phrasal.v. 1.364985
- Phrasal.v. 1.972397
- Phrasal.v. 17.102829
- Phrasal.v. 18.194438
- Phrasal.v. 18.647429
- Phrasal.v. 18.701760
- Phrasal.v. 19.896591
- Phrasal.v. 21.487450
- Phrasal.v. 23.828593
- Phrasal.v. 25.702859
- Phrasal.v. 31.565370
- Phrasal.v. 31.576392
- Phrasal.v. 32.50711
- Phrasal.v. 4.812844
- Phrasal.v. 49.450759
- Phrasal.v. 49.539766
- Phrasal.v. 49.837046
- Phrasal.v. 53.508578
- Phrasal.v. 54.394670
- Phrasal.v. 54.406757
- Phrasal.v. 55.444873
- Phrasal.v. 56.464655
- Phrasal.v. 59.161082
- Phrasal.v. 6.549203
- Phrasal.v. 61.788735
- Phrasal.v. 62.979755
- Phrasal.v. 65.80060
- Phrasal.v. 66.323089
- Phrasal.v. 67.189623
- Phrasal.v. 68.327781
- Phrasal.v. 7.624387
- Phrasal.v. 71.680895
- Phrasal.v. 8.323896
- Phrasal.v. 8.795349
- Phrasal.v. 9.235459
- Phrasal.vv. 67-70.887990
Approvals
Current Grammar status is not set for version not set. Current Lexical status is not set for version not set.
References
- ↑ The explicit "his people" is found in the Syr. (ܝܗܒ ܠܫܒܝܬܐ ܥܡܗ), though this may simply be caused by misreading עזו for עמו, since it maintains "glory" in the second line (ܬܫܒܘܚܬܗ).
- ↑ These read κλαυσθήσονται and ܐܬܒ̈ܟܝ, respectively.
- ↑ See Stec 2004, 154 for discussion.
- ↑ Somewhat bizarrely, the Syr. simply renders ܘܒܬ̈ܘܠܬܗܘܢ ܐܬܛܪܦ "and their young women were treated badly" (Taylor 2020, 325).
- ↑ The ancient versions attest to (1) κραιπαλάω "be intoxicated" (LXX, though the perfect participle κεκραιπαληκὼς implies "having been intoxicated," so explicitly in Jerome's Hebr. ➞ post crapulam vini) and (2) ܕܢܦܨܗ ܚܡܪܗ "who has shaken off his wine" (Taylor 2020, 325; ܢܦܨ as " to shake off loose material from something" CAL). The same expression is used in the Peshitta for 1 Sam 25:37's וַיְהִ֣י בַבֹּ֗קֶר בְּצֵ֤את הַיַּ֙יִן֙ מִנָּבָ֔ל. Similarly, TgPs has היך גברא דמתפקח מן חמרא "as a mighty one who becomes sober after wine" (Stec 2004, 155), and Saadia כג׳באר מסתפיק מן כ׳מרה (Kafaḥ 1966, 188) "like a mighty one waking up from wine."
- ↑ Radak, however, understands the perpetual shame as the loss of the Ark, so the "adversaries" are evidently the Israelites.
- ↑ See, however, the misunderstanding of Greek εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω "backwards" in Gall. as in posteriora—though Jerome's Hebr. reads retrorsum.
- ↑ These read ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ, respectively.
- ↑ These read quasi terram, ὡς τὴν γῆν, and היך ארעא.
- ↑ Among the ancient versions, the LXX and Jerome (Hebr.) provide no distinction between these two constructions; TgPs follows the MT isomorphically, while the Syr. varies between the verbs ܐܬܪܥܝ "to consider" in the first instance and ܓܒܐ "to choose" in the second. Such an interpretation seems purely contextual, however, since the translator renders the construction וַ֭יִּבְחַר בְּדָוִ֣ד in v. 70 with ܓܒܐ "to choose." Here again the LXX and Jerome's Hebr. simply provide the accusative case for בְּדָוִ֣ד and TgPs contains the preposition ב.
- ↑ Eine eindeutige Scheidüng der beiden Verwendungsarten will nicht gelingen (Jenni 1992, 256); cf. Bekins: "the alternation between bāḥar bǝ- and bāḥar + ACC does not produce a meaningful semantic contrast within a single dialect" (2014, 146 n. 13).
- ↑ These read ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ, respectively.
- ↑ These read quasi terram, ὡς τὴν γῆν, and היך ארעא.
- ↑ Among the ancient versions, the LXX and Jerome (Hebr.) provide no distinction between these two constructions; TgPs follows the MT isomorphically, while the Syr. varies between the verbs ܐܬܪܥܝ "to consider" in the first instance and ܓܒܐ "to choose" in the second. Such an interpretation seems purely contextual, however, since the translator renders the construction וַ֭יִּבְחַר בְּדָוִ֣ד in v. 70 with ܓܒܐ "to choose." Here again the LXX and Jerome's Hebr. simply provide the accusative case for בְּדָוִ֣ד and TgPs contains the preposition ב.
- ↑ Eine eindeutige Scheidüng der beiden Verwendungsarten will nicht gelingen (Jenni 1992, 256); cf. Bekins: "the alternation between bāḥar bǝ- and bāḥar + ACC does not produce a meaningful semantic contrast within a single dialect" (2014, 146 n. 13).