Psalm 2/Diagrams
v. 1
| 1a | לָ֭מָּה רָגְשׁ֣וּ גוֹיִ֑ם
|
Why have nations thronged,
|
| 1b | וּ֝ לְאֻמִּ֗ים יֶהְגּוּ־ רִֽיק׃
|
and why do peoples mutter emptiness?
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
noun: גוֹיִם nations
Predicate
verb: רָגְשׁוּ are in an uproar
Adverbial
adverb: לָמָּה why
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
noun: לְאֻמִּים peoples
Predicate
verb: יֶהְגּוּ mutter >> plot
Adverbial
adverb: לָמָּה why <status="elided">
Adverbial
noun: רִיק in vain <status="alternative">
Object
noun: רִיק emptiness
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-1-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 1
The interrogative "'why" (לָמָּה) is elided in the second clause. Cf. NLT: "Why are the nations so angry? Why do they waste their time with futile plans?"[1] At least semantically, it is probably implied in the clauses of v. 2 as well.[2]
Note for v. 1
The noun רִיק could either be the direct object of the verb[3] or a nominal adverb.[4] Both interpretations are grammatically possible. For the direct object interpretation, cf. Ps 4:3 (תֶּאֱהָב֣וּן רִ֑יק). See also the numerous examples of הגה taking a similar abstract noun as its object: Isa 59:3 (עַוְלָה); Ps 37:30 (חָכְמָה); Ps 38:13 (וּמִרְמֹות); Prov 8:7 (אֱמֶת); Job 27:4 (רְמִיָּה). For the nominal adverb interpretation, cf. Ps 73:13—אַךְ־רִ֭יק זִכִּ֣יתִי לְבָבִ֑י (also Isa 30:7; cf. the frequently occurring phrase לְרִיק/לָרִיק, Lev 26:16, 20; Isa 49:4; 65:23; Job 39:16). Given the fact that the verb הגה typically takes an object (either a bare noun phrase or a beth prepositional phrase), the direct object interpretation is more likely. If the poet wanted to clearly indicate an adverbial reading, we might have expected לריק.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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Imagery Notes
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Textual Notes
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v. 2
| 2a | יִ֥תְיַצְּב֨וּ ׀ מַלְכֵי־ אֶ֗רֶץ
|
Kings of earth are standing,
|
| 2b | וְ רוֹזְנִ֥ים נֽוֹסְדוּ־ יָ֑חַד
|
and rulers have conspired together
|
| 2c | עַל־ יְ֝הוָה וְ עַל־ מְשִׁיחֽ וֹ׃
|
against YHWH and against his anointed one.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="earthly kings">
noun: מַלְכֵי kings
noun: אֶרֶץ earth
Predicate
verb: יִתְיַצְּבוּ take a stand
Adverbial
adverb: לָמָּה why <status="elided">
Adverbial <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל against
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל against
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his anointed one">
noun: מְשִׁיח anointed one
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
noun: רוֹזְנִים rulers
Predicate
verb: נוֹסְדוּ have gathered >> have conspired
Adverbial
adverb: לָמָּה why <status="elided">
Adverbial
adverb: יָחַד together
Adverbial
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל against
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל against
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his anointed one">
noun: מְשִׁיח anointed
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Fragment <status="alternative">
particle: סֶלָה Selah <status="emendation">
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="earthly kings">
noun: מַלְכֵי kings
noun: אֶרֶץ earth
Predicate
verb: יִתְיַצְּבוּ take a stand
Adverbial
adverb: לָמָּה why <status="elided">
Adverbial <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל against
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל against
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his anointed one">
noun: מְשִׁיח anointed one
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
noun: רוֹזְנִים rulers
Predicate
verb: נוֹסְדוּ have gathered >> have conspired
Adverbial
adverb: לָמָּה why <status="elided">
Adverbial
adverb: יָחַד together
Adverbial
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל against
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל against
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his anointed one">
noun: מְשִׁיח anointed
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Fragment <status="alternative">
particle: סֶלָה Selah <status="emendation">
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-2-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 2
The prepositional phrases "against YHWH and against his anointed" (v. 2c) probably modify both of the preceding clauses (v. 2ab). Implicitly, it modifies the clauses in v. 1 as well.
Note for v. 2
The Septuagint includes "Selah" (Greek: διάψαλμα) at the end of v. 2.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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v. 3
| 3a | נְֽ֭נַתְּקָה אֶת־ מֽוֹסְרוֹתֵ֑י מוֹ
|
“Let us tear off their bonds,
|
| 3b | וְ נַשְׁלִ֖יכָה מִמֶּ֣ נּוּ עֲבֹתֵֽי מוֹ׃
|
and let us throw their ropes from us.”
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: נְנַתְּקָה let's tear off
Object
particle: אֶת
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="their bonds">
noun: מוֹסְרוֹתֵי bonds
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נַשְׁלִיכָה let's throw
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמֶּ away from
Object
suffix-pronoun: נּוּ us
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their ropes">
noun: עֲבֹתֵי ropes
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: נְנַתְּקָה let's tear off
Object
particle: אֶת
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="their bonds">
noun: מוֹסְרוֹתֵי bonds
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נַשְׁלִיכָה let's throw
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמֶּ away from
Object
suffix-pronoun: נּוּ us
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their ropes">
noun: עֲבֹתֵי ropes
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-3-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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Imagery Notes
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Textual Notes
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v. 4
| 4a | יוֹשֵׁ֣ב בַּ שָּׁמַ֣יִם יִשְׂחָ֑ק
|
The one enthroned in the heavens laughs.
|
| 4b | אֲ֝דֹנָ֗י יִלְעַג־ לָֽ מוֹ׃
|
The Lord mocks them.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: יוֹשֵׁב one who sits >> one enthroned
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: שָּׁמַיִם heavens
Predicate
verb: יִשְׂחָק laughs
Adverbial <status="elided">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ at
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֲדֹנָי the Lord
Subject <status="alternative">
noun: יְהוָה YHWH <status="alternative emendation">
Predicate
verb: יִלְעַג mocks
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="them">
Preposition
preposition: לָ at
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: יוֹשֵׁב one who sits >> one enthroned
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: שָּׁמַיִם heavens
Predicate
verb: יִשְׂחָק laughs
Adverbial <status="elided">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ at
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֲדֹנָי the Lord
Subject <status="alternative">
noun: יְהוָה YHWH <status="alternative emendation">
Predicate
verb: יִלְעַג mocks
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="them">
Preposition
preposition: לָ at
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-4-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 4
The prepositional phrase "them" (לָמוֹ) appears to modify not only the verb in the b-line (ילעג), but the verb in the a-line as well (ישׂחק).[5] For other instances of שׂחק ל, see Pss 37:13; 59:9.
Note for v. 4
In v. 4b, many manuscripts read יהוה instead of אֲדֹנָי.[6] But אדני, which is attested in our earliest Hebrew manuscript (11Q7), is almost certainly the earlier reading. Scribes are more likely to have changed אדני (which is far less common) to יהוה (which is far more common) rather than the other way around. Furthermore, אדני, which highlights YHWH's superiority, fits the context very well (see esp. the similar context for אדני in Ps 37:13a—אֲדֹנָ֥י יִשְׂחַק־ל֑וֹ). Note also that the earthly kings are called to become YHWH's "servants" in v. 11, i.e., to submit to his lordship and serve him as master.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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v. 5
| 5a | אָ֤ז יְדַבֵּ֣ר אֵלֵ֣י מוֹ בְ אַפּ֑ וֹ
|
Then he speaks to them in his wrath,
|
| 5b | וּֽ בַ חֲרוֹנ֥ וֹ יְבַהֲלֵֽ מוֹ׃
|
and he dismays them with his anger.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
Fragment
particle: אָז then
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְדַבֵּר he speaks
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵלֵי to
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his anger">
noun: אַפּ anger
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְבַהֲלֵ terrifies
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his wrath">
noun: חֲרוֹנ wrath
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
Fragment
particle: אָז then
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְדַבֵּר he speaks
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵלֵי to
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his anger">
noun: אַפּ anger
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְבַהֲלֵ terrifies
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his wrath">
noun: חֲרוֹנ wrath
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-5-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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Imagery Notes
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Textual Notes
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v. 6
| 6a | וַ֭ אֲנִי נָסַ֣כְתִּי מַלְכִּ֑ י
|
“But I have cast my king (as my image)
|
| 6b | עַל־ צִ֝יּ֗וֹן הַר־ קָדְשִֽׁ י׃
|
on Zion, my holy mountain.”
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ but
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֲנִי I
Predicate
verb: נָסַכְתִּי have poured out
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my king">
noun: מַלְכִּ king
suffix-pronoun: י me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל on
Object
Apposition
noun: צִיּוֹן Zion
ConstructChain <gloss="my holy mountain">
noun: הַר mountain
ConstructChain
noun: קָדְשִׁ holiness
suffix-pronoun: י me
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ but
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֲנִי I
Predicate
verb: נָסַכְתִּי have poured out
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my king">
noun: מַלְכִּ king
suffix-pronoun: י me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל on
Object
Apposition
noun: צִיּוֹן Zion
ConstructChain <gloss="my holy mountain">
noun: הַר mountain
ConstructChain
noun: קָדְשִׁ holiness
suffix-pronoun: י me
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-6-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 6
The waw at the beginning of v. 6 functions at the discourse level "to signal text level disjunction or transition."[7] Specifically, in this case, it connects and contrasts YHWH's response to the nations' speech in v. 3. "The function of this type of speech-initial וְ is to mark a dispreferred response."[8]
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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v. 7
| 7a | אֲסַפְּרָ֗ה אֶֽ֫ל חֹ֥ק
|
Let me recount the decree.
|
| 7b | יְֽהוָ֗ה אָמַ֘ר אֵלַ֥ י בְּנִ֥ י אַ֑תָּה
|
YHWH said to me, "You are my son.
|
| 7c | אֲ֝נִ֗י הַ יּ֥וֹם יְלִדְתִּֽי ךָ׃
|
I have become your father today.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲסַפְּרָה I will tell
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶל about
Object
noun: חֹק decree
Object
ConstructChain <status="alternative">
noun: חֹק decree
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
verb: אָמַר said
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵלַ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: י me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="my son">
noun: בְּנִ son
suffix-pronoun: י me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֲנִי I
Predicate
verb: יְלִדְתִּי hereby father
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial <gloss="today">
article: הַ the
noun: יּוֹם day
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֲסַפְּרָה I will tell
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֶל about
Object
noun: חֹק decree
Object
ConstructChain <status="alternative">
noun: חֹק decree
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Predicate
verb: אָמַר said
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵלַ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: י me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="my son">
noun: בְּנִ son
suffix-pronoun: י me
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אֲנִי I
Predicate
verb: יְלִדְתִּי hereby father
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial <gloss="today">
article: הַ the
noun: יּוֹם day
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-7-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 7
Depending on how one divides the lines in v. 7ab, "YHWH" may be either the final noun of a construct chain ("...decree of YHWH. He said..." so Targum: קימא דייי; see also the layout in the Aleppo Codex) or the subject of the following clause ("...decree. YHWH said..." so MT accents [ole we-yored]; Aquila[?]: κύριος; Peshitta), or, if "YHWH" is read twice, both the final noun of a construct chain and the subject of the next clause ("...decree of YHWH. YHWH said..." so LXX; Jerome [iuxta Hebr.]). Most of the modern translations consulted group "YHWH" with v. 7a.
- "I will proclaim the LORD’s decree: He said to me" (NIV, cf. NRSV, NLT, CSB, CEV, GNT, REB, NET, LUT, HFA, NGÜ, ELB, EÜ, GNB, ZÜR)
- "I will tell of the decree: The LORD said to me" (ESV, cf. NJPS)
A decision is difficult. In the absence of any compelling evidence one way or another, we have defaulted to following the reading tradition of the Masoretes.
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v. 8
| 8a | שְׁאַ֤ל מִמֶּ֗ נִּי
|
Ask me,
|
| 8b | וְ אֶתְּנָ֣ה ג֭וֹיִם נַחֲלָתֶ֑ ךָ
|
and I will make the nations your inheritance
|
| 8c | וַ֝ אֲחֻזָּתְ ךָ֗ אַפְסֵי־ אָֽרֶץ׃
|
and the ends of the earth your property.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׁאַל ask
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמֶּ of
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִּי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶתְּנָה I will make
Object
noun: גוֹיִם nations
Complement
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your inheritance">
noun: נַחֲלָתֶ inheritance
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶתְּנָה I will make <status="elided">
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: אַפְסֵי ends
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="your property">
noun: אֲחֻזָּתְ property
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׁאַל ask
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִמֶּ of
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִּי me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶתְּנָה I will make
Object
noun: גוֹיִם nations
Complement
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="your inheritance">
noun: נַחֲלָתֶ inheritance
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶתְּנָה I will make <status="elided">
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: אַפְסֵי ends
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="your property">
noun: אֲחֻזָּתְ property
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-8-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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Imagery Notes
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v. 9
| 9a | תְּ֭רֹעֵ ם בְּ שֵׁ֣בֶט בַּרְזֶ֑ל
|
You will crush them with an iron sceptre.
|
| 9b | כִּ כְלִ֖י יוֹצֵ֣ר תְּנַפְּצֵֽ ם׃
|
You will smash them like a potter’s vessel.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּרֹעֵ you will crush
verb: תִּרְעֵ you will shepherd <status="alternative revocalization">
Object
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="an iron scepter">
noun: שֵׁבֶט scepter
noun: בַּרְזֶל iron
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּנַפְּצֵ you will smash
Object
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כִּ like
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="clay pottery">
noun: כְלִי vessel
verb-participle: יוֹצֵר potter
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּרֹעֵ you will crush
verb: תִּרְעֵ you will shepherd <status="alternative revocalization">
Object
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="an iron scepter">
noun: שֵׁבֶט scepter
noun: בַּרְזֶל iron
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּנַפְּצֵ you will smash
Object
suffix-pronoun: ם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כִּ like
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="clay pottery">
noun: כְלִי vessel
verb-participle: יוֹצֵר potter
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-9-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 9
In v. 9a, the Septuagint says "you will shepherd them” (ποιμανεῖς αὐτούς). This reading, quoted in the Greek text of the NT in Rev. 2:27, 12:5, and 19:15, assumes a different vocalization of the consonantal Hebrew text (תִּרְעֵם) and understands the verb as רָעָה ("to shepherd") rather than רָעַע ("to break"). But the presence of the verb נפץ ("to smash") in the parallel line strongly favors the MT vocalization. Goldingay proposes a deliberate rhetorical ambiguity here, namely, that this line "lays alternative possibilities before the nations—either firm shepherding or devastating destruction."[9]
Lexical Notes
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v. 10
| 10a | וְ֭ עַתָּה מְלָכִ֣ים הַשְׂכִּ֑ילוּ
|
And now, kings, be wise.
|
| 10b | הִ֝וָּסְר֗וּ שֹׁ֣פְטֵי אָֽרֶץ׃
|
Accept discipline, rulers of earth.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
particle: וְעַתָּה and now
Fragment
Vocative
noun: מְלָכִים kings
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַשְׂכִּילוּ wise up
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="earthly rulers">
noun: שֹׁפְטֵי rulers
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִוָּסְרוּ accept discipline
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
particle: וְעַתָּה and now
Fragment
Vocative
noun: מְלָכִים kings
Clause
Predicate
verb: הַשְׂכִּילוּ wise up
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="earthly rulers">
noun: שֹׁפְטֵי rulers
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִוָּסְרוּ accept discipline
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-10-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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v. 11
| 11a | עִבְד֣וּ אֶת־ יְהוָ֣ה בְּ יִרְאָ֑ה
|
Serve YHWH with fear
|
| 11b | וְ֝ גִ֗ילוּ בִּ רְעָדָֽה׃
|
and rejoice with trembling.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v.11]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: עִבְדוּ serve
Object
particle: אֶת
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: יִרְאָה fear
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: גִילוּ rejoice
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ with
Object
noun: רְעָדָה trembling
DiscourseUnit [v.11]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: עִבְדוּ serve
Object
particle: אֶת
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: יִרְאָה fear
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: גִילוּ rejoice
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ with
Object
noun: רְעָדָה trembling
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-11-None }}
Grammar Notes
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Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
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v. 12
| 12a | נַשְּׁקוּ־ בַ֡ר פֶּן־ יֶאֱנַ֤ף ׀ וְ תֹ֬אבְדוּ דֶ֗רֶךְ
|
Kiss the son, lest he become angry and you perish in your conduct,
|
| 12b | כִּֽי־ יִבְעַ֣ר כִּ מְעַ֣ט אַפּ֑ וֹ
|
for his anger rages easily.
|
| 12c | אַ֝שְׁרֵ֗י כָּל־ ח֥וֹסֵי בֽ וֹ׃
|
Happy are all who take refuge in him.
|
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 12]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נַשְּׁקוּ kiss
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Nominal
adjective: בַר pure <status="alternative">
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ <status="alternative emendation">
Object
ConstructChain
noun: רַגְלָי feet <status="alternative emendation">
suffix-pronoun: ו him <status="alternative emendation">
Object
noun: בַר son
Nominal
adjective: בַר pure <status="alternative">
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: פֶּן or else
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יֶאֱנַף he will become angry
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תֹאבְדוּ you will perish
Adverbial <gloss="in your way">
noun: דֶרֶךְ way
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי for
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his anger">
noun: אַפּ anger
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb: יִבְעַר ignites
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="quickly">
Preposition
preposition: כִּ as
Object
noun: מְעַט little
Fragment
ConstructChain <gloss="Happy are all who take refuge in him">
Nominal
noun: אַשְׁרֵי happiness
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
Nominal
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: חוֹסֵי those who take refuge
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב in
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 12]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נַשְּׁקוּ kiss
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Nominal
adjective: בַר pure <status="alternative">
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ <status="alternative emendation">
Object
ConstructChain
noun: רַגְלָי feet <status="alternative emendation">
suffix-pronoun: ו him <status="alternative emendation">
Object
noun: בַר son
Nominal
adjective: בַר pure <status="alternative">
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: פֶּן or else
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יֶאֱנַף he will become angry
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תֹאבְדוּ you will perish
Adverbial <gloss="in your way">
noun: דֶרֶךְ way
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי for
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his anger">
noun: אַפּ anger
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb: יִבְעַר ignites
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="quickly">
Preposition
preposition: כִּ as
Object
noun: מְעַט little
Fragment
ConstructChain <gloss="Happy are all who take refuge in him">
Nominal
noun: אַשְׁרֵי happiness
ConstructChain
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
Nominal
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: חוֹסֵי those who take refuge
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב in
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=2|DiagramID=v-12-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 12
The word בַר is interpreted by some as an adjective ("kiss the pure one") and by others as an adverb ("kiss purely>>sincerely"). The adverbial interpretation is unlikely since "בַּר occurs nowhere else as an adverb" and "the stem נשקו, moreover, never appears in classical Hebrew without an object."[10] The adjectival interpretation ("pure one") is possible, but it is less likely than the interpretation of the word as a noun meaning (in Aramaic) "son." See The Text and Meaning of Ps 2:12a.
Lexical Notes
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Appendix
Files
Diagrams
Notes
Approvals
Current Grammar status is not set for version not set. Current Lexical status is not set for version not set.
References
- ↑ So NET, GNT; Tsumura 2023, 68.
- ↑ So Craigie 1983, 62-3.
- ↑ Cf. LXX trans. NETS: "vain things;" so Radak [ריק הוא כל דבריהם]; Hupfeld 1855, 21.
- ↑ Cf. ESV, NIV: "in vain;" so HALOT, DCH; Baethgen 1904, 5; Aquila: κενῶς.
- ↑ Cf. Delitzsch 1996, 55; Tsumura 2023, 22-23, 65-66.
- ↑ sSe Kennicott 1776, 308.
- ↑ Bandstra 1995, 52.
- ↑ BHRG §40.23.4.3; see e.g., 1 Kgs 2:21-22.
- ↑ 2006, 101.
- ↑ Prince 1900, 2; cf. NIDOTTE.