Psalm 112/Diagrams

V. 1

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Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: הַלְלוּ praise
        Object
          noun: יָהּ Yah
  Fragment 
    ConstructChain <gloss="Happy is the one">
      noun: אַשְׁרֵי happiness
      Nominal
        noun: אִישׁ one
        Adjectival <status="alternative" drop="1" height="300">
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb-participle: יָרֵא
              Object
                particle: אֶת d.o.m.
                noun: יְהוָה YHWH
        Adjectival <status="alternative">
          verb-participle: חָפֵץ delights
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בְּ in
              Object
                ConstructChain
                  noun: מִצְוֺתָי commands
                  suffix-pronoun: ו him 
          Adverbial
            adverb: מְאֹד very much
        RelativeClause <drop="1">
          RelativeParticle
            particle: אשר who <status="elided" height="300">
          Clause
            Subject
              Relative
            Predicate
              verb: יָרֵא fears
              Object
                particle: אֶת d.o.m.
                noun: יְהוָה YHWH
        RelativeClause
          RelativeParticle
            particle: אשר <status="elided"> who
          Clause
            Subject
              Relative
            Predicate
              verb: חָפֵץ delights
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: בְּ in
                  Object
                    ConstructChain <gloss="his commands">
                      noun: מִצְוֺתָי commands
                      suffix-pronoun: ו him
              Adverbial
                adverb: מְאֹד very much

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-1-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 1

• Is הַ֥לְלוּ יָ֨הּ׀ a clause ("praise Yah") or a single-word exclamation ("Hallelujah!")? In the MT, הַלְלוּ יָהּ is treated as two words; sometimes הַלְלוּ and יָהּ are joined by maqqef, and, when they are not, each word receives its own accent (e.g., Ps. 111:1 - הַ֥לְלוּ יָ֨הּ ׀). The division of הַ֥לְלוּ יָהּ into two words suggests (though it does not require) that the words are understood as a clause: "praise Yah." By contrast, the LXX does not translate הַלְלוּ יָהּ as a clause, but rather transliterates הַלְלוּ יָהּ as an exclamation: Αλληλουια (cf. Revelation 19: Αλληλουια; Jerome: Alleluia; Targum: הללויה; so HALOT). In the DSS, הללו יה is sometimes written as two words (e.g., 4QPsf Apostrophe to Judah) and sometimes as one (e.g., 4QPsd, 4QPse), though sometimes it is difficult to tell. In the Babylonian manuscript EC1 (Ps. 106:48), הללויה is written clearly as a single word.

If הללויה was added by the final editors of the psalter, not too long before the LXX was translated, then it should probably be interpreted as the LXX understood it: as a single-word exclamation.

Even if הללויה is understood as a single word exclamation, it seems unlikely that it would have completely lost its original sense ("praise Yah!"). For this reason, we have diagrammed it as a complete clause, even though it probably functions (illocution) as an exclamation.

• The verbs יָרֵא and חָפֵץ could be either participles that modify אִישׁ adjectivally (as in Prov. 28:14— אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מְפַחֵ֣ד תָּמִ֑יד) or qatal verbs that modify אִישׁ as asyndetic relative clauses (as in Prov. 3:13—אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה). The morphology is ambiguous. The parallel in v. 5 ( טֽוֹב־אִ֭ישׁ חוֹנֵ֣ן וּמַלְוֶ֑ה) might support reading a participle here (so probably LXX, Peshitta, Targum). In either case, there is no real difference in meaning.
• The second half of v. 1 might be an independent clause (cf. LXX), but the correspondence of חָפֵץ to יָרֵא suggests that חָפֵץ, like יָרֵא, syntactically modifies אִישׁ (so e.g., Symmachus: ος τας εντολας αυτου θελει σφοδρα; so most modern translations).

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 1

• For the phrase אַשְׁרֵי־אִישׁ, see the notes on Psalm 1.

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 1

• The verb חפץ is usually accompanied by a beth preposition which indicates the object of delight.

Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 1

• יָרֵ֣א is a stative verb, "has come to fear" >> "fears".
• חָפֵ֥ץ is stative verb, "has come to delight" >> "delights".

Textual Notes

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V. 2

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain <gloss="his offspring">
          noun: זַרְע offspring
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb: יִהְיֶה will be
          Complement
            noun: גִּבּוֹר great one <status="alternative">
            Adjectival 
              adjective: גִּבּוֹר great
            Adjectival
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בָּ in 
                Object
                  article: ה <status="elided"> the
                  noun: אָרֶץ earth
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject <status="elided">
        ConstructChain <gloss="his offspring"> 
          noun: זַרְע offspring
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb: יִהְיֶה <status="elided"> will be 
        Complement
            ConstructChain
              Nominal
                noun: דּוֹר generation
                RelativeClause
                  RelativeParticle
                    particle: אשר <status="elided"> which
                  Clause
                    Subject
                      Relative
                    Predicate
                      verb: יְבֹרָךְ will be blessed
              Nominal
                adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain <gloss="his offspring">
          noun: זַרְע offspring
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb: יִהְיֶה will be
          Complement
            noun: גִּבּוֹר great one <status="alternative">
            Adjectival 
              adjective: גִּבּוֹר great
            Adjectival
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בָּ in 
                Object
                  article: ה <status="elided"> the
                  noun: אָרֶץ earth
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject <status="elided">
        ConstructChain <gloss="his offspring"> 
          noun: זַרְע offspring
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb: יִהְיֶה <status="elided"> will be 
        Complement
            ConstructChain
              Nominal
                noun: דּוֹר generation
                RelativeClause
                  RelativeParticle
                    particle: אשר <status="elided"> which
                  Clause
                    Subject
                      Relative
                    Predicate
                      verb: יְבֹרָךְ will be blessed
              Nominal
                adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-2-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 2

• The prepositional phrase בָּאָרֶץ' probably modifies גִּבּוֹר adjectivally, as suggested by the word order and the prosodic structure (see MT accents). Cf. the phrase גִּבֹּר בָּאָרֶץ in Gen. 10:8. (Contrast the interpretation of the Peshitta, in which the phrase was probably understood adverbially: ܢܗܘܐ ܚܝܠܬܢ ܙܪܥܗ ܒܐܪܥܐ܂).
• It is not clear whether גִּבּוֹר is an adjective or a noun. If זַרְעוֹ is a collective (seed>>descendants), then גִּבּוֹר is an adjective ("his descendants will be mighty"). If, however, זַרְעוֹ refers to a singular offspring (seed>>descendant/child), then גִּבּוֹר can be read as a noun.
• The grammar of v. 2b is difficult. There are at least three options.
  • vV 2b is an independent clause in which דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים is the subject and יְבֹרָךְ is the predicate. E.g., NIV: "the generation of the upright will be blessed" (cf. LXX, Jerome, NLT, ESV, NRSV, NET, LUT, ELB, EÜ, ZÜR).
  • The noun phrase דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים in v. 2b is in apposition to גִּבּוֹר in v. 2a, and יְבֹרָךְ is an asyndetic relative clause. E.g., "His descendants will be mighty in the land, a generation of upright people (who will be) blessed" (cf. NEB, JPS85; so Rashi [דור ישרים אשר יבורך יהיה זרעו]). But the phrase גִּבּוֹר בָּאָרֶץ is probably not a collective (cf. Gen. 10:8).
  • v. 2b is an independent clause in which דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים adverbially modifies the verb יְבֹרָךְ (preferred). E.g., "in the generation of the upright he will be blessed" (so Peshitta: ܘܢܬܒܪܟ ܒܕܪܐ ܕܙܕܝܩ̈ܐ܂; Targum: בדר תריציא יתברך). This view works well in the context of the psalm. The "man" is the topic of the psalm and so is the most probable subject of the 3ms verb יְבֹרָךְ. The whole of v. 4, then, is about this man's legacy. The first half of the verse talks about his offspring, and the second half of the verse talks about him being blessed in a (future) generation.

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 2

• The word גִּבֹּור refers to "a human being... who is renowned for his characteristics, such as physical strength, power, bravery, skill, wealth, good character, or a combination thereof." It is associated with kingship, and is often applied to kings (cf. Ps. 45:4; Ps. 24:8 [// מלך]; Ps. 33:16 [// מלך]; Dan. 11:3 [מֶלֶךְ גִּבֹּור]). The phrase גבור בארץ occurs only elsewhere in Gen. 10:8//1 Chron. 1:10, where it describes Nimrod, who, though he is not called a "king" (מלך) is said to have had a "kingdom" (ממלכה). Although it is possible, in this instance, that the word גבור is describing Nimrod's greatness as a hunter and not as a king per se (cf. the phrase גִבֹּר־צַיִד in the following clauses), it's more likely that גבור בארץ is a general description of his greatness as a ruler (cf. Ges-18 "Gewaltherrscher auf Erden") and that skilled hunting is but one manifestation of his greatness/kingship—"to be a great hunter... was a claim associated with royal status." Thus, the use of גבור (singular!) in Ps. 112 is one indication that the "man" in this psalm is a king.
• Most translations read אָרֶץ as "the land (of Israel)", but if the man is a king with international significance, then ארץ might refer more broadly to the "the earth", as in Gen. 10:8.
• The meaning of "blessed" (יברך pual) depends on who is doing the blessing and who is being blessed. If the generation of upright ones is being blessed by YHWH, then the verb refers to a "causative action by which deities grant a special favor to humans." If, however, the generation of upright ones is "blessing" the "man," then it would mean "to pronounce blessed," or, "to congratulate" (see e.g. 2 Sam. 8:10; Ps. 49:19), or, perhaps even "to praise". In either case, the meaning might be similar to Psalm 72:17 which, like Ps. 112:2, celebrates the king's legacy; the king is both blessed by others and a source or blessing to them: יְהִ֤י שְׁמ֨וֹ לְֽעוֹלָ֗ם לִפְנֵי־שֶׁמֶשׁ֮ יָנִין שְׁ֫מ֥וֹ וְיִתְבָּ֥רְכוּ ב֑וֹ כָּל־גּוֹיִ֥ם יְאַשְּׁרֽוּהוּ׃.

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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Alternative

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2 alternative]
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: יְבֹרָךְ he will be blessed
        Adverbial
          Nominal
            ConstructChain <gloss="in a generation of upright people">
              noun: דּוֹר generation
              Nominal
                adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause 
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: דּוֹר generation
          Nominal 
            adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
      Predicate
        verb: יְבֹרָךְ will be blessed 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 2 alternative]
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: יְבֹרָךְ he will be blessed
        Adverbial
          Nominal
            ConstructChain <gloss="in a generation of upright people">
              noun: דּוֹר generation
              Nominal
                adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause 
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: דּוֹר generation
          Nominal 
            adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
      Predicate
        verb: יְבֹרָךְ will be blessed

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-2-Alternative }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 2

Note for V. 2

Associate with V-2-Alternative

• The prepositional phrase בָּאָרֶץ' probably modifies גִּבּוֹר adjectivally, as suggested by the word order and the prosodic structure (see MT accents). Cf. the phrase גִּבֹּר בָּאָרֶץ in Gen. 10:8. (Contrast the interpretation of the Peshitta, in which the phrase was probably understood adverbially: ܢܗܘܐ ܚܝܠܬܢ ܙܪܥܗ ܒܐܪܥܐ܂).
• It is not clear whether גִּבּוֹר is an adjective or a noun. If זַרְעוֹ is a collective (seed>>descendants), then גִּבּוֹר is an adjective ("his descendants will be mighty"). If, however, זַרְעוֹ refers to a singular offspring (seed>>descendant/child), then גִּבּוֹר can be read as a noun.
• The grammar of v. 2b is difficult. There are at least three options.
  • vV 2b is an independent clause in which דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים is the subject and יְבֹרָךְ is the predicate. E.g., NIV: "the generation of the upright will be blessed" (cf. LXX, Jerome, NLT, ESV, NRSV, NET, LUT, ELB, EÜ, ZÜR).
  • The noun phrase דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים in v. 2b is in apposition to גִּבּוֹר in v. 2a, and יְבֹרָךְ is an asyndetic relative clause. E.g., "His descendants will be mighty in the land, a generation of upright people (who will be) blessed" (cf. NEB, JPS85; so Rashi [דור ישרים אשר יבורך יהיה זרעו]). But the phrase גִּבּוֹר בָּאָרֶץ is probably not a collective (cf. Gen. 10:8).
  • v. 2b is an independent clause in which דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים adverbially modifies the verb יְבֹרָךְ (preferred). E.g., "in the generation of the upright he will be blessed" (so Peshitta: ܘܢܬܒܪܟ ܒܕܪܐ ܕܙܕܝܩ̈ܐ܂; Targum: בדר תריציא יתברך). This view works well in the context of the psalm. The "man" is the topic of the psalm and so is the most probable subject of the 3ms verb יְבֹרָךְ. The whole of v. 4, then, is about this man's legacy. The first half of the verse talks about his offspring, and the second half of the verse talks about him being blessed in a (future) generation.

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for V. 2

Note for V. 2

Associate with V-2-Alternative

• The word גִּבֹּור refers to "a human being... who is renowned for his characteristics, such as physical strength, power, bravery, skill, wealth, good character, or a combination thereof." It is associated with kingship, and is often applied to kings (cf. Ps. 45:4; Ps. 24:8 [// מלך]; Ps. 33:16 [// מלך]; Dan. 11:3 [מֶלֶךְ גִּבֹּור]). The phrase גבור בארץ occurs only elsewhere in Gen. 10:8//1 Chron. 1:10, where it describes Nimrod, who, though he is not called a "king" (מלך) is said to have had a "kingdom" (ממלכה). Although it is possible, in this instance, that the word גבור is describing Nimrod's greatness as a hunter and not as a king per se (cf. the phrase גִבֹּר־צַיִד in the following clauses), it's more likely that גבור בארץ is a general description of his greatness as a ruler (cf. Ges-18 "Gewaltherrscher auf Erden") and that skilled hunting is but one manifestation of his greatness/kingship—"to be a great hunter... was a claim associated with royal status." Thus, the use of גבור (singular!) in Ps. 112 is one indication that the "man" in this psalm is a king.
• Most translations read אָרֶץ as "the land (of Israel)", but if the man is a king with international significance, then ארץ might refer more broadly to the "the earth", as in Gen. 10:8.
• The meaning of "blessed" (יברך pual) depends on who is doing the blessing and who is being blessed. If the generation of upright ones is being blessed by YHWH, then the verb refers to a "causative action by which deities grant a special favor to humans." If, however, the generation of upright ones is "blessing" the "man," then it would mean "to pronounce blessed," or, "to congratulate" (see e.g. 2 Sam. 8:10; Ps. 49:19), or, perhaps even "to praise". In either case, the meaning might be similar to Psalm 72:17 which, like Ps. 112:2, celebrates the king's legacy; the king is both blessed by others and a source or blessing to them: יְהִ֤י שְׁמ֨וֹ לְֽעוֹלָ֗ם לִפְנֵי־שֶׁמֶשׁ֮ יָנִין שְׁ֫מ֥וֹ וְיִתְבָּ֥רְכוּ ב֑וֹ כָּל־גּוֹיִ֥ם יְאַשְּׁרֽוּהוּ׃.

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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V. 3

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Preferred

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        noun: הוֹן wealth
        conjunction: וָ and
        noun: עֹשֶׁר riches
      Predicate
        Complement
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בְּ in
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="his house">
                noun: בֵית house
                suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
    conjunction: וְ and
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain <gloss="his righteousness">
          noun: צִדְקָת righteousness
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb-participle: עֹמֶדֶת endures
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לָ for
            Object
              noun: עַד forever 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        noun: הוֹן wealth
        conjunction: וָ and
        noun: עֹשֶׁר riches
      Predicate
        Complement
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בְּ in
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="his house">
                noun: בֵית house
                suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
    conjunction: וְ and
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain <gloss="his righteousness">
          noun: צִדְקָת righteousness
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb-participle: עֹמֶדֶת endures
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לָ for
            Object
              noun: עַד forever

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-3-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 3

• On the form 'לָעַד and the qametz under ל, see GKC 102i. Compare לָנֶצַח.

Lexical Notes

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Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 3

• The phrase translated immense wealth (הוֹן־וָעֹשֶׁר) is a combination of two nouns ('wealth and riches'). The use of two co-referential nouns (instead of one noun) stresses the immensity of the man's wealth. The ideal king in Ps 112 is thus depicted, like Solomon, as having immense wealth.

Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 3

• עֹמֶ֥דֶת ("endures"): The participle here appears to function as the main predication of the clause with present/timeless semantics. This might be one indication that Ps. 111 is a late text. But there are examples of timeless / generic aspect participles in earlier texts as well.

Textual Notes

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V. 4

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        Apposition
          Subject
            noun: אוֹר light <width="element">
            Adjectival <drop="1">
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לַ for <height="150">
                Object
                  Apposition
                    Object
                      article: ה <status="elided"> the
                      adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
                    Object <status="alternative">
                      Nominal
                        adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
                      Conjunction
                        conjunction: וְ and
                      Nominal
                        adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
                      Conjunction
                        conjunction: וְ and
                      Nominal
                        adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
          Subject
            Nominal
              adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Nominal
              adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Nominal
              adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
      Predicate
        verb: זָרַח he has risen
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בַּ in
            Object
              article: ה <status="elided"> the
              noun: חֹשֶׁךְ darkness
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause
      Subject
        Apposition
          Subject
            noun: <status="elided">
          Subject
            Nominal
              adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Nominal
              adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Nominal
              adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
          Subject
            noun: אוֹר light
            Adjectival
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לַ for
                Object
                  Apposition
                    Object
                      article: ה <status="elided"> the
                      adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
      Predicate
        verb: זָרַח he has risen
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בַּ in
            Object
              article: ה <status="elided"> the
              noun: חֹשֶׁךְ darkness
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        Complement
          adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
          conjunction: וְ and
          adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
          conjunction: וְ and
          adjective: צַדִּיק righteous 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        Apposition
          Subject
            noun: אוֹר light <width="element">
            Adjectival <drop="1">
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לַ for <height="150">
                Object
                  Apposition
                    Object
                      article: ה <status="elided"> the
                      adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
                    Object <status="alternative">
                      Nominal
                        adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
                      Conjunction
                        conjunction: וְ and
                      Nominal
                        adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
                      Conjunction
                        conjunction: וְ and
                      Nominal
                        adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
          Subject
            Nominal
              adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Nominal
              adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Nominal
              adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
      Predicate
        verb: זָרַח he has risen
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בַּ in
            Object
              article: ה <status="elided"> the
              noun: חֹשֶׁךְ darkness
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause
      Subject
        Apposition
          Subject
            noun: <status="elided">
          Subject
            Nominal
              adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Nominal
              adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            Nominal
              adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
          Subject
            noun: אוֹר light
            Adjectival
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לַ for
                Object
                  Apposition
                    Object
                      article: ה <status="elided"> the
                      adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
      Predicate
        verb: זָרַח he has risen
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בַּ in
            Object
              article: ה <status="elided"> the
              noun: חֹשֶׁךְ darkness
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        Complement
          adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
          conjunction: וְ and
          adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
          conjunction: וְ and
          adjective: צַדִּיק righteous

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-4-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 4

• On the syntax of v. 4, see The Syntax and Subject(s) in Ps. 112:4.
• The adjective לַיְשָׁרִים is probably definite, even though the yod has no dagesh (cf. BHRG 8.2.5. Qenemlui letters) (cf. Ps. 33:1; Prov. 2:7). If it were indefinite, then we would expect לִישָׁרִים (cf. Ps. 125:4).

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 4

• The verb translated has risen refers not to the general act of 'rising' but to the specific "process by which the sun appears in the morning to provide light and warmth to the world; ≈ associated with a new period of well-being." Elsewhere, the subject of the verb is almost always the sun.

Phrase-Level

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Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 4

• זָ֘רַ֤ח ("has risen"): Most modern translations have a present tense verb here, which is communicates the sense well. In Hebrew, however, the verb is past tense ("has risen"; cf. LXX: ἐξανέτειλεν), referring to the "process by which the sun appears in the morning to provide light and warmth to the world." The man is like the sun who has risen and is (by implication) presently shining (cf. Jerome: ortum est).

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Vv. 5-6

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 5-6]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        noun: אִישׁ one
        Adjectival <gloss="lending generously">
          verb-participle: חוֹנֵן being generous
          conjunction: וּ
          verb-participle: מַלְוֶה lending
        RelativeClause
          RelativeParticle
            particle: אשר <status="elided"> who
          Clause
            Subject
              Relative
            Predicate
              verb: יְכַלְכֵּל manages
              Object
                ConstructChain <gloss="his affairs">
                  noun: דְּבָרָי affairs
                  suffix-pronoun: ו him
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: בְּ with
                  Object
                    noun: מִשְׁפָּט justice
      Predicate        
        Complement
          adjective: טוֹב fortunate
      SubordinateClause
        Conjunction
          conjunction: כִּי because
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Subject
            Predicate
              verb: יִמּוֹט he will waver
              Adverbial
                particle: לֹא not
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: לְ for
                  Object
                    noun: עוֹלָם forever
          Conjunction
            conjunction:
          Clause
            Subject
              adjective: צַדִּיק righteous one
            Predicate
              verb: יִהְיֶה will be
              Complement
                PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="remembered forever">
                  Preposition
                    preposition: לְ
                  Object
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: זֵכֶר remembrance
                      noun: עוֹלָם forever
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: יְכַלְכֵּל manages
        Object
          ConstructChain
            noun: דְּבָרָי affairs 
            suffix-pronoun: ו him
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בְּ with
            Object
              noun: מִשְׁפָּט justice 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [vv. 5-6]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        noun: אִישׁ one
        Adjectival <gloss="lending generously">
          verb-participle: חוֹנֵן being generous
          conjunction: וּ
          verb-participle: מַלְוֶה lending
        RelativeClause
          RelativeParticle
            particle: אשר <status="elided"> who
          Clause
            Subject
              Relative
            Predicate
              verb: יְכַלְכֵּל manages
              Object
                ConstructChain <gloss="his affairs">
                  noun: דְּבָרָי affairs
                  suffix-pronoun: ו him
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: בְּ with
                  Object
                    noun: מִשְׁפָּט justice
      Predicate        
        Complement
          adjective: טוֹב fortunate
      SubordinateClause
        Conjunction
          conjunction: כִּי because
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Subject
            Predicate
              verb: יִמּוֹט he will waver
              Adverbial
                particle: לֹא not
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: לְ for
                  Object
                    noun: עוֹלָם forever
          Conjunction
            conjunction:
          Clause
            Subject
              adjective: צַדִּיק righteous one
            Predicate
              verb: יִהְיֶה will be
              Complement
                PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="remembered forever">
                  Preposition
                    preposition: לְ
                  Object
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: זֵכֶר remembrance
                      noun: עוֹלָם forever
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: יְכַלְכֵּל manages
        Object
          ConstructChain
            noun: דְּבָרָי affairs 
            suffix-pronoun: ו him
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בְּ with
            Object
              noun: מִשְׁפָּט justice

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=Vv-5-6-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Note for Vv. 5-6

Associate with Vv-5-6-None

• Some translations treat v. 5b as an independent clause. E.g., NASB: "He will maintain his cause in judgment" (cf. LXX: οἰκονομήσει...; PIH: dispensabit... Targum: יסובר; NGÜ, ELB). It seems more likely, however, especially in light of the parallel with v. 1, that v. 5b is a relative clause that continues to describe the אִישׁ in v. 5a. E.g., ESV: "It is well with the man who deals generously and lends; who conducts his affairs with justice") cf. Symmachus: αγαθος ανθρωπος χαριστικος και κιχρων, οικονομων τα πραγματα αυτου μετα κρισεως; parallel with v. 1; Peshitta, which translates יכלכל as a participle coordinate with the previous participles: ܛܒ ܗܘ ܓܒܪܐ ܕܡܪܚܡ ܘܡܘܙܦ܂ ܘܡܣܝܒܪ ܡ̈ܠܘܗܝ ܒܕܝܢܐ܂; so Baethgen 1904, 342; so NIV, NLT, ESV, NET, GNT, LUT, EÜ, GNB, ZÜR; cf. GKC 116x).
• The כִּי in v. 6 probably "grounds or explains the טוב in v. 5."

Lexical Notes

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Note for Vv. 5-6

Associate with Vv-5-6-None

• SDBH defines טוב as the "state in which humans and deities have character, integrity, and good fortune." In this passage, the emphasis is on the "good fortune" part of the definition: "fortunate," as a parallel to אשרי in v. 1.
• The verb translated manages (יְכַלְכֵּל) most often refers to a "causative action by which humans... ensure that (other) humans received the food and care that they need." In this way, the verb 'manages' corresponds lexically and poetically to the phrase 'lends generously' in the previous line. In this context, however, the meaning seems to be different. Most understand the phrase here to mean "to conduct one's affairs." Understood in this sense, the whole verse is about the man's finances. The first half of the verse says that he is generous with his finances; the second half says that he is just in the administration of his finances.
• The noun משפט could mean either "place/process of judgment" (NASB; so BDB) or "justice" (NIV, NRSV, NLT, ESV, NET, GNT, CEV, JPS85; so SDBH; cf. Targum). The absence of the definite article and the parallel with Psalm 111 favor interpreting the word as an abstract noun "justice."

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram. Other notes for Vv. 5-6

Note for Vv. 5-6

Associate with Vv-5-6-None

• The phrase translated who lends generously is a combination of two Hebrew verbs (חוֹנֵ֣ן וּמַלְוֶ֑ה, 'being generous and lending') which communicate a single idea ('lending generously').

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V. 7

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: יִירָא will be afraid
        Adverbial
          particle: לֹא not
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: מִ of
            Object
              Nominal
                noun: שְּׁמוּעָה news
                adjective: רָעָה bad
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: לִבּ heart
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        Complement
          Apposition
            Complement
              verb-participle: נָכוֹן established >> confident
            Complement
              verb-participle: בָּטֻחַ trusting
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: בַּ in
                    Object
                      noun: יהוָה YHWH 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: יִירָא will be afraid
        Adverbial
          particle: לֹא not
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: מִ of
            Object
              Nominal
                noun: שְּׁמוּעָה news
                adjective: רָעָה bad
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: לִבּ heart
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        Complement
          Apposition
            Complement
              verb-participle: נָכוֹן established >> confident
            Complement
              verb-participle: בָּטֻחַ trusting
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: בַּ in
                    Object
                      noun: יהוָה YHWH

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-7-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 7

• Whereas the MT vocalizes בטח as a participle בָּטֻחַ (cf. Peshitta [ܬܟܝܠ-adjective], Symmachus: αμεριμνος, Targum: רחיץ; cf. Isa. 26:3), the LXX has an infinitive (ἐλπίζειν<בְּּּטֹחַ?).

Lexical Notes

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V. 8

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: לִבּ heart
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        Complement
          verb-participle: סָמוּךְ supported >> encouraged
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: יִירָא will fear
        Adverbial
          particle: לֹא not
      SubordinateClause
        Conjunction
          conjunction: עַד אֲשֶׁר until
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: יִרְאֶה he will look [in triumph]
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="his adversaries">
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: צָרָי adversaries
                    suffix-pronoun: ו him 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: לִבּ heart
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        Complement
          verb-participle: סָמוּךְ supported >> encouraged
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: יִירָא will fear
        Adverbial
          particle: לֹא not
      SubordinateClause
        Conjunction
          conjunction: עַד אֲשֶׁר until
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: יִרְאֶה he will look [in triumph]
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="his adversaries">
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: צָרָי adversaries
                    suffix-pronoun: ו him

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-8-None }}

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Verbal Notes

Verbal Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 8

• עַ֖ד אֲשֶׁר־יִרְאֶ֣ה בְצָרָֽיו׃ ("until he looks (in triumph) on his adversaries"): The conjunctive עַ֖ד אֲשֶׁר implies that the following clause is yet to happen.

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V. 9

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: פִּזַּר he has distributed
        conjunction:
        verb: נָתַן he has given
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לָ to
            Object
              article: ה <status="elided">
              noun: אֶבְיוֹנִים poor
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain <gloss="his righteousness">
          noun: צִדְקָת righteousness
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb-participle: עֹמֶדֶת endures
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לָ for
            Object
              noun: עַד forever
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain <gloss="his horn">
          noun: קַרְנ horn 
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb: תָּרוּם will lift
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בְּ in
            Object
              noun: כָבוֹד honor 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
      Predicate
        verb: פִּזַּר he has distributed
        conjunction:
        verb: נָתַן he has given
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לָ to
            Object
              article: ה <status="elided">
              noun: אֶבְיוֹנִים poor
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain <gloss="his righteousness">
          noun: צִדְקָת righteousness
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb-participle: עֹמֶדֶת endures
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לָ for
            Object
              noun: עַד forever
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain <gloss="his horn">
          noun: קַרְנ horn 
          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
      Predicate
        verb: תָּרוּם will lift
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בְּ in
            Object
              noun: כָבוֹד honor

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-9-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 9

• The construction פִּזַּ֤ר׀ נָ֘תַ֤ן may be a verbal hendiadys (cf. GKC 120h, "פזר=plentifully"). If this is correct, then the lamed prepositional phrase modifies both verbs (cf. Peshitta, which adds a conjunction: ܒܕܪ ܘܝܗܒ ܠܒܝܫ̈ܐ܂).
• On the form 'לָעַד and the qametz under ל, see GKC 102i. Compare לָנֶצַח.

Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for V. 9

• The verb פזר (piel) sometimes belongs to the contextual domain of war (cf. Ps. 89:11) and sometimes to the contextual domain of finances (cf. Prov. 11:24). In this context, it functions as a kind of janus, pointing back to the war imagery of v. 8 and forward to the financial imagery in v. 9.

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Note for V. 9

• עֹמֶ֣דֶת ("endures"): See note on v. 3.

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V. 10

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SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        adjective: רָשָׁע wicked one
      Predicate
        verb: יִרְאֶה will see
        conjunction: וְ and
        verb: כָעָס will become vexed
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Subject
        Predicate
          verb: יַחֲרֹק will grind
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="his teeth">
              noun: שִׁנָּי teeth
              suffix-pronoun: ו him
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: נָמָס will melt >> will waste away
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: תַּאֲוַת desire
          Nominal
            adjective: רְשָׁעִים wicked ones
      Predicate
        verb: תֹּאבֵד will come to an end 
  

Diagram Code

 DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        adjective: רָשָׁע wicked one
      Predicate
        verb: יִרְאֶה will see
        conjunction: וְ and
        verb: כָעָס will become vexed
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Subject
        Predicate
          verb: יַחֲרֹק will grind
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="his teeth">
              noun: שִׁנָּי teeth
              suffix-pronoun: ו him
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ and
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: נָמָס will melt >> will waste away
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: תַּאֲוַת desire
          Nominal
            adjective: רְשָׁעִים wicked ones
      Predicate
        verb: תֹּאבֵד will come to an end

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 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=112|DiagramID=V-10-None }}

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New Grammatical Diagram

Appendix

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Files

Diagrams

• V. 1.
• V. 10.
• V. 2.
• V. 2.Alternative
• V. 3.
• V. 4.
• V. 7.
• V. 8.
• V. 9.
• Vv. 5-6.

Notes

• Grammar.V. 1.938134
• Grammar.V. 2.129355
• Grammar.V. 3.21511
• Grammar.V. 4.729876
• Grammar.V. 7.801546
• Grammar.V. 9.193291
• Grammar.Vv. 5-6.859869
• Lexical.V. 1.87628
• Lexical.V. 2.206229
• Lexical.V. 4.300447
• Lexical.V. 9.692806
• Lexical.Vv. 5-6.9695
• Phrasal.V. 1.87531
• Phrasal.V. 3.690342
• Phrasal.Vv. 5-6.72384
• Verbal.V. 1.307561
• Verbal.V. 3.13800
• Verbal.V. 4.315536
• Verbal.V. 8.441167
• Verbal.V. 9.528080

Approvals

Current Grammar status is not set for version not set. Current Lexical status is not set for version not set.

• Approve Grammar as version 1.1
• Approve Lexical as version 1.0

References