Property: Text
From Psalms: Layer by Layer
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P
'''v. 64''' – For the MT's qal תִבְכֶּֽינָה, both the LXX (%3D Gall.) and Syr. have the passive "be lamented."'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' The active is read in Jerome's Hebr., Symmachus, and most manuscripts of TgPs.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000001-QINU`"' The niphal of בכה is never attested elsewhere, while the active verb makes most sense of the historical context of the wife of Phinehas in 1 Sam 4:19-22, who shows no signs of weeping. +
'''v. 39''' – The appositional reading has been preferred, as reflected in the ancient versions and most modern versions. A minority position is the repetition of the entire predicate, as reflected in the DHH: Dios se acordó de que eran simples hombres; de que eran como el viento, que se va y no vuelve ("God remembered that they were simply men that they were like the wind, which goes and does not return"). +
For the alternative emendation דֶּבֶר "pestilence" in place of the MT's בָּרָד, see Symmachus' τοῦ ἐκδόντος λοιμῷ τὰ κτὴνη αὐτῶν "giving their cattle to pestilence," along with a couple of Ηebrew manuscripts (see VTH, vol 4, 305; de-Rossi, ''Variae Lectiones'', vol 4, 54.). This is, however, probably a harmonization with וְ֝חַיָּתָ֗ם לַדֶּ֥בֶר הִסְגִּֽיר in v. 50. +
'''v. 41''' – For the compound predicate interpretation, see the discussion of the multi-verb predication at phrase level (as attested, e.g., in the ESV: "They tested God again and again," cf. CSB, CEB, CJB, ELB, EÜ, GNT, Luther 2017, NASB, NABRE, NET, NIV, NJPS, RVC, SG21, ZÜR). For the waw-coordination in a serial verb construction, see further, the note at v. 6. Here, וַיָּשׁ֣וּבוּ contributes the aspectual value of habituality/repetition (Aikhenvald 2018, 6). Alternatively, וַיָּשׁ֣וּבוּ could be considered its own event, i.e., turning back (as the ancient versions and the KJV's "they turned back and tempted God"). +
v. 55 – For the alternative construct chain reading of בְּחֶ֣בֶל נַחֲלָ֑ה, see the Syr. "he placed them in the allotments of his inheritance."'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"'
The alternative reading of בְּחֶ֣בֶל as modifying נַחֲלָ֑ה requires the understanding of בְּ as beth essentiae (so Hitzig 1863, 169; Delitzsch 1871, 373). +
The syntax of the LXX, Syr., and Jerome's Hebr. does not contain the preferred asyndetic relative clause, which renders the antecedent of the suffix on יְסָדָ֥הּ difficult to discern (Jerome's Hebr., e.g., provides illud, in agreement with sanctuarium suum, though the MT's 3fs agrees with אֶרֶץ, not מִקְדָּשׁ). +
'''v. 72''' – For the alternative emendation בְּתֹם for the MT's כְּתֹ֣ם, see the ancient versions: "in the innocence/integrity of his heart,"'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' as well as a large number of Hebrew Manuscripts (VTH, vol 4, 376; de-Rossi, Variae Lectiones, vol 4, 55). This is understandable since כ and ב are written very similarly. While both Leningradensis and Aleppo contain כְּתֹ֣ם, Sassoon has בְּתֹ֣ם, and the extant Babylonian manuscripts consistently provide בתם (see, e.g., BL Or 1477; 2373; JTS 611; Neubauer 2484). Weighing up the external evidence, divergence from the %5Bhttps://hb.openscriptures.org OSHB%5D has been preferred, as "He tended them with blameless heart; with skillful hands he led them," (NJPS; see also CEB, CJB, CSB, DHH, ESV, EÜ, GNT, Luther 2017, NABRE, NET, NIV, REB, RVC, SG21, ZÜR), though the KJV's "he fed them according to the integrity of his heart" follows Codex Leningrad (cf. ELB, NASB), as already noted in Midrash Tehillim (וירעם (בתום) %5Bכתום%5D לבבו). Semantically, both interpretations are plausible. The verb רעה "to shepherd" is accompanied by a כְּ–prepositional phrase of comparison, "as/like" in Isa 40:11 and Jer 3:15. In the latter case, the verb is also modified by "heart," so there may be a harmonization between the two passages in Leningradensis and Aleppo. For the verb רעה "to shepherd" being accompanied by a בְּ–prepositional phrase, "with," see Ezek 34:14, 16; Mic 3:5; 5:5; 7:14. +
For the apposition between the two locative phrases (despite the elision of the preposition בְּ in the second constituent), see the ancient versions duplication of the preposition.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' On the appositional analysis of the second constituent specifying a detail concerning the first, see DHH's formulation: en la región de Soan, que está en Egipto "in the region of Zoan, which is in Egypt." +
'''v. 63-64''' – As in v. 28, there is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for textual variation between the MT's בַּחוּרָ֥יו ... וּ֝בְתוּלֹתָ֗יו ... כֹּ֭הֲנָיו ... וְ֝אַלְמְנֹתָ֗יו and a 3pl suffix, such that the LXX's (cf. Gall.) νεανίσκους αὐτῶν ... αἱ παρθένοι αὐτῶν ... ἱερεῖς αὐτῶν ... αἱ χῆραι αὐτῶν ("their young men ... their young women ... their priests ... their widows" %3D Syr. ܠܓܕܘ̈ܕܝܗܘܢ ... ܒܬ̈ܘܠܬܗܘܢ ... ܟܗ̈ܢܝܗܘܢ ... ܐܪ̈ܡܠܬܗܘܢ) seems to be purely interpretive regarding the expected participant's antecedent. Although עַמּ֑וֹ (v. 62) is a plausible antecedent, elsewhere in the psalm the collective reference is not used, but plural anaphora (see vv. 1, 52, 71-72). Just like in v. 28, Jerome's Hebr. and TgPss follow the MT's singular suffix. +
'''v. 24''' – The alternative infinitive represents Jerome's Hebr. "and he rained over them manna so that they would eat" (''et pluit super eos man ut comederent''). The interpretation of "to eat" adjectivally modifying the manna has been preferred, however. Cf. the SG21's il a fait pleuvoir sur eux de la manne comme nourriture (lit. "He made rain over them manna as food"). +
For the elided קֶשֶׁת after נשׁק, see the collocation in 1 Chr 12:2 and 2 Chr 17:17. As an entire construction, however, the first constituent, נוֹשְׁקֵ֥י, is in semantic apposition to the two following, רוֹמֵי־קָ֑שֶׁת (GKC §130e), to read "those armed of those shooters of a bow" >> "''those armed %5Bwith a bow%5D, those shooting %5Bwith%5D a bow''" (cf. Delitzsch 1871, 365). +
'''v. 69b''' – For the alternative emendation בְּאֶרֶץ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ, see the LXX and Syr. (ἐν τῇ γῇ; ܒܐܪܥܐ), though Jerome's Hebr., Symmachus and TgPs follow the MT (quasi terram; ὡς τὴν γῆν; היך ארעא). Kennicott lists six manuscripts which read בארץ (VTH, vol 4, 376), though de-Rossi adds a significant number (Variae Lectiones, vol 4, 54). BL Or 1477 also unambiguously reads בארץ. The comparative כְּ seems preferable in light of the A-line (cf. also v. 72, in which two instances of בְּ has been deemed preferable). +
'''v. 54''' – For the intepretation of זֶה as a relative conjunction, see GKC §138 (who cites Ps 104:8 for support) and Fassberg 2019 §365 (who cites Ps 74:2 for support).'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' See the exegetical issue for further discussion. +
'''v. 15''' – For the preferred adverbial reading of רַבָּה as "much, a lot," cf. Pss 62:3 and possibly 89:8 (cf. BDB 913; DCH vol. 7, 385; GKC §132h n.2; CEB, DHH, ELB, ESV, EÜ, Luther 2017, NASB, SG21, ZÜR).
The alternative understands רַבָּֽה as modifying כִּתְהֹמ֥וֹת, though the number disagreement is difficult, as there is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for the reading רַבּוֹת here. See the ancient versions for such an interpretation (cf. KJV, NJPS, RVC, TOB). For the alternative בִּתְהֹמוֹת for the MT's כִּתְהֹמ֥וֹת see the Hebrew manuscripts in VTH vol, 4: 374 and de-Rossi, vol. 4: 53. For the adverbial reading of the latter "as from among the abyss," see the LXX, Jerome's Hebr. and the Syr.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' +
'''v. 28''' – On the dispreferred revocalization of qal נפל, see the LXX's and Syr. "and they fell"'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' (despite the plural readings of these versions; see discussion in Barthélemy et al. 2005, 571-572).
There is no Hebrew manuscript evidence for textual variation between the MT's מַחֲנֵ֑הוּ and a 3pl מַחֲנֵיהֶם or between the MT's לְמִשְׁכְּנֹתָֽיו and a 3pl מִשְׁכְּנֹתָם or מִשְׁכְּנֵיהֶם, such that the LXX's (and Symmachus') and Syr. "and fell in the midst of their camp, all around their tents" seems to be purely interpretive regarding the expected participant's antecedent (see further vv. 63-64, 66a, as discussed below and in participant analysis).'"`UNIQ--ref-00000001-QINU`"' Jerome's Hebr. and TgPss follow the MT's singular suffix.
On the interpretation of בְּקֶ֣רֶב as a complex preposition, see Hardy (2022, 137). +
'''v. 36''' – There is a LXX tradition that reads ἠπάτησαν "they deceived" as ἠγάπησαν "they loved" (see Field, 226; Rahlfs' %5B1931, 215%5D apparatus; cf. Gall. dilexerunt and Origen's "Homily 5 on Psalm 77" %5B2020, 350%5D), which is most certainly an inner-Greek corruption. Despite being textually unlikely, it is compatible with our preferred view of this verse shedding light on the nature of the previous verse's confession: perhaps the ''loving YHWH'' was with words (בְּפִיהֶ֑ם) only. +
For the emendation אוֹנָם in place of the MT's plural א֝וֹנִ֗ים, see the "their labors/pains" in the LXX and TgPs, "their strenth" in Symmachus, and "their children" in the Syr.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000C8-QINU`"' A number of Hebrew manuscripts may also read אונם.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000C9-QINU`"' The preferred reading (as the MT), however, is found in Jerome's Hebr. "first born"; and "of pains" in Aquila and Quinta/Sexta (<a href%3D"https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/catalogue/Ra_1173/">https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/catalogue/Ra_1173/</a>).'"`UNIQ--ref-000000CA-QINU`"'
For the suffixed-form, see the NJPS "the firstfruits of their vigor" (cf. ESV, REB).
The plural אוֹנִים is unambiguously attested in Isa 40:26, 29 and Prov 11:7, so does not pose a grammatical problem for the MT here, of which the Hebrew manuscript evidence is otherwise very strong across both the larger Tiberian Codices and the Babylonian manuscripts. The versions may also have been influenced by וַיַּ֣ךְ כָּל־בְּכ֣וֹר בְּאַרְצָ֑ם רֵ֝אשִׁ֗ית לְכָל־אוֹנָֽם׃ in Ps 105:36. +
'''v. 33''' – For the alternative PP כַּהֶבֶל in place of the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל, see Aquila's "and he finished their days like vapor."'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' (Cf. the ESV's "So he made their days vanish like a breath").
There is no known Hebrew manuscript evidence for the LXX's ἐξέλιπον (וַיִּכְלוּ) in place of the MT's piel singular וַיְכַל.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000001-QINU`"' +
Another possibility is to read אֲשֶׁ֣ר as a headless relative particle (as the preferred interpretation below), though with וַנֵּדָעֵ֑ם as the main clause. Such is found in the Syr. ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܫܡܥܢ ܝܕܥܢ ܐܢܝܢ ("we know those things that we have heard," Taylor 2020, 313), and would result in a hanging topic left-dislocation of the relativized content, in light of the waw on וַנֵּדָעֵ֑ם consistently attested in Hebrew manuscripts. This is not impossible, but the relative content containing all of v. 3 has been preferred (see below). +
'''v. 60''' – For the revocalization of שָׁכַן (''qal'') for the MT's שִׁכֵּ֥ן (''piel''), see the LXX, TgPs and the Syr.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000D4-QINU`"' For the preferred ''piel'' reading, following the MT, see Jerome's Hebr. and Symmachus.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000D5-QINU`"' The ''qal'' revocalization has not been preferred, as the major codices and Babylonian evidence all read ''piel'' (with the exceptions of JTS 611 and JTS 631). Reading an unpointed text, the LXX and Targum translators (the Syr. may well have been influenced by either one of these two text traditions) would more naturally have read the ''qal'' as a more common use of the root שׁכן. For the preferred reading, cf. the NJPS: "the tent He had set among men" (cf. EÜ, ISV, KJV, NABRE, NASB, NIV, ZÜR); for the qal reading, see the ESV: "the tent where he dwelt among mankind" (cf. CEB, CJB, CSB, ELB, GNT, LUT, NET, REB, SG21). +