Psalm 29 Discourse

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The sound of YHWH

Psalm 29

About the Discourse Layer

Our Discourse Layer includes four additional layers of analysis:

• Participant analysis
• Macrosyntax
• Speech act analysis
• Emotional analysis

For more information on our method of analysis, click the expandable explanation button at the beginning of each layer.

• Participants
• Macrosyntax
• Speech Act
• Emotional Analysis

Participant Analysis

  What is Participant Analysis?

Participant Analysis focuses on the characters in the psalm and asks, “Who are the main participants (or characters) in this psalm, and what are they saying or doing? It is often helpful for understanding literary structure, speaker identification, etc.

For a detailed explanation of our method, see the Participant Analysis Creator Guidelines.

There are 5 participants/characters in Psalm 29:

Profile List

David

YHWH (vv. 1–8, 10–11)

"The glorious God" (v. 3)

YHWH's voice (vv. 8, 9)

Divine beings (v. 1b)

Forces of chaos

"The water" (v. 3)

"The Flood" (v. 10)

YHWH's people (v. 11)

Profile Notes

• YHWH's heavenly court consists of lesser divine beings ('gods') whose duty it is to serve him (cf. 1 Kgs 22:19; Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Pss 82; 89:6-7). In Psalm 29, the psalmist summons these divine beings to submit to YHWH, acknowledging that all glory and strength belong to YHWH alone.
• The water (v. 3a, 3c) and the Flood (v. 10a) are not active participants in this psalm since they do not function as agentive subjects of a verb. Nevertheless, we have included them in the participant list because they play a relational role in the psalm. Water is a symbol of chaos (Pss 74:13-14; 89:10) and threat to God's people (Pss 18:17, 32:6; 124:4). The phrase "the water" most likely refers to the chaotic waters of the (Noahic) Flood (מבול v. 10a) (see lexical semantics notes). Thus, the psalmist appears to be comparing YHWH's defeat of his enemies to the time when YHWH overcame the water of the ancient flood, thundering against it and making it return its proper place.
• For a discussion of YHWH's voice and the phrase קוֹל יהוה that occurs throughout this psalm, see The Syntactic Function of קוֹל יְהוָה in Psalm 29.

• Tracking Text
• Relations
• Distribution

Hebrew	Verse	English
מִזְמ֗וֹר לְדָ֫וִ֥ד	v. 1a	A psalm by David.
הָב֣וּ לַֽ֭יהוָה בְּנֵ֣י אֵלִ֑ים	v. 1b	Ascribe [glory and strength] to YHWH, divine beings;
הָב֥וּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה כָּב֥וֹד וָעֹֽז׃	v. 1c	ascribe glory and strength to YHWH.
הָב֣וּ לַֽ֭יהוָה כְּב֣וֹד שְׁמ֑וֹ	v. 2a	Ascribe to YHWH the glory that his name deserves;
הִשְׁתַּחֲו֥וּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה בְּהַדְרַת־קֹֽדֶשׁ׃	v. 2b	bow down to YHWH dressed in holy attire.
ק֥וֹל יְהוָ֗ה עַל־הַ֫מָּ֥יִם	v. 3a	The sound of YHWH against the water!
אֵֽל־הַכָּב֥וֹד הִרְעִ֑ים	v. 3b	The glorious God has thundered;
יְ֝הוָ֗ה עַל־מַ֥יִם רַבִּֽים׃	v. 3c	YHWH [has thundered] against much water.
קוֹל־יְהוָ֥ה בַּכֹּ֑חַ	v. 4a	The sound of YHWH [thundering] in power!
ק֥וֹל יְ֝הוָ֗ה בֶּהָדָֽר׃	v. 4b	The sound of YHWH [thundering] in majesty!
ק֣וֹל יְ֭הוָה שֹׁבֵ֣ר אֲרָזִ֑ים	v. 5a	The sound of YHWH breaking cedars!
וַיְשַׁבֵּ֥ר יְ֝הוָ֗ה אֶת־אַרְזֵ֥י הַלְּבָנֽוֹן׃	v. 5b	And YHWH is breaking the cedars of Lebanon,
וַיַּרְקִידֵ֥ם כְּמוֹ־עֵ֑גֶל לְבָנ֥וֹן	v. 6a	And he is causing Lebanon to skip like a calf,
וְ֝שִׂרְיֹ֗ן כְּמ֣וֹ בֶן־רְאֵמִֽים׃	v. 6b	And Sirion like a wild ox.
קוֹל־יְהוָ֥ה חֹצֵ֗ב לַהֲב֥וֹת אֵֽשׁ׃	v. 7	The sound of YHWH hewing with lightning bolts!
ק֣וֹל יְ֭הוָה יָחִ֣יל מִדְבָּ֑ר	v. 8a	YHWH’s voice causes the wilderness to tremble;
יָחִ֥יל יְ֝הוָ֗ה מִדְבַּ֥ר קָדֵֽשׁ׃	v. 8b	YHWH causes the wilderness of Kadesh to tremble.
ק֤וֹל יְהוָ֨ה׀יְחוֹלֵ֣ל אַיָּלוֹת֮	v. 9a	YHWH’s voice causes fallow deer to give birth,
וַֽיֶּחֱשֹׂ֪ף יְעָ֫ר֥וֹת	v. 9b	and it strips forests,
וּבְהֵיכָל֑וֹ כֻּ֝לּ֗וֹ אֹמֵ֥ר כָּבֽוֹד׃	v. 9c	and in his temple everyone is saying, "Glory!"
יְ֭הוָה לַמַּבּ֣וּל יָשָׁ֑ב	v. 10a	YHWH sat enthroned over the Flood,
וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב יְ֝הוָ֗ה מֶ֣לֶךְ לְעוֹלָֽם׃	v. 10b	and YHWH sits enthroned as king forever.
יְֽהוָ֗ה עֹ֭ז לְעַמּ֣וֹ יִתֵּ֑ן	v. 11a	YHWH gives strength to his people;
יְהוָ֓ה׀יְבָרֵ֖ךְ אֶת־עַמּ֣וֹ בַשָּׁלֽוֹם׃	v. 11b	YHWH blesses his people with peace.

• The psalm opens by addressing divine beings (בְּנֵי אֵלִים). David summons these divine beings to ascribe all glory and strength to YHWH. Then, the climax of the poem comes in v. 9cβ when YHWH finally receives the worship commanded. In the temple, already hinted at with the cedars and stone, the divine beings now call out exactly as they were commanded in vv. 1–2, ascribing “Glory!” to YHWH alone.
• v. 9cα: What is the antecedent for the 3ms suffix in כֻּלּוֹ ("everyone")?

The word translated everyone (כֻּלּוֹ) has a pronominal suffix (lit.: "all of it") whose antecedent is not immediately clear. Since כֻּלּוֹ follows the phrase "in his temple," the pronominal suffix probably refers to "each of the beings there" (i.e. in his temple). Moreover, the psalm is addressed to divine beings who have already been summoned in vv. 1-2 to worship YHWH like priests in a temple. Hence, the participant here is most likely the divine beings..

Participant Relations Diagram

The relationships among the participants may be abstracted and summarized as follows:

Participant Analysis Summary Distribution

Notes:

• The psalm opens by addressing divine beings.
• At the end of v. 9, there is a shift in both subject and speaker/addressee.
• After v. 9, "The sound of YHWH" is no longer mentioned.
• YHWH's people is mentioned only in v. 11.

Macrosyntax

  What is Macrosyntax?

Macrosyntax Diagram

  Legend

Macrosyntax legend
Vocatives	Vocatives are indicated by purple text.
Discourse marker	Discourse markers (such as כִּי, הִנֵּה, לָכֵן) are indicated by orange text.
	The scope governed by the discourse marker is indicated by a dashed orange bracket connecting the discourse marker to its scope.
	The preceding discourse grounding the discourse marker is indicated by a solid orange bracket encompassing the relevant clauses.
Subordinating conjunction	The subordinating conjunction is indicated by teal text.
	Subordination is indicated by a solid teal bracket connecting the subordinating conjunction with the clause to which it is subordinate.
Coordinating conjunction	The coordinating conjunction is indicated by blue text.
	Coordination is indicated by a solid blue line connecting the coordinating clauses.
	Coordination without an explicit conjunction is indicated by a dashed blue line connecting the coordinated clauses.
	Marked topic is indicated by a black dashed rounded rectangle around the marked words.
	The scope of the activated topic is indicated by a black dashed bracket encompassing the relevant clauses.
Marked focus or thetic sentence	Marked focus (if one constituent) or thetic sentences are indicated by bold text.
	Frame setters are indicated by a solid gray rounded rectangle around the marked words.
[blank line]	Discourse discontinuity is indicated by a blank line.
[indentation]	Syntactic subordination is indicated by indentation.
	Direct speech is indicated by a solid black rectangle surrounding all relevant clauses.
(text to elucidate the meaning of the macrosyntactic structures)	Within the CBC, any text elucidating the meaning of macrosyntax is indicated in gray text inside parentheses.

If an emendation or revocalization is preferred, that emendation or revocalization will be marked in the Hebrew text of all the visuals.

Emendations/Revocalizations legend
*Emended text*	Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is indicated by blue asterisks on either side of the emendation.
*Revocalized text*	Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is indicated by purple asterisks on either side of the revocalization.

(Click diagram to enlarge)

• Divisions
• Word Order
• Vocatives
• Discourse Markers
• Conjunctions

Paragraph Divisions

In this Psalm, most of the paragraphs may be delimited according to the distribution of verbal forms.

• vv. 1-2. Imperatives
• vv. 3-4. Lack of verbs; the only verb in this paragraph is הִרְעִים (v. 3b), and in the remaining clauses, this verb is either gapped (as in v. 3c) or the action denoted by the verb (thundering) is implied (v. 3a, 4ab).
• vv. 5-7. Participles frame this section (vv. 5a, 7). Every clause that does not have a participle begins with waw (vv. 5b, 6ab), such that it is joined to a clause (or group of clauses) that does have a participle.
• vv. 8-9. Yiqtol verbs characterize this section (vv. 8ab, 9a). As in the previous section, every clause that does not have a yiqtol begins with waw (vv. 9bc), such that it is joined to a clause (or group of clauses) which does have a yiqtol. Also supported this section division is the shift from sentence fragments (vv. 3-7) to complete sentences with finite verbs.
• vv. 10-11. This final paragraph is bound together, not by verbal morphology, but by the repetition of YHWH's name in clause-initial position (vv. 10a, 11ab). The only clause in which YHWH is not clause-initial is a wayyiqtol clause (v. 10b).

Word Order

• vv. 1-2. In vv. 1b-2a, the indirect object (לַיהוָה) precedes the direct object (cf. Ps 96:7=1 Chr 16:28). This may be explained by the fact that לַיהוָה is shorter than the coordinated phrase כָּב֥וֹד וָעֹֽז (v. 1b) and the construct phrase כְּב֣וֹד שְׁמ֑וֹ (v. 2a). "Long constituents tend to occur at the end of a clause." Contrast e.g., Deut 32:3, in which the indirect object is longer than the direct object and so occurs last in the clause – הָב֥וּ גֹ֖דֶל לֵאלֹהֵֽינוּ. Lunn also regards the word order in Ps 29:1-2 as "canonical."
• v. 3b. Lunn regards the S-V order of this clause as pragmatically marked, though he does not specify in what sense it is marked.
  • Option 1: אֵל־הַכָּבוֹד is in marked focus. "Who thundered against the water? Not the inglorious Baal, but YHWH who is 'the God of glory.'"
  • Option 2: the whole sentence is in focus. The previous line ("The sound of YHWH...!") raises the question, "what just happened?" and v. 3b answers that question: "the glorious God has thundered."
• vv. 8a, 9a. Lunn regards these clauses as pragmatically marked. It seems more likely, however, that they are fronted in order to match the other instances of קוֹל יְהוָה which are necessarily clause initial (vv. 3a, 4ab, 5a, 7) by virtue of the fact that they are exclamations.
• v. 9c. The fronted PP (marked topic) shifts the scene from the forest to YHWH's temple.
• v. 10. Lunn regards the word order of the clause in v. 10a as "defamiliarized" and the clause in v. 10b as "canonical." He claims that the function of this DEF//CAN parallelism is to mark the beginning of a new section ("aperture").
• v. 11. The subject precedes the verb in both 11a and 11b, not because the subject is marked for topic or focus, but because the verbs are indicative. If the yiqtol verbs were clause-initial, then they would be interpreted as jussives. Lunn<ref>Lunn 2006, 301.<ref> categorizes the word order in both clauses of v. 11 as "defamiliarized" and suggests that they function to mark "closure."<ref>Lunn 2006, 176.<ref>
• v. 11a. The verb final position of יִתֵּן in v. 11a (S O lamed-PP V) may be intended to match v. 10a (S lamed-PP V). For similar word order, see Ps 72:1 (O IO V) – אֱֽלֹהִ֗ים מִ֭שְׁפָּטֶיךָ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ תֵּ֑ן.

Vocatives

• The psalm opens with its only vocative, addressing divine beings (בְּנֵ֣י אֵלִ֑ים) in v. 1.

Discourse Markers

There are no notes on discourse markers for this psalm.

Conjunctions

There are no notes on conjunctions for this psalm.

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Speech Act Analysis

What is Speech Act Analysis?

The Speech Act layer presents the text in terms of what it does, following the findings of Speech Act Theory. It builds on the recognition that there is more to communication than the exchange of propositions. Speech act analysis is particularly important when communicating cross-culturally, and lack of understanding can lead to serious misunderstandings, since the ways languages and cultures perform speech acts varies widely.

For a detailed explanation of our method, see the Speech Act Analysis Creator Guidelines.

• Summary Visual
• Analysis Chart

Summary Visual

Speech Act Analysis Chart

The following chart is scrollable (left/right; up/down).

  Legend

Verse	Hebrew	CBC	Sentence type	Illocution (general)	Illocution with context	Macro speech act	Intended perlocution (Think)	Intended perlocution (Feel)	Intended perlocution (Do)
Verse number and poetic line	Hebrew text	English translation	Declarative, Imperative, or Interrogative Indirect Speech Act: Mismatch between sentence type and illocution type	Assertive, Directive, Expressive, Commissive, or Declaratory Indirect Speech Act: Mismatch between sentence type and illocution type	More specific illocution type with paraphrased context	Illocutionary intent (i.e. communicative purpose) of larger sections of discourse These align with the "Speech Act Summary" headings	What the speaker intends for the address to think	What the speaker intends for the address to feel	What the speaker intends for the address to do

If an emendation or revocalization is preferred, that emendation or revocalization will be marked in the Hebrew text of all the visuals.

Emendations/Revocalizations legend
*Emended text*	Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is indicated by blue asterisks on either side of the emendation.
*Revocalized text*	Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is indicated by purple asterisks on either side of the revocalization.

Verse	Text (Hebrew)	Text (CBC)	Sentence type	Illocution (general)	Illocution with context	Macro speech act	Intended perlocution (Think)	Intended perlocution (Feel)	Intended perlocution (Do)	Speech Act Notes
1	מִזְמ֗וֹר לְדָ֫וִ֥ד	A psalm by David.	Superscripton
	הָב֣וּ לַֽ֭יהוָה בְּנֵ֣י אֵלִ֑ים	Ascribe [glory and strength] to YHWH, divine beings;	Imperative	Directive	Summoning the divine beings to ascribe all glory and strength to YHWH.	Summoning the divine beings to worship YHWH	The reader/listener will acknowledge YHWH's glory and strength.	The reader/listener will feel confident in YHWH's glory and strength.	The reader/listener will worship YHWH.
	הָב֥וּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה כָּב֥וֹד וָעֹֽז׃	ascribe glory and strength to YHWH.	Imperative	Directive	Summoning the divine beings to ascribe all glory and strength to YHWH.
2	הָב֣וּ לַֽ֭יהוָה כְּב֣וֹד שְׁמ֑וֹ	Ascribe to YHWH the glory that his name deserves;	Imperative	Directive	Summoning the divine beings to acknowledge that YHWH deserves receiving glory.
	הִשְׁתַּחֲו֥וּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה בְּהַדְרַת־קֹֽדֶשׁ׃	bow down to YHWH dressed in holy attire.	Imperative	Directive	Summoning the divine beings to worship YHWH in reverence and holiness.
3	ק֥וֹל יְהוָ֗ה עַל־הַ֫מָּ֥יִם	The sound of YHWH against the water!	Fragment	Exclamation	Celebrating YHWH's strength and superiority against the water, which is a symbol of chaos and danger	Celebrating YHWH's strength and superiority	The reader/listener will acknowledge YHWH's strength and superiority.	The reader/listener will feel awe at YHWH's supremacy over all gods and all creation.	The reader/listener will celebrate YHWH’s supremacy and strength, proclaiming that he alone deserves all glory.
	אֵֽל־הַכָּב֥וֹד הִרְעִ֑ים	The glorious God has thundered;	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring the power and superiority of the God of glory who thunders against much water.
	יְ֝הוָ֗ה עַל־מַ֥יִם רַבִּֽים׃	YHWH [has thundered] against much water.
4	קוֹל־יְהוָ֥ה בַּכֹּ֑חַ	The sound of YHWH [thundering] in power!	Fragment	Exclamation	Celebrating YHWH's power.
	ק֥וֹל יְ֝הוָ֗ה בֶּהָדָֽר׃	The sound of YHWH [thundering] in majesty!	Fragment	Exclamation	Celebrating YHWH's majesty.
5	ק֣וֹל יְ֭הוָה שֹׁבֵ֣ר אֲרָזִ֑ים	The sound of YHWH breaking cedars!	Fragment	Exclamation	Celebrating YHWH's power as he likely gathers cedars for the building of a temple.
	וַיְשַׁבֵּ֥ר יְ֝הוָ֗ה אֶת־אַרְזֵ֥י הַלְּבָנֽוֹן׃	And YHWH is breaking the cedars of Lebanon,	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring YHWH's power to shatter the cedars of Lebanon, which are a symbol of loftiness and grandeur, and were used for important building projects.
6	וַיַּרְקִידֵ֥ם כְּמוֹ־עֵ֑גֶל לְבָנ֥וֹן	And he is causing Lebanon to skip like a calf,	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring YHWH's superiority over other gods.
	וְ֝שִׂרְיֹ֗ן כְּמ֣וֹ בֶן־רְאֵמִֽים׃	And Sirion like a wild ox.
7	קוֹל־יְהוָ֥ה חֹצֵ֗ב לַהֲב֥וֹת אֵֽשׁ׃	The sound of YHWH hewing with lightning bolts!	Fragment	Exclamation	Celebrating YHWH's power as he gathers stones for the building of a temple.
8	ק֣וֹל יְ֭הוָה יָחִ֣יל מִדְבָּ֑ר	YHWH’s voice causes the wilderness to tremble;	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring YHWH's overwhelming power as even the wilderness trembles.
	יָחִ֥יל יְ֝הוָ֗ה מִדְבַּ֥ר קָדֵֽשׁ׃	YHWH causes the wilderness of Kadesh to tremble.	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring YHWH's overwhelming power over other gods.
9	ק֤וֹל יְהוָ֨ה ׀ יְחוֹלֵ֣ל אַיָּלוֹת֮	YHWH’s voice causes fallow deer to give birth,	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring YHWH’s power over creation as his thunder causes the wilderness to tremble and the deer to give birth.
	וַֽיֶּחֱשֹׂ֪ף יְעָ֫ר֥וֹת	and it strips forests,	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring YHWH’s power over creation as his thunder causes the forests to tremble to the point of the leaves falling off.
	וּבְהֵיכָל֑וֹ כֻּ֝לּ֗וֹ אֹמֵ֥ר	and in his temple everyone is saying,	Declarative • "Fragment"	Assertive • "Exclamation"	Declaring that in the temple, already hinted at with the cedars and stone (vv. 5, 7), all the divine beings ascribe “Glory!” to YHWH. • "Ascribing glory to YHWH"
	כָּבֽוֹד׃	"Glory!"
10	יְ֭הוָה לַמַּבּ֣וּל יָשָׁ֑ב וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב	YHWH sat enthroned over the Flood,	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring YHWH's kingship over the Flood	Declaring YHWH's kingship and commitment to his people	The reader/listener will remember that YHWH reigned over the Flood and continues to reign, and that he grants strength and blessing to his people.	The reader/listener will be assured that YHWH is king over all creation and faithfully cares for his people by giving them strength and blessing.	The reader/listener will declare YHWH's kingship and steadfast commitment to his people.
	יְ֝הוָ֗ה מֶ֣לֶךְ לְעוֹלָֽם׃	and YHWH sits enthroned as king forever.	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring YHWH's everlasting kingship
11	יְֽהוָ֗ה עֹ֭ז לְעַמּ֣וֹ יִתֵּ֑ן	YHWH gives strength to his people;	Declarative	Assertive	Declaring that YHWH takes care of his people by providing them with strength and blessing.
	יְהוָ֓ה ׀ יְבָרֵ֖ךְ אֶת־עַמּ֣וֹ בַשָּׁלֽוֹם׃	YHWH blesses his people with peace.	Declarative	Assertive

Emotional Analysis

  What is Emotional Analysis?

This layer explores the emotional dimension of the biblical text and seeks to uncover the clues within the text itself that are part of the communicative intent of its author. The goal of this analysis is to chart the basic emotional tone and/or progression of the psalm.

For a detailed explanation of our method, see the Emotional Analysis Creator Guidelines.

• Analysis
• Think-Feel-Do
• Circumplex

Emotional Analysis Chart

  Legend

If an emendation or revocalization is preferred, that emendation or revocalization will be marked in the Hebrew text of all the visuals.

Emendations/Revocalizations legend
*Emended text*	Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is indicated by blue asterisks on either side of the emendation.
*Revocalized text*	Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is indicated by purple asterisks on either side of the revocalization.

Verse	Text (Hebrew)	Text (CBC)	Proposition (Emotional Analysis)	The Psalmist Feels	Emotional Analysis Notes
1	מִזְמ֗וֹר לְדָ֫וִ֥ד	A psalm by David.
	הָב֣וּ לַֽ֭יהוָה בְּנֵ֣י אֵלִ֑ים	Ascribe [glory and strength] to YHWH, divine beings;	Divine beings ascribe glory and strength to YHWH	• Triumphant • Confident in YHWH's strength
	הָב֥וּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה כָּב֥וֹד וָעֹֽז׃	ascribe glory and strength to YHWH.	Divine beings ascribe glory and strength to YHWH
2	הָב֣וּ לַֽ֭יהוָה כְּב֣וֹד שְׁמ֑וֹ	Ascribe to YHWH the glory that his name deserves;	Divine beings ascribe glory to YHWH
	הִשְׁתַּחֲו֥וּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה בְּהַדְרַת־קֹֽדֶשׁ׃	bow down to YHWH dressed in holy attire.	Divine beings bow down to YHWH
3	ק֥וֹל יְהוָ֗ה עַל־הַ֫מָּ֥יִם	The sound of YHWH against the water!	I hear YHWH (doing something) against the water	• Triumphant in YHWH's supremacy over all gods and all creation. • Confident in YHWH's supremacy over all gods and all creation. • Awestruck at YHWH's power and majesty
	אֵֽל־הַכָּב֥וֹד הִרְעִ֑ים	The glorious God has thundered;	God thunders
	יְ֝הוָ֗ה עַל־מַ֥יִם רַבִּֽים׃	YHWH [has thundered] against much water.	YHWH thunders against water
4	קוֹל־יְהוָ֥ה בַּכֹּ֑חַ	The sound of YHWH [thundering] in power!	I hear YHWH thundering
	ק֥וֹל יְ֝הוָ֗ה בֶּהָדָֽר׃	The sound of YHWH [thundering] in majesty!	I hear YHWH thundering
5	ק֣וֹל יְ֭הוָה שֹׁבֵ֣ר אֲרָזִ֑ים	The sound of YHWH breaking cedars!	I hear YHWH breaking cedars
	וַיְשַׁבֵּ֥ר יְ֝הוָ֗ה אֶת־אַרְזֵ֥י הַלְּבָנֽוֹן׃	And YHWH is breaking the cedars of Lebanon,	YHWH breaks cedars of Lebanon
6	וַיַּרְקִידֵ֥ם כְּמוֹ־עֵ֑גֶל לְבָנ֥וֹן	And he is causing Lebanon to skip like a calf,	YHWH causes Lebanon to skip
	וְ֝שִׂרְיֹ֗ן כְּמ֣וֹ בֶן־רְאֵמִֽים׃	And Sirion like a wild ox.	YHWH causes Sirion to skip
7	קוֹל־יְהוָ֥ה חֹצֵ֗ב לַהֲב֥וֹת אֵֽשׁ׃	The sound of YHWH hewing with lightning bolts!	I hear YHWH hewing
8	ק֣וֹל יְ֭הוָה יָחִ֣יל מִדְבָּ֑ר	YHWH’s voice causes the wilderness to tremble;	YHWH's voice causes the wilderness to tremble
	יָחִ֥יל יְ֝הוָ֗ה מִדְבַּ֥ר קָדֵֽשׁ׃	YHWH causes the wilderness of Kadesh to tremble.	YHWH's voice causes the wilderness of Kadesh to tremble
9	ק֤וֹל יְהוָ֨ה ׀ יְחוֹלֵ֣ל אַיָּלוֹת֮	YHWH’s voice causes fallow deer to give birth,	YHWH's voice causes fallow deer to give birth
	וַֽיֶּחֱשֹׂ֪ף יְעָ֫ר֥וֹת	and it strips forests,	YHWH's voice strips forests
	וּבְהֵיכָל֑וֹ כֻּ֝לּ֗וֹ אֹמֵ֥ר	and in his temple everyone is saying,	Divine beings say
	כָּבֽוֹד׃	"Glory!"	"Glory!"
10	יְ֭הוָה לַמַּבּ֣וּל יָשָׁ֑ב וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב	YHWH sat enthroned over the Flood,	YHWH sits enthroned over the Flood	• Triumphant that YHWH reigned over the Flood and continues to reign. • Confident that YHWH reigns forever and grants strength and blessing to his people.
	יְ֝הוָ֗ה מֶ֣לֶךְ לְעוֹלָֽם׃	and YHWH sits enthroned as king forever.	YHWH sits enthroned
11	יְֽהוָ֗ה עֹ֭ז לְעַמּ֣וֹ יִתֵּ֑ן	YHWH gives strength to his people;	YHWH gives strength to his people
	יְהוָ֓ה ׀ יְבָרֵ֖ךְ אֶת־עַמּ֣וֹ בַשָּׁלֽוֹם׃	YHWH blesses his people with peace.	YHWH blesses his people

Summary Visual

(Click visual to enlarge).

Affective Circumplex

  What is the affective circumplex?

The affective circumplex locates emotions on two axes: (1) positive vs. negative valence; and (2) active vs. passive activation. Since emotional terminology often carries unintended cultural connotations, the purpose of the circumplex is to ease translation of emotions across different languages and cultures.

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