Psalm 24/Diagrams
vv. 1-2
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| לְדָוִ֗ד מִ֫זְמ֥וֹר | 1a | By David. A psalm. |
| לַֽ֭יהוָה הָאָ֣רֶץ וּמְלוֹאָ֑הּ | 1b | The earth and its fullness belong to YHWH, |
| תֵּ֝בֵ֗ל וְיֹ֣שְׁבֵי בָֽהּ׃ | 1c | the world and the inhabitants in it, |
| כִּי־ה֭וּא׀ עַל־יַמִּ֣ים יְסָדָ֑הּ | 2a | because he has founded it upon the seas |
| וְעַל־נְ֝הָר֗וֹת יְכוֹנְנֶֽהָ׃ | 2b | and keeps it established upon the currents. |
Macula
לְדָוִ֗ד מִ֫זְמ֥וֹר לַֽ֭יהוָה הָאָ֣רֶץ וּמְלוֹאָ֑הּ תֵּ֝בֵ֗ל וְיֹ֣שְׁבֵי בָֽהּ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 1-2]
Fragment
noun: מִזְמוֹר a psalm
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ by
Object
noun: דָוִד David
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
Nominal
article: הָ the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal <gloss="its fullness">
ConstructChain
noun: מְלוֹא fullness
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Nominal
Nominal
noun: תֵּבֵל world
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: יֹשְׁבֵי inhabitants
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב in
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Predicate
verb: belong
Complement
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
noun: יהוָה YHWH
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
Predicate
verb: יְסָד has founded
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל upon
Object
noun: יַמִּים the seas
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: יְכוֹנְנֶ keeps established
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָה it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל upon
Object
noun: נְהָרוֹת the currents
DiscourseUnit [vv. 1-2]
Fragment
noun: מִזְמוֹר a psalm
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ by
Object
noun: דָוִד David
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
Nominal
article: הָ the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal <gloss="its fullness">
ConstructChain
noun: מְלוֹא fullness
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Nominal
Nominal
noun: תֵּבֵל world
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: יֹשְׁבֵי inhabitants
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ב in
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Predicate
verb: belong
Complement
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
noun: יהוָה YHWH
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
Predicate
verb: יְסָד has founded
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל upon
Object
noun: יַמִּים the seas
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: יְכוֹנְנֶ keeps established
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָה it
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עַל upon
Object
noun: נְהָרוֹת the currents
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=vv-1-2-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
Note for vv. 1-2
v. 2 – Although it is a common word for "rivers" (so the LXX here: ποταμῶν; cf. Pss 46:5; 78:16; 105:41; 107:33; 137:1), in cosmic contexts, such as in this verse, the word נְהָרוֹת refers to "sea currents" (HALOT ≈ DCH). See also Pss 89:26; 93:3 and Jonah 2:4[3]: "You hurled me into the depths, into the very heart of the seas, and the currents swirled about me (וְנָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי); all your waves and breakers swept over me" (NIV).
Phrase-Level
Note for vv. 1-2
v. 1 – The lamed preposition in the clause לַֽ֭יהוָה הָאָ֣רֶץ וּמְלוֹאָ֑הּ indicates possession, i.e., the earth and its fulness are to YHWH ➞ the earth and its fulness belong to YHWH. Although it is standard, both in Biblical Hebrew and cross-linguistically, for the possessum to appear first in a predicational possessive clause (sometimes called 'belong' possession, as opposed to presentational 'have' possession; Croft 2022, 305-307), the order is reversed here for the pragmatic function of exclusive focus: they belong only to YHWH (see our macrosyntactic analysis).
Note for vv. 1-2
v. 1 – The construct chain וְיֹ֣שְׁבֵי בָֽהּ contains a prepositional phrase (בָֽהּ) as its dependent. As noted by GKC, "The construct state ... is frequently employed ... as a connecting form, even apart from the genitive relation; so especially - (1) Before prepositions, particularly in elevated (prophetic or poetic) style" (§130a; cf. Ps 2:12).
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
Note for vv. 1-2
v. 1 – Note that the LXX has a longer superscription, including of the first day of the week (Ψαλμὸς τῷ Δαυιδ· τῆς μιᾶς σαββάτων), possibly hinting at a reference "to the history of the work of creation" (Delitzsch 1883, 410). It is common for LXX psalms to contain reference to the days of the week and Sabbath liturgy, where this is limited to Psalm 92 in the MT. (See the exegetical issue The Sabbath Day in Psalm 92 and references therein.)
Add Exegetical Note
v. 3
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| מִֽי־יַעֲלֶ֥ה בְהַר־יְהוָ֑ה | 3a | Who may go up on the mountain of YHWH? |
| וּמִי־יָ֝קוּם בִּמְק֥וֹם קָדְשֽׁוֹ׃ | 3b | And who may stand within his holy place? |
Macula
מִֽי־יַעֲלֶ֥ה בְהַר־יְהוָ֑ה וּמִי־יָ֝קוּם בִּמְק֥וֹם קָדְשֽׁוֹ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
pronoun: מִי who
Predicate
verb: יַעֲלֶה may go up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ on
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הַר mountain
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
pronoun: מִי who
Predicate
verb: יָקוּם may stand
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ within
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his holy place">
noun: מְקוֹם place
noun: קָדְשׁ holiness
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
pronoun: מִי who
Predicate
verb: יַעֲלֶה may go up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ on
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הַר mountain
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
pronoun: מִי who
Predicate
verb: יָקוּם may stand
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ within
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his holy place">
noun: מְקוֹם place
noun: קָדְשׁ holiness
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-3-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 3
v. 3 – As in many instances of triple constituent construct chain terminating in a pronominal suffix, so in the case of בִּמְק֥וֹם קָדְשֽׁוֹ, "a pronominal suffix can be attached to the nomen rectum [construct dependent] where such a pronoun relates to the entire construct phrase, effectively to the nomen regens [construct head]" (JM §129kb). Thus, the phrase should be understood as in his holy place, not in the place of his holiness. Compare, for example, הַר־קָדְשִֽׁי my holy mountain in Psalm 2:6.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 4
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| נְקִ֥י כַפַּ֗יִם וּֽבַר־לֵ֫בָ֥ב | 4a | One with clean hands and a pure heart, |
| אֲשֶׁ֤ר ׀ לֹא־נָשָׂ֣א לַשָּׁ֣וְא נַפְשׁוֹ | 4b | who has not delighted in falsehood, |
| וְלֹ֖א נִשְׁבַּ֣ע לְמִרְמָֽה׃ | 4c | nor taken an oath deceitfully. |
Macula
נְקִ֥י כַפַּ֗יִם וּֽבַר־לֵ֫בָ֥ב אֲשֶׁ֤ר ׀ לֹא־נָשָׂ֣א לַשָּׁ֣וְא נַפְשׁוֹ וְלֹ֖א נִשְׁבַּ֣ע לְמִרְמָֽה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal <gloss="one with clean hands">
ConstructChain
adjective: נְקִי innocent
noun: כַפַּיִם hands
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: <status="elided">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר who
Clause
Subject <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
Predicate <gloss="has not delighted in falsehood">
verb: נָשָׂא has lifted up
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain
noun: נַפְשׁ soul
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him <status="emendation">
Object <status="alternative">
ConstructChain
noun: נַפְשׁ soul
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: הַ the <status="elided">
noun: שָּׁוְא falsehood
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: נִשְׁבַּע has taken an oath
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial <gloss="deceitfully">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: מִרְמָה deceit
adjective: בַר pure
noun: לֵבָב heart
Predicate <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: יַעֲלֶה may go up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ on
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הַר mountain
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Predicate
verb: יָקוּם may stand
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ in
Object
Nominal <gloss="his holy place">
ConstructChain
noun: מְקוֹם place
noun: קָדְשׁ holiness
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Nominal <gloss="one with clean hands">
ConstructChain
adjective: נְקִי innocent
noun: כַפַּיִם hands
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: <status="elided">
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אֲשֶׁר who
Clause
Subject <located="relative clause head">
Predicate
Predicate <gloss="has not delighted in falsehood">
verb: נָשָׂא has lifted up
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain
noun: נַפְשׁ soul
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him <status="emendation">
Object <status="alternative">
ConstructChain
noun: נַפְשׁ soul
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: הַ the <status="elided">
noun: שָּׁוְא falsehood
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: נִשְׁבַּע has taken an oath
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial <gloss="deceitfully">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: מִרְמָה deceit
adjective: בַר pure
noun: לֵבָב heart
Predicate <status="elided">
Predicate
verb: יַעֲלֶה may go up
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ on
Object
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: הַר mountain
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Predicate
verb: יָקוּם may stand
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ in
Object
Nominal <gloss="his holy place">
ConstructChain
noun: מְקוֹם place
noun: קָדְשׁ holiness
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-4-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 4
v. 4 – In light of the following clause's clarification of the contextual domain as that of deceitful swearing, the sense of שָׁוְא as "falsehood" has been preferred here, rather than that of "futility" or "delusion" (SDBH) or even "idols." See further the Venn diagram and the discussion in the exegetical issue, The Text and Meaning of Ps 24:4b. Indeed, in the v. 4c clause the LXX supplies "to his neighbor" (καὶ οὐκ ὤμοσεν ἐπὶ δόλῳ τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ), clarifying that the sense of idol worship is altogether absent in this line, and probably also the previous line.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 4
v. 4 – Both construct chains נְקִ֥י כַפַּ֗יִם וּֽבַר־לֵ֫בָ֥ב communicate a relationship of specification, i.e., with regard to (see GKC §128y: "clean as regards hands") ➞ "one with clean hands" (HALOT, 720). Compare, for example, נְֽשׂוּי־פֶּ֗שַׁע כְּס֣וּי חֲטָאָֽה "forgiven with regard to offense, covered with regard to sin" (Ps 32:1) and תְמִֽימֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ "blameless with regard to their way (Ps 119:1), among others.
Note for v. 4
v. 4 – On the construction *נָשָׂ֣א לַשָּׁ֣וְא *נַפְשׁוֹ see the exegetical issue The Text and Meaning of Psalm 24:4b, where we conclude that it carries the sense of delight in.[1] See also Deuteronomy 24:15; Hosea 4:8; Psalms 25:1; 86:4; 143:8; Proverbs 19:18.
Note for v. 4
v. 4 – The lamed in the prepositional phrase לְמִרְמָֽה functions as specification, in similar manner to לָבֶטַח "as far as confidence," i.e. "securely" (BHRG §39.11.6.b; cf. IBHS §11.2.10.d "class and type"), so rendered "deceitfully" (DCH).[2]
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
Note for v. 4
v. 4 – For the text and meaning of the construction *לֹא־נָשָׂ֣א לַשָּׁ֣וְא *נַפְשׁוֹ, see the exegetical issue, The Text and Meaning of Ps 24:4b. In short, we prefer the emendation of Codex Leningrad's נַפְשִׁ֑י "my soul" to נַפְשׁוֹ "his soul" and interpret the construction לָשֵׂאת נֶפֶשׁ לְ/אֶל as "to desire."
Add Exegetical Note
v. 5
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| יִשָּׂ֣א בְ֭רָכָה מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה | 5a | He will receive blessing from YHWH |
| וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה מֵאֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׁעֽוֹ׃ | 5b | and privilege from the God of his salvation. |
Macula
יִשָּׂ֣א בְ֭רָכָה מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה מֵאֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׁעֽוֹ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִשָּׂא he will take up >> he will receive
Object
Nominal
noun: בְרָכָה blessing
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵאֵת from
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal
noun: צְדָקָה privilege
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵ from
Object
Nominal <gloss="the God of his salvation">
ConstructChain
noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
noun: יִשְׁע salvation
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִשָּׂא he will take up >> he will receive
Object
Nominal
noun: בְרָכָה blessing
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵאֵת from
Object
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Nominal
noun: צְדָקָה privilege
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מֵ from
Object
Nominal <gloss="the God of his salvation">
ConstructChain
noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
noun: יִשְׁע salvation
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-5-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 5
v. 5 – Although "privilege" is not a common gloss of צְדָקָה, in the present context, both צְדָקָה and the preceding בְּרָכָה result in a person's permission to enter YHWH's presence: "The person who is 'conferred' with integrity automatically becomes part of the 'community of his seekers'" (Spangenberg 2011, 751). See further the Venn diagrams, which compare both justice and privilege for צְדָקָה.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 5
v. 5 – There is little apparent difference between מֵאֵת and מִן in the present verse (rendered identically, for example, in the LXX, Jerome's iuxta Hebraeos and the Peshitta,[3] as well as modern translations). It may be hypothesized that the compound מֵאֵת is to be construed as communicating both the origin and comitative nature of the "blessing" (בְ֭רָכָה) as from with YHWH, though this is not certain.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 6
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| זֶ֭ה דּ֣וֹר דֹּרְשָׁ֑יו | 6a | Such is the generation—those seeking him, |
| מְבַקְשֵׁ֨י פָנֶ֖יךָ יַעֲקֹ֣ב סֶֽלָה׃ | 6b | those who seek your face—of Jacob. Selah. |
Macula
זֶ֭ה דּ֣וֹר דֹּרְשָׁ֑יו מְבַקְשֵׁ֨י פָנֶ֖יךָ יַעֲקֹ֣ב סֶֽלָה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
particle: סֶלָה selah
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
particle: סֶלָה selah
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads
This is the generation of Jacob,
those who seek him
those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)
Regarding the alternative diagrams:
- The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
- The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
- The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
- Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[4], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[5]
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative 1
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6 alternatives]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פְנֵי face <status="emendation">
ConstructChain
noun: אֱלֹהֵי God <status="emendation">
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: אֱלֹהֵי God <status="emendation">
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
DiscourseUnit [v. 6 alternatives]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פְנֵי face <status="emendation">
ConstructChain
noun: אֱלֹהֵי God <status="emendation">
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: אֱלֹהֵי God <status="emendation">
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-1 }}
Grammar Notes
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[6], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[7]
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads
This is the generation of Jacob,
those who seek him
those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)
Regarding the alternative diagrams:
- The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
- The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
- The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
- Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative 2
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-2 }}
Grammar Notes
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads
This is the generation of Jacob,
those who seek him
those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)
Regarding the alternative diagrams:
- The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
- The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
- The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
- Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[8], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[9]
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative 3
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
Apposition
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Nominal
Apposition
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-3 }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads
This is the generation of Jacob,
those who seek him
those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)
Regarding the alternative diagrams:
- The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
- The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
- The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
- Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[10], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[11]
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
Alternative 4
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: זֶה such
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
ConstructChain
verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Nominal
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
ConstructChain
noun: פָנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate
verb: are
Complement
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-4 }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads
This is the generation of Jacob,
those who seek him
those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)
Regarding the alternative diagrams:
- The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
- The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
- The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
- Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[12], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[13]
Alternative
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
Note for v. 6
v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 7
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| שְׂא֤וּ שְׁעָרִ֨ים ׀ רָֽאשֵׁיכֶ֗ם | 7a | Lift up your heads, gates, |
| וְֽ֭הִנָּשְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם | 7b | and be lifted up, eternal doorways, |
| וְ֝יָב֗וֹא מֶ֣לֶךְ הַכָּבֽוֹד׃ | 7c | so that the glorious king might enter! |
Macula
שְׁעָרִ֨ים ׀ שְׂא֤וּ רָֽאשֵׁיכֶ֗ם וְֽ֭הִנָּשְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם וְ֝יָב֗וֹא מֶ֣לֶךְ הַכָּבֽוֹד׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
noun: רָאשֵׁי heads
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
Fragment
Vocative
noun: שְׁעָרִים gates
Fragment
particle: וְ and
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִנָּשְׂאוּ be lifted up
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="eternal doorways">
noun: פִּתְחֵי doorways
noun: עוֹלָם eternity
Fragment
particle: וְ so that
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
article: הַ the
Predicate
verb: יָבוֹא might enter
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
noun: רָאשֵׁי heads
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
Fragment
Vocative
noun: שְׁעָרִים gates
Fragment
particle: וְ and
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִנָּשְׂאוּ be lifted up
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="eternal doorways">
noun: פִּתְחֵי doorways
noun: עוֹלָם eternity
Fragment
particle: וְ so that
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
article: הַ the
Predicate
verb: יָבוֹא might enter
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-7-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 7
v. 7 – The construct chain פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם (both here and in v. 9) communicates one of characteristic, i.e., "doors of eternity" ➞ "eternal doors."[14] For a full discussion, see the exegetical issue The Meaning of "Doors" in Ps 24:7, 9.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 8
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד | 8a | Who is this, the glorious king? |
| יְ֭הוָה עִזּ֣וּז וְגִבּ֑וֹר | 8b | YHWH, a mighty one and a warrior; |
| יְ֝הוָ֗ה גִּבּ֥וֹר מִלְחָמָֽה׃ | 8c | YHWH, a battle warrior. |
Macula
מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד יְ֭הוָה עִזּ֣וּז וְגִבּ֑וֹר יְ֝הוָ֗ה גִּבּ֥וֹר מִלְחָמָֽה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Nominal
Adjectival
adjective: זֶה this
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
pronoun: מִי who
Fragment
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Nominal
Nominal
adjective: עִזּוּז a mighty one
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
noun: גִבּוֹר a warrior
Fragment
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="a battle warrior">
noun: גִּבּוֹר warrior
noun: מִלְחָמָה battle
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Nominal
Adjectival
adjective: זֶה this
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
pronoun: מִי who
Fragment
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Nominal
Nominal
adjective: עִזּוּז a mighty one
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
noun: גִבּוֹר a warrior
Fragment
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Apposition
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="a battle warrior">
noun: גִּבּוֹר warrior
noun: מִלְחָמָה battle
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-8-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – There are three possible ways to read the syntax of מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד. Our preferred reading reflects right-dislocation of מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד "the glorious king," following the demonstrative pronoun זֶה֮ "this." Though more popularly represented in modern translations, our reasons for rejecting the other two possible interpretations are discussed below.
Alternative
v. 8 – The two alternative diagrams above represent two distinct readings of מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד.
The more plausible of the two is that זֶה֮ functions as a clitic following the interrogative מִ֥י, such that the clause reads "Who is the King of glory" (JPS). As formulated by BHRG: “Demonstrative pronouns combined with interrogative pronouns sometimes express the discontent of the speaker about a state of affairs in the form of a rhetorical question” (§36.2.2).[15] Although the question could seem rhetorical (i.e., it is unlikely that the speaker did not know the answer), for the purposes of the psalm, the next clause provides the answer. More crucial, however, are the prosodic observations. Since both מִ֥י and זֶה֮ contain their own nuclear stress, זֶה֮ does not follow the definition of clitic here, which should be conjoined by a maqqef (cf. וּמִי־זֶ֣ה רֹעֶ֔ה in Jer 49:19 and מִי־זֶ֣ה הָ֭אִישׁ יְרֵ֣א יְהוָ֑ה in Ps 25:12). Further, as seen in both Jer 49:19 and Ps 25:12, this cliticized phrase is typically conjoined to the following phrase with a conjunctive accent, whereas זֶה֮ carries a tsinnor accent—a significant disjunctive. Finally, the construction is extended to מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד in v. 10. As discussed there, it is highly unlikely that both ה֣וּא and זֶה֮ can be considered enclitics, such that the same syntactic result should hold there as it does here.
On the other hand, the demonstrative זֶה֮ has been read as an attributive in a number of modern and ancient translations: "Who is this King of glory?" (NIV).[16] Nevertheless, the phrase מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד is grammatically definite, whereas the demonstrative is not. Exceptions to the expected pattern are limited to 1 Kgs 14:14, Ezek 40:45 and Ezra 3:12.[17] Garr (2022, 378) considers זֶ֤ה הַבַּ֙יִת֙ in Ezra 3:12 as cataphoric, i.e., "this one, the house," and, indeed, the phenomenon could elsewhere be considered apposition. The result is similar to our preferred reading above.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
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Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
Alternatives
(Alternative); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8 alternatives]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
pronoun: מִי who
adjective: זֶה
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Nominal <gloss="this glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
adjective: זֶה this
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
pronoun: מִי who
DiscourseUnit [v. 8 alternatives]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
pronoun: מִי who
adjective: זֶה
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Nominal <gloss="this glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
adjective: זֶה this
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
pronoun: מִי who
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-8-Alternatives }}
Grammar Notes
Alternative
v. 8 – The two alternative diagrams above represent two distinct readings of מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד.
The more plausible of the two is that זֶה֮ functions as a clitic following the interrogative מִ֥י, such that the clause reads "Who is the King of glory" (JPS). As formulated by BHRG: “Demonstrative pronouns combined with interrogative pronouns sometimes express the discontent of the speaker about a state of affairs in the form of a rhetorical question” (§36.2.2).[18] Although the question could seem rhetorical (i.e., it is unlikely that the speaker did not know the answer), for the purposes of the psalm, the next clause provides the answer. More crucial, however, are the prosodic observations. Since both מִ֥י and זֶה֮ contain their own nuclear stress, זֶה֮ does not follow the definition of clitic here, which should be conjoined by a maqqef (cf. וּמִי־זֶ֣ה רֹעֶ֔ה in Jer 49:19 and מִי־זֶ֣ה הָ֭אִישׁ יְרֵ֣א יְהוָ֑ה in Ps 25:12). Further, as seen in both Jer 49:19 and Ps 25:12, this cliticized phrase is typically conjoined to the following phrase with a conjunctive accent, whereas זֶה֮ carries a tsinnor accent—a significant disjunctive. Finally, the construction is extended to מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד in v. 10. As discussed there, it is highly unlikely that both ה֣וּא and זֶה֮ can be considered enclitics, such that the same syntactic result should hold there as it does here.
On the other hand, the demonstrative זֶה֮ has been read as an attributive in a number of modern and ancient translations: "Who is this King of glory?" (NIV).[19] Nevertheless, the phrase מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד is grammatically definite, whereas the demonstrative is not. Exceptions to the expected pattern are limited to 1 Kgs 14:14, Ezek 40:45 and Ezra 3:12.[20] Garr (2022, 378) considers זֶ֤ה הַבַּ֙יִת֙ in Ezra 3:12 as cataphoric, i.e., "this one, the house," and, indeed, the phenomenon could elsewhere be considered apposition. The result is similar to our preferred reading above.
Note for v. 8
v. 8 – There are three possible ways to read the syntax of מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד. Our preferred reading reflects right-dislocation of מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד "the glorious king," following the demonstrative pronoun זֶה֮ "this." Though more popularly represented in modern translations, our reasons for rejecting the other two possible interpretations are discussed below.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
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Verbal Notes
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Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 9
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| שְׂא֤וּ שְׁעָרִ֨ים ׀ רָֽאשֵׁיכֶ֗ם | 9a | Lift up your heads, gates, |
| וּ֭שְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם | 9b | and lift up, eternal doorways, |
| וְ֝יָבֹא מֶ֣לֶךְ הַכָּבֽוֹד׃ | 9c | so that the glorious king might enter! |
Macula
שְׁעָרִ֨ים ׀ שְׂא֤וּ רָֽאשֵׁיכֶ֗ם וּ֭שְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם וְ֝יָבֹא מֶ֣לֶךְ הַכָּבֽוֹד׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
noun: רָאשֵׁי heads
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
Fragment
Vocative
noun: שְׁעָרִים gates
Fragment
particle: וּ and
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
Object <status="alternative">
ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
noun: רָאשֵׁי heads <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you <status="elided">
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="eternal doorways">
noun: פִּתְחֵי doorways
noun: עוֹלָם eternity
Fragment
particle: וְ so that
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
article: הַ the
Predicate
verb: יָבוֹא might enter
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
noun: רָאשֵׁי heads
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
Fragment
Vocative
noun: שְׁעָרִים gates
Fragment
particle: וּ and
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
Object <status="alternative">
ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
noun: רָאשֵׁי heads <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: כֶם you <status="elided">
Fragment
Vocative
ConstructChain <gloss="eternal doorways">
noun: פִּתְחֵי doorways
noun: עוֹלָם eternity
Fragment
particle: וְ so that
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
article: הַ the
Predicate
verb: יָבוֹא might enter
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-9-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 9
v. 9 – Radak suggests that the object your heads has been elided in the second line, as indicated by the alternative addition to the diagram. It is preferable, however, in light of the parallel in v. 7, to understand this instance of וּ֭שְׂאוּ (the parallel is niphal וְֽ֭הִנָּשְׂאוּ) as an intransitive unaccusative qal → lift yourselves up.
Lexical Notes
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Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
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Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 10
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד | 10a | Who is this, the glorious king? |
| יְהוָ֥ה צְבָא֑וֹת ה֤וּא מֶ֖לֶךְ הַכָּב֣וֹד סֶֽלָה׃ | 10b | YHWH of armies, he is the glorious king. Selah. |
Macula
מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד יְהוָ֥ה צְבָא֑וֹת ה֤וּא מֶ֖לֶךְ הַכָּב֣וֹד סֶֽלָה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Nominal
Adjectival
adjective: זֶה this
Predicate
verb: הוּא is
Complement
Nominal
pronoun: מִי who
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
noun: צְבָאוֹת armies
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
article: הַ the
Fragment
particle: סֶלָה selah
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
ConstructChain
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
article: הַ the
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
Nominal
Adjectival
adjective: זֶה this
Predicate
verb: הוּא is
Complement
Nominal
pronoun: מִי who
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Nominal
ConstructChain
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
noun: צְבָאוֹת armies
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
noun: מֶלֶךְ king
Nominal
noun: כָּבוֹד glory
article: הַ the
Fragment
particle: סֶלָה selah
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-10-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 10
v. 10 – Regarding the phrase מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮, see grammar notes above for v. 8. Although interrogative clitics are widely attested for the demonstrative זֶה (despite the prosodic indications that this is not the case in v. 8), this would be a unique attestation of an independent pronoun compounding onto מִי זֶה for the same effect, and even falling in between: מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮! Rather, this construction should be understood as a tripartite copular clause, with the so-called pronominal copula הוּא. Further, the conjunctive accents between these three constituents, yet disjunctive on the clause-final זֶה֮, supports this reading. Compare the pattern found in צַדִּ֥יק ה֛וּא יְהוָ֖ה "The Lord is righteous" (Lam 1:18, NIV).[21]
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
Appendix
Files
Diagrams
Notes
- Grammar.v. 10.959740
- Grammar.v. 4.214318
- Grammar.v. 6.208564
- Grammar.v. 6.266094
- Grammar.v. 6.481612
- Grammar.v. 6.897422
- Grammar.v. 6.979705
- Grammar.v. 8.274590
- Grammar.v. 8.405924
- Grammar.v. 9.719171
- Lexical.v. 4.269471
- Lexical.v. 5.585404
- Lexical.vv. 1-2.328118
- Phrasal.v. 3.632120
- Phrasal.v. 4.615517
- Phrasal.v. 4.807567
- Phrasal.v. 4.925591
- Phrasal.v. 5.688670
- Phrasal.v. 7.72374
- Phrasal.vv. 1-2.462654
- Phrasal.vv. 1-2.588142
- Textual.vv. 1-2.478278
Approvals
Current Grammar status is Approved for version 0.9. Current Lexical status is Approved for version 0.9.
References
- ↑ See similar comments found in Kirkpatrick 1891, 129; Briggs & Briggs 1906-7, 215; Craigie 2004, 213; DCH, 726; NIDOTTE, 161; Witthoff 2021, 149.
- ↑ This is also reflected in Jerome's dolose and the choice of a ܒ preposition of manner/means in the Peshitta's ܒܢܟܠܐ "with deceit" ➞ "deceitfully" (Taylor 2020, 83).
- ↑ These versions are consistent with παρὰ, a and ܡܢ in both lines of the verse.
- ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
- ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
- ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
- ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
- ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
- ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
- ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
- ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
- ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
- ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
- ↑ Medieval commentators are creative, yet struggle to describe the nuance of the eternality of the doors. Rashi describes them as "doors whose holiness is eternal" (פְּתָחִים שֶׁקְּדֻשָּׁתָן עוֹלָמִית) and Ibn Ezra notes that "they are standing forever" (שהם עומדים לנצח), while Kimḥi asserts that now, finally, after much traveling of the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh, to the Philistines territory, Beth Shemesh, etc., "they brought it into the place where it will be forever" (עתה הכניסוהו במקום שיהיה שם לעולם).
- ↑ "Both זְה and הוּא are sometimes used almost as enclitics to emphasize the interrogative words... מִי זְה who now? ... and still more emphatically מִי הוּא זֶה" (GKC §136c; cf. Joüon-Muraoka §143g).
- ↑ This is also unambiguous in Jerome's quis est iste rex gloriae (both here and in v. 10). The LXX is ambiguous between all three readings, since in Greek syntax the demonstrative lacking the definite article can precede the head noun with the same attributive sense of "this king." For other instances in which a masculine οὖτος is used as an interrogative clitic following τίς, see Jer 27:44; 37:21; Lam 3:37 (Muraoka 2016 §12ga).
- ↑ See Atkinson, "Demonstrative Pronouns."
- ↑ "Both זְה and הוּא are sometimes used almost as enclitics to emphasize the interrogative words... מִי זְה who now? ... and still more emphatically מִי הוּא זֶה" (GKC §136c; cf. Joüon-Muraoka §143g).
- ↑ This is also unambiguous in Jerome's quis est iste rex gloriae (both here and in v. 10). The LXX is ambiguous between all three readings, since in Greek syntax the demonstrative lacking the definite article can precede the head noun with the same attributive sense of "this king." For other instances in which a masculine οὖτος is used as an interrogative clitic following τίς, see Jer 27:44; 37:21; Lam 3:37 (Muraoka 2016 §12ga).
- ↑ See Atkinson, "Demonstrative Pronouns."
- ↑ Note that Targum Psalms contains the pronominal copula in both cases (cf. v. 8 above) as well as the demonstrative, דיכי, though differs here in providing the emphatic state מלכא יקירא in place of v. 8's absolute state מלך יקירא.