Psalm 24/Diagrams/All

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Hebrew Verse English
לְדָוִ֗ד מִ֫זְמ֥וֹר 1a By David. A psalm.
לַֽ֭יהוָה הָאָ֣רֶץ וּמְלוֹאָ֑הּ 1b The earth and its fullness belong to YHWH,
תֵּ֝בֵ֗ל וְיֹ֣שְׁבֵי בָֽהּ׃ 1c the world and the inhabitants in it,
כִּי־ה֭וּא׀ עַל־יַמִּ֣ים יְסָדָ֑הּ 2a because he has founded it upon the seas
וְעַל־נְ֝הָר֗וֹת יְכוֹנְנֶֽהָ׃ 2b and keeps it established upon the currents.
מִֽי־יַעֲלֶ֥ה בְהַר־יְהוָ֑ה 3a Who may go up on the mountain of YHWH?
וּמִי־יָ֝קוּם בִּמְק֥וֹם קָדְשֽׁוֹ׃ 3b And who may stand within his holy place?
נְקִ֥י כַפַּ֗יִם וּֽבַר־לֵ֫בָ֥ב 4a One with clean hands and a pure heart,
אֲשֶׁ֤ר ׀ לֹא־נָשָׂ֣א לַשָּׁ֣וְא נַפְשׁוֹ 4b who has not delighted in falsehood,
וְלֹ֖א נִשְׁבַּ֣ע לְמִרְמָֽה׃ 4c nor taken an oath deceitfully.
יִשָּׂ֣א בְ֭רָכָה מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 5a He will receive blessing from YHWH
וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה מֵאֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׁעֽוֹ׃ 5b and privilege from the God of his salvation.
זֶ֭ה דּ֣וֹר דֹּרְשָׁ֑יו 6a Such is the generation—those seeking him,
מְבַקְשֵׁ֨י פָנֶ֖יךָ יַעֲקֹ֣ב סֶֽלָה׃ 6b those who seek your face—of Jacob. Selah.
שְׂא֤וּ שְׁעָרִ֨ים ׀ רָֽאשֵׁיכֶ֗ם 7a Lift up your heads, gates,
וְֽ֭הִנָּשְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם 7b and be lifted up, eternal doorways,
וְ֝יָב֗וֹא מֶ֣לֶךְ הַכָּבֽוֹד׃ 7c so that the glorious king might enter!
מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד 8a Who is this, the glorious king?
יְ֭הוָה עִזּ֣וּז וְגִבּ֑וֹר 8b YHWH, a mighty one and a warrior;
יְ֝הוָ֗ה גִּבּ֥וֹר מִלְחָמָֽה׃ 8c YHWH, a battle warrior.
שְׂא֤וּ שְׁעָרִ֨ים ׀ רָֽאשֵׁיכֶ֗ם 9a Lift up your heads, gates,
וּ֭שְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם 9b and lift up, eternal doorways,
וְ֝יָבֹא מֶ֣לֶךְ הַכָּבֽוֹד׃ 9c so that the glorious king might enter!
מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד 10a Who is this, the glorious king?
יְהוָ֥ה צְבָא֑וֹת ה֤וּא מֶ֖לֶךְ הַכָּב֣וֹד סֶֽלָה׃ 10b YHWH of armies, he is the glorious king. Selah.


vv. 1-2 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 1-2]
    Fragment
      noun: מִזְמוֹר a psalm
    Fragment
      PrepositionalPhrase
        Preposition
          preposition: לְ by
        Object
          noun: דָוִד David
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          Apposition
            Nominal
              Nominal
                article: הָ the
                noun: אָרֶץ earth
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וּ and
              Nominal <gloss="its fullness">
                ConstructChain 
                  noun: מְלוֹא fullness
                  suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
            Nominal
              Nominal
                noun: תֵּבֵל world
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וְ and
              Nominal
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    verb-participle: יֹשְׁבֵי inhabitants
                    Adverbial
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: ב in
                        Object
                          suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
        Predicate
          verb: belong
          Complement
            Adjectival
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לַ to
                Object
                  noun: יהוָה YHWH
        SubordinateClause
          Conjunction
            conjunction: כִּי because
          Clause
            Subject
              pronoun: הוּא he
            Predicate
              Predicate
                verb: יְסָד has founded
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: עַל upon
                    Object
                      noun: יַמִּים the seas
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וְ and
              Predicate
                verb: יְכוֹנְנֶ keeps established
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: ָה it
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: עַל upon
                    Object
                      noun: נְהָרוֹת the currents


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [vv. 1-2]
    Fragment
      noun: מִזְמוֹר a psalm
    Fragment
      PrepositionalPhrase
        Preposition
          preposition: לְ by
        Object
          noun: דָוִד David
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          Apposition
            Nominal
              Nominal
                article: הָ the
                noun: אָרֶץ earth
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וּ and
              Nominal <gloss="its fullness">
                ConstructChain 
                  noun: מְלוֹא fullness
                  suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
            Nominal
              Nominal
                noun: תֵּבֵל world
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וְ and
              Nominal
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    verb-participle: יֹשְׁבֵי inhabitants
                    Adverbial
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: ב in
                        Object
                          suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
        Predicate
          verb: belong
          Complement
            Adjectival
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לַ to
                Object
                  noun: יהוָה YHWH
        SubordinateClause
          Conjunction
            conjunction: כִּי because
          Clause
            Subject
              pronoun: הוּא he
            Predicate
              Predicate
                verb: יְסָד has founded
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: ָהּ it
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: עַל upon
                    Object
                      noun: יַמִּים the seas
              Conjunction
                conjunction: וְ and
              Predicate
                verb: יְכוֹנְנֶ keeps established
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: ָה it
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: עַל upon
                    Object
                      noun: נְהָרוֹת the currents

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=vv-1-2-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for vv. 1-2

v. 2 – Although it is a common word for "rivers" (so the LXX here: ποταμῶν; cf. Pss 46:5; 78:16; 105:41; 107:33; 137:1), in cosmic contexts, such as in this verse, the word נְהָרוֹת refers to "sea currents" (HALOT ≈ DCH). See also Pss 89:26; 93:3 and Jonah 2:4[3]: "You hurled me into the depths, into the very heart of the seas, and the currents swirled about me (וְנָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי); all your waves and breakers swept over me" (NIV).

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for vv. 1-2

v. 1 – The lamed preposition in the clause לַֽ֭יהוָה הָאָ֣רֶץ וּמְלוֹאָ֑הּ indicates possession, i.e., the earth and its fulness are to YHWH ➞ the earth and its fulness belong to YHWH. Although it is standard, both in Biblical Hebrew and cross-linguistically, for the possessum to appear first in a predicational possessive clause (sometimes called 'belong' possession, as opposed to presentational 'have' possession; Croft 2022, 305-307), the order is reversed here for the pragmatic function of exclusive focus: they belong only to YHWH (see our macrosyntactic analysis).


Note for vv. 1-2

v. 1 – The construct chain וְיֹ֣שְׁבֵי בָֽהּ contains a prepositional phrase (בָֽהּ) as its dependent. As noted by GKC, "The construct state ... is frequently employed ... as a connecting form, even apart from the genitive relation; so especially - (1) Before prepositions, particularly in elevated (prophetic or poetic) style" (§130a; cf. Ps 2:12).

Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

Textual Notes for this diagram

Note for vv. 1-2

v. 1 – Note that the LXX has a longer superscription, including of the first day of the week (Ψαλμὸς τῷ Δαυιδ· τῆς μιᾶς σαββάτων), possibly hinting at a reference "to the history of the work of creation" (Delitzsch 1883, 410). It is common for LXX psalms to contain reference to the days of the week and Sabbath liturgy, where this is limited to Psalm 92 in the MT. (See the exegetical issue The Sabbath Day in Psalm 92 and references therein.)

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v. 3 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
            pronoun: מִי who
          Predicate
            verb: יַעֲלֶה may go up
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ on
                Object
                  Nominal
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: הַר mountain
                      noun: יְהוָה YHWH
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Subject
            pronoun: מִי who
          Predicate
            verb: יָקוּם may stand
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בִּ within
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="his holy place">
                    noun: מְקוֹם place
                    noun: קָדְשׁ holiness
                    suffix-pronoun: וֹ him


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
    Fragment
      ClauseCluster
        Clause
          Subject
            pronoun: מִי who
          Predicate
            verb: יַעֲלֶה may go up
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְ on
                Object
                  Nominal
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: הַר mountain
                      noun: יְהוָה YHWH
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Clause
          Subject
            pronoun: מִי who
          Predicate
            verb: יָקוּם may stand
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בִּ within
                Object
                  ConstructChain <gloss="his holy place">
                    noun: מְקוֹם place
                    noun: קָדְשׁ holiness
                    suffix-pronoun: וֹ him

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-3-None }}

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Lexical Notes

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Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 3

v. 3 – As in many instances of triple constituent construct chain terminating in a pronominal suffix, so in the case of בִּמְק֥וֹם קָדְשֽׁוֹ, "a pronominal suffix can be attached to the nomen rectum [construct dependent] where such a pronoun relates to the entire construct phrase, effectively to the nomen regens [construct head]" (JM §129kb). Thus, the phrase should be understood as in his holy place, not in the place of his holiness. Compare, for example, הַר־קָדְשִֽׁי my holy mountain in Psalm 2:6.

Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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v. 4 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        Nominal <gloss="one with clean hands">
          ConstructChain
            adjective: נְקִי innocent
            noun: כַפַּיִם hands
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Nominal
          ConstructChain
            Nominal
              noun: <status="elided">
              RelativeClause
                RelativeParticle
                  particle: אֲשֶׁר who
                Clause
                  Subject <located="relative clause head">
                  Predicate
                    Predicate <gloss="has not delighted in falsehood">
                      verb: נָשָׂא has lifted up
                      adverb: לֹא not
                      Object
                        ConstructChain
                          noun: נַפְשׁ soul
                          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him <status="emendation">
                      Object <status="alternative">
                        ConstructChain
                          noun: נַפְשׁ soul
                          suffix-pronoun: ִי me
                      Adverbial
                        PrepositionalPhrase
                          Preposition
                            preposition: לַ to
                          Object
                            article: הַ the <status="elided">
                            noun: שָּׁוְא falsehood
                    Conjunction
                      conjunction: וְ and
                    Predicate 
                      verb: נִשְׁבַּע has taken an oath
                      adverb: לֹא not
                      Adverbial <gloss="deceitfully">
                        PrepositionalPhrase
                          Preposition
                            preposition: לְ for
                          Object
                            noun: מִרְמָה deceit
              adjective: בַר pure
            noun: לֵבָב heart
      Predicate <status="elided">
        Predicate
          verb: יַעֲלֶה may go up
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בְ on
              Object
                Nominal
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: הַר mountain
                    noun: יְהוָה YHWH
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Predicate
          verb: יָקוּם may stand
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בִּ in
            Object
              Nominal <gloss="his holy place">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: מְקוֹם place
                  noun: קָדְשׁ holiness
                  suffix-pronoun: וֹ him


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        Nominal <gloss="one with clean hands">
          ConstructChain
            adjective: נְקִי innocent
            noun: כַפַּיִם hands
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Nominal
          ConstructChain
            Nominal
              noun: <status="elided">
              RelativeClause
                RelativeParticle
                  particle: אֲשֶׁר who
                Clause
                  Subject <located="relative clause head">
                  Predicate
                    Predicate <gloss="has not delighted in falsehood">
                      verb: נָשָׂא has lifted up
                      adverb: לֹא not
                      Object
                        ConstructChain
                          noun: נַפְשׁ soul
                          suffix-pronoun: וֹ him <status="emendation">
                      Object <status="alternative">
                        ConstructChain
                          noun: נַפְשׁ soul
                          suffix-pronoun: ִי me
                      Adverbial
                        PrepositionalPhrase
                          Preposition
                            preposition: לַ to
                          Object
                            article: הַ the <status="elided">
                            noun: שָּׁוְא falsehood
                    Conjunction
                      conjunction: וְ and
                    Predicate 
                      verb: נִשְׁבַּע has taken an oath
                      adverb: לֹא not
                      Adverbial <gloss="deceitfully">
                        PrepositionalPhrase
                          Preposition
                            preposition: לְ for
                          Object
                            noun: מִרְמָה deceit
              adjective: בַר pure
            noun: לֵבָב heart
      Predicate <status="elided">
        Predicate
          verb: יַעֲלֶה may go up
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בְ on
              Object
                Nominal
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: הַר mountain
                    noun: יְהוָה YHWH
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וּ and
        Predicate
          verb: יָקוּם may stand
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: בִּ in
            Object
              Nominal <gloss="his holy place">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: מְקוֹם place
                  noun: קָדְשׁ holiness
                  suffix-pronoun: וֹ him

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-4-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 4

v. 4 – In light of the following clause's clarification of the contextual domain as that of deceitful swearing, the sense of שָׁוְא as "falsehood" has been preferred here, rather than that of "futility" or "delusion" (SDBH) or even "idols." See further the Venn diagram and the discussion in the exegetical issue, The Text and Meaning of Ps 24:4b. Indeed, in the v. 4c clause the LXX supplies "to his neighbor" (καὶ οὐκ ὤμοσεν ἐπὶ δόλῳ τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ), clarifying that the sense of idol worship is altogether absent in this line, and probably also the previous line.

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 4

v. 4 – Both construct chains נְקִ֥י כַפַּ֗יִם וּֽבַר־לֵ֫בָ֥ב communicate a relationship of specification, i.e., with regard to (see GKC §128y: "clean as regards hands") ➞ "one with clean hands" (HALOT, 720). Compare, for example, נְֽשׂוּי־פֶּ֗שַׁע כְּס֣וּי חֲטָאָֽה "forgiven with regard to offense, covered with regard to sin" (Ps 32:1) and תְמִֽימֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ "blameless with regard to their way (Ps 119:1), among others.


Note for v. 4

v. 4 – On the construction *נָשָׂ֣א לַשָּׁ֣וְא *נַפְשׁוֹ see the exegetical issue The Text and Meaning of Psalm 24:4b, where we conclude that it carries the sense of delight in.[1] See also Deuteronomy 24:15; Hosea 4:8; Psalms 25:1; 86:4; 143:8; Proverbs 19:18.


Note for v. 4

v. 4 – The lamed in the prepositional phrase לְמִרְמָֽה functions as specification, in similar manner to לָבֶטַח "as far as confidence," i.e. "securely" (BHRG §39.11.6.b; cf. IBHS §11.2.10.d "class and type"), so rendered "deceitfully" (DCH).[2]

Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

Textual Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 4

v. 4 – For the text and meaning of the construction *לֹא־נָשָׂ֣א לַשָּׁ֣וְא *נַפְשׁוֹ, see the exegetical issue, The Text and Meaning of Ps 24:4b. In short, we prefer the emendation of Codex Leningrad's נַפְשִׁ֑י "my soul" to נַפְשׁוֹ "his soul" and interpret the construction לָשֵׂאת נֶפֶשׁ לְ/אֶל as "to desire."

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v. 5 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יִשָּׂא he will take up >> he will receive
          Object
            Nominal
              noun: בְרָכָה blessing
              Adjectival
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: מֵאֵת from
                  Object
                    noun: יְהוָה YHWH
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וּ and
            Nominal
              noun: צְדָקָה privilege
              Adjectival
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: מֵ from
                  Object
                    Nominal <gloss="the God of his salvation">
                      ConstructChain
                        noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
                        noun: יִשְׁע salvation
                        suffix-pronoun: וֹ him


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: יִשָּׂא he will take up >> he will receive
          Object
            Nominal
              noun: בְרָכָה blessing
              Adjectival
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: מֵאֵת from
                  Object
                    noun: יְהוָה YHWH
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וּ and
            Nominal
              noun: צְדָקָה privilege
              Adjectival
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: מֵ from
                  Object
                    Nominal <gloss="the God of his salvation">
                      ConstructChain
                        noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
                        noun: יִשְׁע salvation
                        suffix-pronoun: וֹ him

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-5-None }}

Grammar Notes

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Lexical Notes

Lexical Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 5

v. 5 – Although "privilege" is not a common gloss of צְדָקָה, in the present context, both צְדָקָה and the preceding בְּרָכָה result in a person's permission to enter YHWH's presence: "The person who is 'conferred' with integrity automatically becomes part of the 'community of his seekers'" (Spangenberg 2011, 751). See further the Venn diagrams, which compare both justice and privilege for צְדָקָה.

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 5

v. 5 – There is little apparent difference between מֵאֵת and מִן in the present verse (rendered identically, for example, in the LXX, Jerome's iuxta Hebraeos and the Peshitta,[3] as well as modern translations). It may be hypothesized that the compound מֵאֵת is to be construed as communicating both the origin and comitative nature of the "blessing" (בְ֭רָכָה) as from with YHWH, though this is not certain.

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v. 6 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                  suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                  ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
                    noun: פָנֶי face
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
    Fragment
      particle: סֶלָה selah


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                  suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                  ConstructChain <gloss="your face">
                    noun: פָנֶי face
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
    Fragment
      particle: סֶלָה selah

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 6

v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads

This is the generation of Jacob,

those who seek him

those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)

Regarding the alternative diagrams:

  1. The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
  2. The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
  3. The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
  4. Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.

Other notes for v. 6

Alternative

Associate with v-6-None

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[4], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[5]


Alternative

Associate with v-6-None

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."


Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-None

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."


Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-None

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

Textual Notes

No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

Add Exegetical Note


v. 6 - Alternative 1

(Alternative); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6 alternatives]
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                    suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                  ConstructChain 
                    noun: פְנֵי face <status="emendation">
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: אֱלֹהֵי God <status="emendation">
                      noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                    suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                  ConstructChain 
                    noun: פָנֶי face
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Vocative
        Nominal
          ConstructChain
            noun: אֱלֹהֵי God <status="emendation">
            noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 6 alternatives]
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                    suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                  ConstructChain 
                    noun: פְנֵי face <status="emendation">
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: אֱלֹהֵי God <status="emendation">
                      noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                    suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                  ConstructChain 
                    noun: פָנֶי face
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Vocative
        Nominal
          ConstructChain
            noun: אֱלֹהֵי God <status="emendation">
            noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-1 }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Alternative

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[6], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[7]

Other notes for v. 6

Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-1

v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads

This is the generation of Jacob,

those who seek him

those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)

Regarding the alternative diagrams:

  1. The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
  2. The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
  3. The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
  4. Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.


Alternative

Associate with v-6-Alternative-1

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."


Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-1

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."


Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-1

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

Textual Notes

No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

Add Exegetical Note


v. 6 - Alternative 2

(Alternative); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                    suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                  ConstructChain 
                    noun: פָנֶי face
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Vocative
        noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob


Diagram Code 

 Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                    suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                  ConstructChain 
                    noun: פָנֶי face
                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Vocative
        noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-2 }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Alternative

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."

Other notes for v. 6

Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-2

v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads

This is the generation of Jacob,

those who seek him

those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)

Regarding the alternative diagrams:

  1. The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
  2. The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
  3. The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
  4. Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.


Alternative

Associate with v-6-Alternative-2

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[8], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[9]


Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-2

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."


Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-2

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

Textual Notes

No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

Add Exegetical Note


v. 6 - Alternative 3

(Alternative); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                    suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                Apposition
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                    ConstructChain 
                      noun: פָנֶי face
                      suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
                  noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob


Diagram Code 

 Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              Nominal
                ConstructChain
                  noun: דּוֹר generation
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                    suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
              Nominal
                Apposition
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
                    ConstructChain 
                      noun: פָנֶי face
                      suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
                  noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-3 }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 6

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."

Other notes for v. 6

Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-3

v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads

This is the generation of Jacob,

those who seek him

those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)

Regarding the alternative diagrams:

  1. The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
  2. The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
  3. The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
  4. Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.


Alternative

Associate with v-6-Alternative-3

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[10], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[11]


Alternative

Associate with v-6-Alternative-3

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."


Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-3

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

Textual Notes

No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

Add Exegetical Note


v. 6 - Alternative 4

(Alternative); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Nominal
              ConstructChain
                noun: דּוֹר generation
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                  suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal
            ConstructChain
              verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
              ConstructChain 
                noun: פָנֶי face
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
        Predicate
          verb: are
          Complement
            noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob


Diagram Code 

 Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֶה such
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Nominal
              ConstructChain
                noun: דּוֹר generation
                ConstructChain
                  verb-participle: דֹּרְשׁ those seeking
                  suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
    Fragment  <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal
            ConstructChain
              verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
              ConstructChain 
                noun: פָנֶי face
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
        Predicate
          verb: are
          Complement
            noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-6-Alternative-4 }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 6

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob."

Other notes for v. 6

Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-4

v. 6 – For the alternative readings of the syntax of this verse, see below. The merits of each position are discussed in the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. Our preferred reading involves Vertical Grammar, such that "Jacob" in the second line modifies "generation" in the first line and the entire verse reads

This is the generation of Jacob,

those who seek him

those who seek your face. (Tsumura 2023, 22)

Regarding the alternative diagrams:

  1. The first represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse (see, e.g., the Peshitta, LXX).
  2. The second diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."
  3. The third diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."
  4. Finally, the fourth diagram reads the second line of the verse as a verbless clause "those seeking your face are Jacob." Aside from providing "god of," these three interpretations are syntactically possible, though we prefer the Vertical Grammar reading.


Alternative

Associate with v-6-Alternative-4

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram represents the interpolation of the word "god of" to ease the understanding of the verse. The reading attested in the Peshitta involves the vocative, "God of Jacob," and thus requires only the addition of אֱלֹהֵי to the text,[12], whereas that attested by the LXX reads "who seek the face of the God of Jacob," so requires both the emendation of the MT's פָנֶ֖יךָ to פְנֵי, as well as the addition of אֱלֹהֵי.[13]


Alternative

Associate with v-6-Alternative-4

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" as a vocative: "... those seeking your face, Jacob."


Note for v. 6

Associate with v-6-Alternative-4

v. 6 – For these alternative interpretations of the syntax of v. 6, see the exegetical issue, The Text, Grammar, and Meaning of Psalm 24:6. This diagram reads "Jacob" in apposition to "those seeking your face."

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

Textual Notes

No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

Add Exegetical Note


v. 7 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
              noun: רָאשֵׁי heads
              suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
    Fragment
      Vocative
        noun: שְׁעָרִים gates
    Fragment
      particle: וְ and
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הִנָּשְׂאוּ be lifted up
    Fragment
      Vocative
        ConstructChain <gloss="eternal doorways">
          noun: פִּתְחֵי doorways
          noun: עוֹלָם eternity
    Fragment
      particle: וְ so that
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
            noun: מֶלֶךְ king
            Nominal
              noun: כָּבוֹד glory
              article: הַ the
        Predicate
          verb: יָבוֹא might enter


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
              noun: רָאשֵׁי heads
              suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
    Fragment
      Vocative
        noun: שְׁעָרִים gates
    Fragment
      particle: וְ and
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: הִנָּשְׂאוּ be lifted up
    Fragment
      Vocative
        ConstructChain <gloss="eternal doorways">
          noun: פִּתְחֵי doorways
          noun: עוֹלָם eternity
    Fragment
      particle: וְ so that
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
            noun: מֶלֶךְ king
            Nominal
              noun: כָּבוֹד glory
              article: הַ the
        Predicate
          verb: יָבוֹא might enter

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-7-None }}

Grammar Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.

Lexical Notes

No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.

Phrase-Level

Phrasal Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 7

v. 7 – The construct chain פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם (both here and in v. 9) communicates one of characteristic, i.e., "doors of eternity" ➞ "eternal doors."[14] For a full discussion, see the exegetical issue The Meaning of "Doors" in Ps 24:7, 9.

Verbal Notes

No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

Textual Notes

No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

Add Exegetical Note


v. 8 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          Apposition
            Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
              ConstructChain
                noun: מֶלֶךְ king
                Nominal
                  article: הַ the
                  noun: כָּבוֹד glory
            Nominal
              Adjectival
                adjective: זֶה this
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Nominal
              pronoun: מִי who
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject <status="elided">
          Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
            ConstructChain
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                article: הַ the
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              noun: יְהוָה YHWH
              Nominal
                Nominal
                  adjective: עִזּוּז a mighty one
                Conjunction
                  conjunction: וְ and
                noun: גִבּוֹר a warrior
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject <status="elided">
          Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
            ConstructChain
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                article: הַ the
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              noun: יְהוָה YHWH
              Nominal
                ConstructChain <gloss="a battle warrior">
                  noun: גִּבּוֹר warrior
                  noun: מִלְחָמָה battle


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          Apposition
            Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
              ConstructChain
                noun: מֶלֶךְ king
                Nominal
                  article: הַ the
                  noun: כָּבוֹד glory
            Nominal
              Adjectival
                adjective: זֶה this
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Nominal
              pronoun: מִי who
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject <status="elided">
          Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
            ConstructChain
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                article: הַ the
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              noun: יְהוָה YHWH
              Nominal
                Nominal
                  adjective: עִזּוּז a mighty one
                Conjunction
                  conjunction: וְ and
                noun: גִבּוֹר a warrior
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject <status="elided">
          Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
            ConstructChain
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                article: הַ the
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Apposition
              noun: יְהוָה YHWH
              Nominal
                ConstructChain <gloss="a battle warrior">
                  noun: גִּבּוֹר warrior
                  noun: מִלְחָמָה battle

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-8-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 8

v. 8 – There are three possible ways to read the syntax of מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד. Our preferred reading reflects right-dislocation of מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד "the glorious king," following the demonstrative pronoun זֶה֮ "this." Though more popularly represented in modern translations, our reasons for rejecting the other two possible interpretations are discussed below.

Other notes for v. 8

Alternative

Associate with v-8-None

v. 8 – The two alternative diagrams above represent two distinct readings of מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד.

The more plausible of the two is that זֶה֮ functions as a clitic following the interrogative מִ֥י, such that the clause reads "Who is the King of glory" (JPS). As formulated by BHRG: “Demonstrative pronouns combined with interrogative pronouns sometimes express the discontent of the speaker about a state of affairs in the form of a rhetorical question” (§36.2.2).[15] Although the question could seem rhetorical (i.e., it is unlikely that the speaker did not know the answer), for the purposes of the psalm, the next clause provides the answer. More crucial, however, are the prosodic observations. Since both מִ֥י and זֶה֮ contain their own nuclear stress, זֶה֮ does not follow the definition of clitic here, which should be conjoined by a maqqef (cf. וּמִי־זֶ֣ה רֹעֶ֔ה in Jer 49:19 and מִי־זֶ֣ה הָ֭אִישׁ יְרֵ֣א יְהוָ֑ה in Ps 25:12). Further, as seen in both Jer 49:19 and Ps 25:12, this cliticized phrase is typically conjoined to the following phrase with a conjunctive accent, whereas זֶה֮ carries a tsinnor accent—a significant disjunctive. Finally, the construction is extended to מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד in v. 10. As discussed there, it is highly unlikely that both ה֣וּא and זֶה֮ can be considered enclitics, such that the same syntactic result should hold there as it does here.

On the other hand, the demonstrative זֶה֮ has been read as an attributive in a number of modern and ancient translations: "Who is this King of glory?" (NIV).[16] Nevertheless, the phrase מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד is grammatically definite, whereas the demonstrative is not. Exceptions to the expected pattern are limited to 1 Kgs 14:14, Ezek 40:45 and Ezra 3:12.[17] Garr (2022, 378) considers זֶ֤ה הַבַּ֙יִת֙ in Ezra 3:12 as cataphoric, i.e., "this one, the house," and, indeed, the phenomenon could elsewhere be considered apposition. The result is similar to our preferred reading above.

Lexical Notes

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Phrase-Level

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v. 8 - Alternatives

(Alternative); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8 alternatives]
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
            ConstructChain
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                article: הַ the
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Nominal
              pronoun: מִי who
              adjective: זֶה 
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal <gloss="this glorious king">
            ConstructChain
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                article: הַ the
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
            adjective: זֶה this
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Nominal
              pronoun: מִי who


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 8 alternatives]
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
            ConstructChain
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                article: הַ the
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Nominal
              pronoun: מִי who
              adjective: זֶה 
    Fragment <status="alternative">
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal <gloss="this glorious king">
            ConstructChain
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                article: הַ the
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
            adjective: זֶה this
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            Nominal
              pronoun: מִי who

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-8-Alternatives }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Alternative

v. 8 – The two alternative diagrams above represent two distinct readings of מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד.

The more plausible of the two is that זֶה֮ functions as a clitic following the interrogative מִ֥י, such that the clause reads "Who is the King of glory" (JPS). As formulated by BHRG: “Demonstrative pronouns combined with interrogative pronouns sometimes express the discontent of the speaker about a state of affairs in the form of a rhetorical question” (§36.2.2).[18] Although the question could seem rhetorical (i.e., it is unlikely that the speaker did not know the answer), for the purposes of the psalm, the next clause provides the answer. More crucial, however, are the prosodic observations. Since both מִ֥י and זֶה֮ contain their own nuclear stress, זֶה֮ does not follow the definition of clitic here, which should be conjoined by a maqqef (cf. וּמִי־זֶ֣ה רֹעֶ֔ה in Jer 49:19 and מִי־זֶ֣ה הָ֭אִישׁ יְרֵ֣א יְהוָ֑ה in Ps 25:12). Further, as seen in both Jer 49:19 and Ps 25:12, this cliticized phrase is typically conjoined to the following phrase with a conjunctive accent, whereas זֶה֮ carries a tsinnor accent—a significant disjunctive. Finally, the construction is extended to מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד in v. 10. As discussed there, it is highly unlikely that both ה֣וּא and זֶה֮ can be considered enclitics, such that the same syntactic result should hold there as it does here.

On the other hand, the demonstrative זֶה֮ has been read as an attributive in a number of modern and ancient translations: "Who is this King of glory?" (NIV).[19] Nevertheless, the phrase מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד is grammatically definite, whereas the demonstrative is not. Exceptions to the expected pattern are limited to 1 Kgs 14:14, Ezek 40:45 and Ezra 3:12.[20] Garr (2022, 378) considers זֶ֤ה הַבַּ֙יִת֙ in Ezra 3:12 as cataphoric, i.e., "this one, the house," and, indeed, the phenomenon could elsewhere be considered apposition. The result is similar to our preferred reading above.

Other notes for v. 8

Note for v. 8

Associate with v-8-Alternatives

v. 8 – There are three possible ways to read the syntax of מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד. Our preferred reading reflects right-dislocation of מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד "the glorious king," following the demonstrative pronoun זֶה֮ "this." Though more popularly represented in modern translations, our reasons for rejecting the other two possible interpretations are discussed below.

Lexical Notes

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Phrase-Level

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Textual Notes

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v. 9 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
              noun: רָאשֵׁי heads
              suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
    Fragment
      Vocative
        noun: שְׁעָרִים gates
    Fragment
      particle: וּ and
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
          Object <status="alternative">
            ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
              noun: רָאשֵׁי heads <status="elided">
              suffix-pronoun: כֶם you <status="elided">
    Fragment
      Vocative
        ConstructChain <gloss="eternal doorways">
          noun: פִּתְחֵי doorways
          noun: עוֹלָם eternity
    Fragment
      particle: וְ so that
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
            noun: מֶלֶךְ king
            Nominal
              noun: כָּבוֹד glory
              article: הַ the
        Predicate
          verb: יָבוֹא might enter


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
          Object
            ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
              noun: רָאשֵׁי heads
              suffix-pronoun: כֶם you
    Fragment
      Vocative
        noun: שְׁעָרִים gates
    Fragment
      particle: וּ and
    Fragment
      Clause
        Predicate
          verb: שְׂאוּ lift up
          Object <status="alternative">
            ConstructChain <gloss="your heads">
              noun: רָאשֵׁי heads <status="elided">
              suffix-pronoun: כֶם you <status="elided">
    Fragment
      Vocative
        ConstructChain <gloss="eternal doorways">
          noun: פִּתְחֵי doorways
          noun: עוֹלָם eternity
    Fragment
      particle: וְ so that
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
            noun: מֶלֶךְ king
            Nominal
              noun: כָּבוֹד glory
              article: הַ the
        Predicate
          verb: יָבוֹא might enter

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-9-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 9

v. 9 – Radak suggests that the object your heads has been elided in the second line, as indicated by the alternative addition to the diagram. It is preferable, however, in light of the parallel in v. 7, to understand this instance of וּ֭שְׂאוּ (the parallel is niphal וְֽ֭הִנָּשְׂאוּ) as an intransitive unaccusative qal → lift yourselves up.

Lexical Notes

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v. 10 - Preferred

(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram 

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          Apposition
            Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
              ConstructChain
                noun: מֶלֶךְ king
                Nominal
                  article: הַ the
                  noun: כָּבוֹד glory
            Nominal
              Adjectival
                adjective: זֶה this
        Predicate
          verb: הוּא is
          Complement
            Nominal
              pronoun: מִי who
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          Apposition
            Nominal
              ConstructChain
                noun: יְהוָה YHWH
                noun: צְבָאוֹת armies
            pronoun: הוּא he
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
                article: הַ the
    Fragment
      particle: סֶלָה selah


Diagram Code 

 DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          Apposition
            Nominal <gloss="the glorious king">
              ConstructChain
                noun: מֶלֶךְ king
                Nominal
                  article: הַ the
                  noun: כָּבוֹד glory
            Nominal
              Adjectival
                adjective: זֶה this
        Predicate
          verb: הוּא is
          Complement
            Nominal
              pronoun: מִי who
    Fragment
      Clause
        Subject
          Apposition
            Nominal
              ConstructChain
                noun: יְהוָה YHWH
                noun: צְבָאוֹת armies
            pronoun: הוּא he
        Predicate
          verb: is
          Complement
            ConstructChain <gloss="the glorious king">
              noun: מֶלֶךְ king
              Nominal
                noun: כָּבוֹד glory
                article: הַ the
    Fragment
      particle: סֶלָה selah

Copy to display elsewhere 

 {{Diagram/Display | Chapter=24|DiagramID=v-10-None }}

Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes for this diagram

Note for v. 10

v. 10 – Regarding the phrase מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮, see grammar notes above for v. 8. Although interrogative clitics are widely attested for the demonstrative זֶה (despite the prosodic indications that this is not the case in v. 8), this would be a unique attestation of an independent pronoun compounding onto מִי זֶה for the same effect, and even falling in between: מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮! Rather, this construction should be understood as a tripartite copular clause, with the so-called pronominal copula הוּא. Further, the conjunctive accents between these three constituents, yet disjunctive on the clause-final זֶה֮, supports this reading. Compare the pattern found in צַדִּ֥יק ה֛וּא יְהוָ֖ה "The Lord is righteous" (Lam 1:18, NIV).[21]

Lexical Notes

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Verbal Notes

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Textual Notes

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  1. ↑ See similar comments found in Kirkpatrick 1891, 129; Briggs & Briggs 1906-7, 215; Craigie 2004, 213; DCH, 726; NIDOTTE, 161; Witthoff 2021, 149.
  2. ↑ This is also reflected in Jerome's dolose and the choice of a ܒ preposition of manner/means in the Peshitta's ܒܢܟܠܐ "with deceit" ➞ "deceitfully" (Taylor 2020, 83).
  3. ↑ These versions are consistent with παρὰ, a and ܡܢ in both lines of the verse.
  4. ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
  5. ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
  6. ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
  7. ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
  8. ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
  9. ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
  10. ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
  11. ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
  12. ↑ ܗܢܘ ܕܪܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܘܡܣܒܪ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐ̈ܦܝܟ ܐܠܗܗ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ܂ "This is the generation that seeks and waits in hope for the presence of your face, O God of Jacob" (Taylor 2020, 83).
  13. ↑ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητούντων αὐτόν, ζητούντων τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ "This is the generation of people who seek him, who seek the face of the God of Iakob" (NETS).
  14. ↑ Medieval commentators are creative, yet struggle to describe the nuance of the eternality of the doors. Rashi describes them as "doors whose holiness is eternal" (פְּתָחִים שֶׁקְּדֻשָּׁתָן עוֹלָמִית) and Ibn Ezra notes that "they are standing forever" (שהם עומדים לנצח), while Kimḥi asserts that now, finally, after much traveling of the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh, to the Philistines territory, Beth Shemesh, etc., "they brought it into the place where it will be forever" (עתה הכניסוהו במקום שיהיה שם לעולם).
  15. ↑ "Both זְה and הוּא are sometimes used almost as enclitics to emphasize the interrogative words... מִי זְה who now? ... and still more emphatically מִי הוּא זֶה" (GKC §136c; cf. Joüon-Muraoka §143g).
  16. ↑ This is also unambiguous in Jerome's quis est iste rex gloriae (both here and in v. 10). The LXX is ambiguous between all three readings, since in Greek syntax the demonstrative lacking the definite article can precede the head noun with the same attributive sense of "this king." For other instances in which a masculine οὖτος is used as an interrogative clitic following τίς, see Jer 27:44; 37:21; Lam 3:37 (Muraoka 2016 §12ga).
  17. ↑ See Atkinson, "Demonstrative Pronouns."
  18. ↑ "Both זְה and הוּא are sometimes used almost as enclitics to emphasize the interrogative words... מִי זְה who now? ... and still more emphatically מִי הוּא זֶה" (GKC §136c; cf. Joüon-Muraoka §143g).
  19. ↑ This is also unambiguous in Jerome's quis est iste rex gloriae (both here and in v. 10). The LXX is ambiguous between all three readings, since in Greek syntax the demonstrative lacking the definite article can precede the head noun with the same attributive sense of "this king." For other instances in which a masculine οὖτος is used as an interrogative clitic following τίς, see Jer 27:44; 37:21; Lam 3:37 (Muraoka 2016 §12ga).
  20. ↑ See Atkinson, "Demonstrative Pronouns."
  21. ↑ Note that Targum Psalms contains the pronominal copula in both cases (cf. v. 8 above) as well as the demonstrative, דיכי, though differs here in providing the emphatic state מלכא יקירא in place of v. 8's absolute state מלך יקירא.