Psalm 92 Semantics

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It is right to always praise YHWH

Psalm 92

About the Grammar & Semantics Layer

Semantics is the study of how language is used to represent meaning. The goal of semantic analysis for interpreting and translating the Bible is to understand the meaning of words and how they relate to each other in context. We want to understand what is implicit about word meaning – and thus assumed by the original audience – and make it explicit – and thus clear for us who are removed by time, language, and culture. The semantics layer is composed of three major branches: lexical semantics, phrase-level semantics and verbal semantics. (Click 'Expand' to the right for more information.)

Expand

About Lexical Semantics

One major branch of semantic study is lexical semantics, which refers to the study of word meanings. It examines semantic range (=possible meanings of a word), the relationship between words (e.g. synonymy, hyponymy), as well as the relationship between words and larger concepts (conceptual domains). One component of our approach involves not only the study of the Hebrew word meaning, but also of our own assumptions about word meaning in modern languages. Because the researcher necessarily starts with their own cultural assumptions (in our case, those of Western-trained scholars), this part of the analysis should be done afresh for every culture.

For a detailed description of our method, see the Lexical Semantics Creator Guidelines.

About Phrase-level Semantics

The Phrase-level Semantics layer analyses the meaning of syntactic units which are larger than the level of the word and smaller than the level of the clause. Specifically, this layer analyses the meaning of prepositional phrases (e.g., לְאִישׁ), construct phrases (e.g., אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים), phrases formed by a coordinating waw conjunction (e.g., אִישׁ וְאִשָּׁה) and noun phrases which consist of a noun plus a determiner (e.g., הָאִישׁ) or a quantifier (e.g., כֹּל אִישׁ).

For a detailed description of our method, see the Phrase-level Semantics Creator Guidelines.

About Verbal Semantics

This sub-layer focuses on the relationship between verbs, time and modality. These are important categories for interpretation and translation, and how one analyses a verb can have a significant effect on how it is rendered. This sub-layer has been through several iterations, as it strives to accomplish two things: (1) Transparency for the native Hebrew structures, and (2) Transparency for the interpretation necessary to translate the verbal semantics into other languages.

For a detailed description of our method, see the Verbal Semantics Creator Guidelines.

Semantics Explainer Video

• About Grammar
• About Lexical
• About Phrase-Level
• About Verbal

About the Grammar Layer

The grammar layer visually represents the grammar and syntax of each clause. It also displays alternative interpretations of the grammar. (For more information, click "Show/Hide Grammar Legend" below.)

The grammar layer visually represents the grammar and syntax of each clause. It also displays alternative interpretations of the grammar. (For more information, click "Grammar Legend" below.)

Grammar Legend

Visualization	Description
	The clause is represented by a horizontal line with a vertical line crossing through it, separating the subject and the verb.
	The object is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause. Infinitives and participles may also have objects. If the direct object marker (d.o.m.) is present in the text, it appears in the diagram immediately before the object. If the grammar includes a secondary object, the secondary object will appear after the object, separated by another vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause.
	The subject complement follows the verb (often omitted in Hebrew) separated with a line leaning toward the right. It can be a noun, a whole prepositional phrase or an adjective. The later two appear modifying the complement slot.
	When a noun further describes or renames the object, it is an object complement. The object complement follows the object separated by a line leaning toward the right.
	In a construct chain, the noun in the absolute form modifies the noun in the construct form.
	Participles are indicated in whatever position in the clause they are in with a curved line before the participle. Participles can occur as nominal, where they take the place of a noun, predicate, where they take the place of a verb, or attributive, where they modify a noun or a verb similar to adjectives or adverbs.
	Infinitives are indicated by two parallel lines before the infinitive that cross the horizontal line. Infinitive constructs can appear as the verb in an embedded clause. Infinitive absolutes typically appear as an adverbial.
	The subject of the infinitive often appears in construct to it. In this situation, the infinitive and subject are diagrammed as a construct chain.
	The object of the infinitive is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the infinitival clause.
	Modifiers are represented by a solid diagonal line from the word they modify. They can attach to verbs, adjectives, or nouns. If modifying a verb or adjective, it is an adverb, but if modifying a noun, it is an adjective, a quantifier, or a definite article. If an adverb is modifying a modifier, it is connected to the modifier by a small dashed horizontal line.
	Adverbials are indicated by a dashed diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. These are nouns or infinitives that function adverbially (modifying either a verb or a participle), but are not connected by a preposition.
	Prepositional phrases are indicated by a solid diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. The preposition is to the left of the diagonal line and the dependent of the preposition is on the horizontal line. They can modify verbs (adverbial) or nouns (adjectival).
	Embedded clauses are indicated by a "stand" that looks like an upside-down Y. The stand rests in the grammatical position that the clause fulfills. Extending from the top of the stand is a horizontal line for the clause. If introduced by a complementizer, for example כִּי, the complementizer appears before the stand. Embedded clauses can stand in the place of any noun.
	When clauses are joined by a conjunction, they are compound clauses. These clauses are connected by a vertical dotted line. The conjunction is placed next to the dotted line.
	Within a clause, if two or more parts of speech are compound, these are represented by angled lines reaching to the two compound elements connected by a solid vertical line. If a conjunction is used, the conjunction appears to the left of the vertical line. Almost all parts of speech can be compound.
	Subordinate clauses are indicated by a dashed line coming from the line dividing the subject from the predicate in the independent clause and leading to the horizontal line of the subordinate clause. The subordinating conjunction appears next to the dashed line.
	Relative clauses also have a dashed line, but the line connects the antecedent to the horizontal line of the relative clause. The relative particle appears next to the dashed line.
	Sentence fragments are represented by a horizontal line with no vertical lines. They are most frequently used in superscriptions to psalms. They are visually similar to discourse particles and vocatives, but most often consist of a noun phrase (that does not refer to a person or people group) or a prepositional phrase.
	In the body of the psalm, a horizontal line by itself (with no modifiers or vertical lines) can indicate either a discourse particle or a vocative (if the word is a noun referring to a person or people group). A discourse particle is a conjunction or particle that functions at the discourse level, not at the grammatical level. Vocatives can appear either before or after the clause addressed to them, depending on the word order of the Hebrew.
	Apposition is indicated by an equal sign equating the two noun phrases. This can occur with a noun in any function in a sentence.

Hebrew text colors
Default preferred text	The default preferred reading is represented by a black line. The text of the MT is represented in bold black text.
Dispreferred reading	The dispreferred reading is an alternative interpretation of the grammar, represented by a pink line. The text of the MT is represented in bold pink text, while emendations and revocalizations retain their corresponding colors (see below).
Emended text	Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold blue text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred.
Revocalized text	Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold purple text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred.
(Supplied elided element)	Any element that is elided in the Hebrew text is represented by bold gray text in parentheses.
( )	The position of a non-supplied elided element is represented by empty black parentheses. For example, this would be used in the place of the noun when an adjective functions substantivally or in the place of the antecedent when a relative clause has an implied antecedent.

Gloss text colors
Gloss used in the CBC	The gloss used in the Close-but-Clear translation is represented by bold blue text.
Literal gloss >> derived meaning	A gloss that shows the more literal meaning as well as the derived figurative meaning is represented in blue text with arrows pointing towards the more figurative meaning. The gloss used in the CBC will be bolded.
Supplied elided element	The gloss for a supplied elided element is represented in bold gray text.

About the Lexical Semantics Layer

One major branch of semantic study is lexical semantics, which refers to the study of word meanings. It examines semantic range (=possible meanings of a word), the relationship between words (e.g. synonymy, hyponymy), as well as the relationship between words and larger concepts (conceptual domains). One component of our approach involves not only the study of the Hebrew word meaning, but also of our own assumptions about word meaning in modern languages. Because the researcher necessarily starts with their own cultural assumptions (in our case, those of Western-trained scholars), this part of the analysis should be done afresh for every culture.

For a detailed description of our method, see the Lexical Semantics Creator Guidelines.

• See our growing collection of Venn Diagrams, not only for Psalm 92, but for all of the psalms.
• See SDBH on Psalm 92.

About the Phrase-Level Semantics Layer

The Phrase-level Semantics layer analyses the meaning of syntactic units which are larger than the level of the word and smaller than the level of the clause. Specifically, this layer analyses the meaning of prepositional phrases (e.g., לְאִישׁ), construct phrases (e.g., אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים), phrases formed by a coordinating waw conjunction (e.g., אִישׁ וְאִשָּׁה) and noun phrases which consist of a noun plus a determiner (e.g., הָאִישׁ) or a quantifier (e.g., כֹּל אִישׁ).

For a detailed description of our method, see the Phrase-level Semantics Creator Guidelines.

(For more information, click "Phrase-level Legend" below.)

Phrase-level Legend

Visualization	Description
	The prepositional phrase is indicated by a solid green oval.
	The construct chain is indicated by a solid yellow oval.
	When the conjunction ו appears at the phrase-level (not clause-level), it is indicated by a solid light purple oval.
	The article is indicated by a solid blue oval.

About the Verbal Semantics Layer

This sub-layer focuses on the relationship between verbs, time and modality. These are important categories for interpretation and translation, and how one analyses a verb can have a significant effect on how it is rendered. This sub-layer has been through several iterations, as it strives to accomplish two things: (1) Transparency for the native Hebrew structures, and (2) Transparency for the interpretation necessary to translate the verbal semantics into other languages.

For a detailed description of our method, see the Verbal Semantics Creator Guidelines.

Verbal Semantics Explainer Video

(For more information, click "Verbal Legend" below.)

Verbal Legend

Conjugations
qatal	yiqtol-jussive
wayyiqtol (following qatal)*	cohortative
yiqtol	participle
wayyiqtol (following yiqtol)*	wayyiqtol (following participle)*
weyiqtol	inf. construct
weqatal	inf. absolute
*Wayyiqtol is colored a darker version of the conjugation it follows.

Relative tense arrows
Relative tense arrows (placed within the appropriate 'Fut/Pres/Past' column) are color coded according to the conjugation of the verb. The arrows in the table below are colored according to the typical uses of the conjugations.
After/posterior/future	Imminent future	Simultaneous/right now	Recent past	Before/anterior/past
← ←	↤	↓↓↓	↦	→ →

Aspect
	Continuous	Habitual or iterative	Stative	Perfective
Encoded in words	⟲	⟲⟲⟲	⎯	•
Inferable from context	⟲	⟲⟲⟲	⎯	•

Reference point movement
Movement	No movement
⇐	⇍

Modality
indicative	purpose/result
jussive	necessity
imperative	possible
cohortative	probable
wish	ability
(past) conditional	interrogative, etc.

If an emendation or revocalization is preferred, that emendation or revocalization will be marked in the Hebrew text of all the visuals.

Emendations/Revocalizations legend
*Emended text*	Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is indicated by blue asterisks on either side of the emendation.
*Revocalized text*	Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is indicated by purple asterisks on either side of the revocalization.

Psalm 92 Verbal Semantics

For an overview of the Verbal Semantics of Psalm 92, click the expandable button below.

Psalm 92 Verbal Semantics Chart

(Click diagram to enlarge)

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Contents

Verse 1Verse 2Verse 3Verse 4Verse 5Verse 6Verse 7Verses 8-9Verse 10Verse 11Verse 11bVerse 12Verse 13Verse 14Verse 15aVerses 15b-16

Psalm 92 Semantic Analysis & Diagrams

The following grammatical diagrams are zoomable, and the lexical and phrasal overlays can be toggled on/off. Notes on the semantic layers can be found beneath each verse's diagram.

V. 1

No content found.

Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

alternative

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment 
        Nominal
          ConstructChain
            noun: מִזְמוֹר a psalm
            Nominal
              noun: שִׁיר a song
              Adjectival
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: לְ for
                  Object
                    Nominal
                      ConstructChain
                        noun: יוֹם day
                        Nominal
                          article: הַ the
                          noun: שַּׁבָּת Sabbath 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Alternative construct chain

v. 1 – The alternative construct chain is represented by the genitive found in the LXX (Ψαλμὸς ᾠδῆς "A psalm of a song"), Symmachus (ᾆσμα ψαλμοῦ "a song of a psalm," from Syro-Hex. ܙܡܝܪܬܐ ܕܡܙܡܘܪܐ), and Jerome, both Gall. and Hebr. (Psalmus cantici "a psalm of a song"), which does not seem to be followed, however, by modern translations.

Targum Psalm's conjunction (שבחא ושירא) has not been represented as an alternative, though it is followed by the DHH ("Salmo y cántico para el sábado").

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:1.

V. 2

No content found.

Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
      Fragment
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Subject
              Nominal
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    Adverbial
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: לְ to
                        Object
                          Clause
                            Predicate <gloss="praise YHWH">
                              verb-infinitive: הֹדוֹת praise
                              Adverbial
                                PrepositionalPhrase
                                  Preposition
                                    preposition: לַ to
                                  Object
                                    noun: יהוָה YHWH
            Predicate
              verb: is
              Complement
                adjective: טוֹב right
          Conjunction
            conjunction: וּ and
          Clause
            Subject
              Nominal
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    Adverbial
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: לְ to
                        Object
                          Clause
                            Predicate
                              verb-infinitive: זַמֵּר sing praise
                              Adverbial
                                PrepositionalPhrase
                                  Preposition
                                    preposition: לְ to
                                  Object
                                    Nominal <gloss="your name">
                                      ConstructChain
                                        noun: שִׁמְ name
                                        suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            Predicate <status="elided">
              verb: is
              Complement
                adjective: טוֹב right
      Fragment
        Vocative
          noun: עֶלְיוֹן Most High 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for vv. 2-4

vv. 2-4 – Though not reflected in the MT, the LXX distinguishes between the pairs of infinitives in vv. 2-3. In the former, they are the subject of the complement טוֹב, while in the latter, they are read as the purpose of the praise in v. 2. The difficulties arise, therefore, with the meaning of the PPs in v. 4.

LXX (vv. 2-4): Ἀγαθὸν τὸ ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ψάλλειν τῷ ὀνόματί σου, ὕψιστε, τοῦ ἀναγγέλλειν τὸ πρωὶ τὸ ἔλεός σου καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειάν σου κατὰ νύκτα ἐν δεκαχόρδῳ ψαλτηρίῳ μετʼ ᾠδῆς ἐν κιθάρᾳ.

"It is good to acknowledge the Lord and to make music to your name, O Most High, in order to declare your mercy in the morning and your truth every night on a ten-stringed harp, with an ode on a lyre" (NETS)

Note that the Syr. provides a full sentence (without elision) for this verse: ܐܢܐ ܐܩܘܫ ܒܟܢܪܐ ܕܥܣܪ ܘܐܩܘܫ ܒܩܝܬܪܐ ("I will play on a harp of ten strings; I will play on a lyre"; Taylor 2020, 383).

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:2.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:2.

No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 92:2.

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:2.

V. 3

No content found.

Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
      Fragment
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Subject
              Nominal
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    Adverbial
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: לְ to
                        Object
                          Clause
                            Predicate
                              verb-infinitive: הַגִּיד declare
                              Object
                                Nominal <gloss="your loyalty">
                                  ConstructChain
                                    noun: חַסְדֶּ loyalty
                                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
                              Adverbial
                                PrepositionalPhrase
                                  Preposition
                                    preposition: בַּ in
                                  Object
                                    article: ה the <status="elided">
                                    noun: בֹּקֶר morning
                              Adverbial <status="alternative">
                                PrepositionalPhrase
                                  Preposition
                                    preposition: עֲלֵי  with
                                  Object
                                    noun: עָשׂוֹר a ten-stringed instrument
                                Conjunction
                                  conjunction: וַ and
                                PrepositionalPhrase
                                  Preposition
                                    preposition: עֲלֵי with
                                  Object
                                    noun: נָבֶל a harp
                              Adverbial <status="alternative">
                                PrepositionalPhrase
                                  Preposition
                                    preposition: עֲלֵי with
                                  Object
                                    noun: הִגָּיוֹן a soft melody
                                    Adjectival
                                      PrepositionalPhrase
                                        Preposition
                                          preposition: בְּ on
                                        Object
                                          noun: כִנּוֹר a lyre
            Predicate
              verb: is <status="elided">
              Complement
                adjective: טוֹב right <status="elided">
          Conjunction
            conjunction: וֶ and
          Clause
            Subject
              Nominal
                Clause
                  Predicate
                    Adverbial
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: לְ to <status="elided">
                        Object
                          Clause
                            Predicate
                              verb-infinitive: הַגִּיד declare <status="elided">
                              Object
                                Nominal <gloss="your faithfulness">
                                  ConstructChain
                                    noun: אֱמוּנָתְ faithfulness
                                    suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
                              Adverbial <gloss="at night">
                                PrepositionalPhrase
                                  Preposition
                                    preposition: בַּ in
                                  Object
                                    article: ה the <status="elided">
                                    noun: לֵּילוֹת night
            Predicate
              verb: is <status="elided">
              Complement
                adjective: טוֹב right <status="elided"> 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:3.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:3.

Note for V. 3

• While the combination in the morning (בַּבֹּקֶר) and at night (בַּלֵּילוֹת) may simply refer to "all the time," it is notable that the morning is a time for deliverance and hope in the Psalms (Pss 5:4; 30:6; 46:6; 59:17; 90:14), while night is a time of trial and testing of faith (Pss 6:7; 30:6; 91:5). The prepositional phrase indicates a point in time, rather than a frequentative reading, as every night.

Note for V. 3

• See the following note from phrase-level: Note the frequentative reading in the LXX's κατὰ νύκτα "every night," rendered in the Gallican Psalter as the time frame per noctem "by night," though in the Iuxta Hebraeos as in nocte "in the night," as our preferred reading. (By extension, the action would be repeated every morning/night, even if the בְּ does not license a frequentative reading overtly, like the Greek κατά).

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:3.

V. 4

No content found.

Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Clause
              Predicate
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: לְ to <status="elided">
                    Object
                      Clause
                        Predicate
                          verb-infinitive: הֹדוֹת praise <status="elided">
                          Adverbial <status="elided">
                            PrepositionalPhrase
                              Preposition
                                preposition: לַ to
                              Object
                                noun: יהוָה YHWH
                          Adverbial
                            PrepositionalPhrase
                              Preposition
                                preposition: עֲלֵי with
                              Object
                                noun: עָשׂוֹר a ten-stringed instrument
                            Conjunction
                              conjunction: וַ and
                            PrepositionalPhrase
                              Preposition
                                preposition: עֲלֵי with
                              Object
                                noun: נָבֶל a harp
                          Adverbial
                            PrepositionalPhrase
                              Preposition
                                preposition: עֲלֵי with
                              Object
                                noun: הִגָּיוֹן a soft melody
                                Adjectival
                                  PrepositionalPhrase
                                    Preposition
                                      preposition: בְּ  on
                                    Object
                                      noun: כִנּוֹר a lyre
          Predicate
            verb: is <status="elided">
            Complement
              adjective: טוֹב right <status="elided">
          SubordinateClause <status="alternative">
            Conjunction
              conjunction: כִּי because
            Clause
              Predicate
                verb: שִׂמַּחְתַּ you have made rejoice
                Object
                  suffix-pronoun: נִי me
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: בְּ by
                    Object
                      Nominal <gloss="your action">
                        ConstructChain
                          noun: פָעֳלֶ action
                          suffix-pronoun: ךָ you 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:4.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:4.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:4.

No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 92:4.

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:4.

V. 5

No content found.

Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
      Fragment
        particle: כִּי for
      Fragment
        Vocative
          noun: יְהוָה YHWH
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: שִׂמַּחְתַּ you have made rejoice
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ by
                Object
                  Nominal <gloss="your action">
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: פָעֳלֶ action
                      suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: אֲרַנֵּן I shout for joy >> rejoice
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ in
                Object
                  Nominal <gloss="the work of your hands">
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: מַעֲשֵׂה work <status="emendation">
                      noun: מַעֲשֵׂי works <status="alternative">
                      ConstructChain
                        noun: יָדֶי hands
                        suffix-pronoun: ךָ you 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 5

v. 5 – There is significant variation between the singular and plural interpretation of both פעלך and מעשׂי/ה.

Beginning with פעלך, since it is a pausal form (Revell 2004), it is most plausible that the plural readings have crept in because of the long vowel. See, e.g., the Syr. ܒܥܒ̈ܕܝܟ "your works," as well as the plene yod פעליך in many medieval Hebrew manuscripts (see VTH, 388), including the Babylonian manuscripts Neubauer 2484; BL Or 1477 and JTS 631. The preferred singular is attested in the LXX's ἐν τῷ ποιήματί σου, Jerome's in opere tuo, and TgPs's בעובדך.

On the מעשה/מעשי interchange, the he (and thus singular) is attested in the Syr. ܒܥܒܕ "work", as well as 1Q10, 4Q84, the majority of the attested Babylonian tradition (Berlin QU 680; JTS 611; JTS 631; Neubauer 2484; and BL Or 1477), and a number of other medieval manuscripts (VTH, 388). It could be posited, however, that the yod found in the Tiberian MT is assimilated to the following yod in יָדֶ֣יךָ, such that the diversely-attested and less-expected reading מַעֲשֵׂה has been preferred.

Note also that

• there is a strong tendency in the tradition to change the singular to plural (see, e.g., 11Q5, which does this systematically throughout the psalter), and
• the plural מַעֲשֶׂ֣יךָ in v. 6 may also have influenced the reading of the plural here.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:5.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:5.

No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 92:5.

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:5.

V. 6

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="your works">
              ConstructChain
                noun: מַעֲשֶׂי works
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate
            verb: גָּדְלוּ great
            adverb: מַה how
      Fragment
        Vocative
          noun: יְהוָה YHWH
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="your plans">
              ConstructChain
                noun: מַחְשְׁבֹתֶי plans
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate
            verb: עָמְקוּ are deep
            adverb: מְאֹד so 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 6

v. 6 – The exclamative מָה ("How...!") could be considered elided in the second clause, as read by the CEB: How magnificent are your works, Lord, how profound your thoughts! (cf. the DHH, EÜ, NIV, ZÜR). A second overt מָה is not attested in any Hebrew manuscripts or ancient versions and has not been represented as an alternative in light of the constituent order of the second clause (which is not verb-initial, which would be expected with an elided constituent such as an exclamative marker governing the entire clause; see Miller 2007).

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:6.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:6.

No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 92:6.

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:6.

V. 7

No content found.

Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal <gloss="stupid people">
            ConstructChain
              noun: אִישׁ man
              noun: בַּעַר stupid man
            adjective: בַּעַר stupid <status="alternative">
        Predicate
          verb: יֵדָע know
          adverb: לֹא not
          Object <status="elided">
            particle: אֶת
            noun: זֹאת this
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וּ and
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal
            adjective: כְסִיל a fool >> fools
        Predicate
          verb: יָבִין understand
          adverb: לֹא not
          Object
            Nominal
              particle: אֶת
              noun: זֹאת this 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 7

v. 7 – The elision of the object in the first clause has been included in light of the tight parallelism between the two lines. In both cases אֶת־זֹֽאת has been understood as cataphoric, i.e., forward pointing. (Note that the LXX takes the liberty of rendering plural ταῦτα "these things," cf. the Gallican Psalter's haec). For the elision of אֶת־זֹֽאת see Ḥakham's (1979, 181) paraphrase of the verse: איש בער וכסיל לא ידע את זאת ולא יבין את זאת.

The construct dependent בַּ֭עַר has been offered alternatively as an adjective (as the ancient versions). The attestation of this lexeme as a noun is quite well-supported, however, by other texts. See the nominal function of בַּעַר most clearly in Ps. 49.11 (כִּ֤י יִרְאֶ֨ה׀ חֲכָ֘מִ֤ים יָמ֗וּתוּ יַ֤חַד כְּסִ֣יל וָבַ֣עַר יֹאבֵ֑דוּ); quite plausibly in Ps 73.22 (וַאֲנִי־בַ֭עַר) and Prov. 12.1 (אֹהֵ֣ב מ֖וּסָר אֹ֣הֵֽב דָּ֑עַת וְשֹׂנֵ֖א תוֹכַ֣חַת בָּֽעַר). Prov. 30.2 (כִּ֤י בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵאִ֑ישׁ), however, seems to favor a predicative adjectival reading, while Ps 94:8 draws upon the ptc. בֹּעֲרִ֣ים, rather than, presumably, an available mpl nominal form.

Note that 4Q84 reads איש בער ולא ידע "a man is stupid and/so that he does not know."

GKC (§136a) notes that the primary distinction between proximal and distal ("near" and "far") demonstratives is that the proximal demonstrative “almost always points out a (new) person or thing present, while הוּא (like is, ille, αὐτός, ἐκεῖνος) refers to a person or thing already mentioned or known.” Nevertheless, a clear-cut semantic distinction between proximal and distal demonstratives is elusive, so the boundaries on their respective discourse functions is equally fuzzy in this regard. There is typological evidence, however, for a prototypical anaphoric/cataphoric division between proximal and distal demonstrative, as in "I can’t believe he said that" vs. "I’ll tell you this: it’s going to be tough" (Næss et al. (2020, 7-8)); cf. זֶ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר אֲשֶׁ֣ר תַּעֲשׂ֑וּ (2 Chr 23:4; "This is what you will do…"); וְזֶ֥ה אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָא־לָ֖הּ יְהוָ֥ה׀ צִדְקֵֽנוּ (Jer 33:16; "This is what it shall be called: the Lord is our righteousness").

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:7.

Note for V. 7

• In the construct chain אִֽישׁ־בַּ֭עַר, although בַּעַר is rendered an an adjective/participle in all the ancient version, it is unambiguously a noun, as shown by its syntactic role in its other instantiations (see Ps 49:11; 73:22; 92:7; Prov 12:1; 30:2).

Note for V. 7

• Modern European versions attest to our preferred present reading of לֹא יֵדָע, i.e., do not know (CEB, CSB, KJV, NASB, NET, NIV, RVC, SG21, TOB, etc.), though the ESV ("The stupid man cannot know; the fool cannot understand this"; cf. the GNT, NJPS, the EÜ's "ein Tor kann es nicht verstehen" and the DHH's "¡Sólo los necios no pueden entenderlo!") provide explicit modality of possibility. While a plausible reading of the morphology (yiqtol), such an interpretation does not seem to be the most appropriate for the psalm's message, viz., that the fools are largely grouped with the wicked and will suffer the same destruction after being lured into the same godless lifestyle. It is not that they cannot know, but simply that they do not know (or perhaps do not even want to know).

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:7.

Vv. 8-9

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 8-9]
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: זֹאת this <status="elided">
        Predicate
        Predicate
          verb: is <status="elided">
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בִּ when
              Object
                ClauseCluster
                  Clause
                    Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
                    Predicate
                      ConstructChain
                        verb-infinitive: פְרֹחַ flourish
                        Nominal
                          adjective: רְשָׁעִים wicked people
                      Adverbial
                        PrepositionalPhrase
                          Preposition
                            preposition: כְּמוֹ like
                          Object
                            noun: עֵשֶׂב a green plant
                  Conjunction
                    conjunction: וַ and
                  Clause
                    Subject
                      ConstructChain
                        Nominal
                          quantifier: כָּל all >> any
                          verb-participle: פֹּעֲלֵי doers
                        noun: אָוֶן evil
                    Predicate
                      verb: יָּצִיצוּ blossom >> prosper
          Complement
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: לְ for
                Object
                  ClauseCluster
                    Clause
                      Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
                      Predicate
                        ConstructChain
                          verb-infinitive: הִשָּׁמְדָ be destroyed
                          suffix-pronoun: ם them
                        Adverbial <gloss="forever">
                          PrepositionalPhrase
                            Preposition
                              preposition: עֲדֵי until
                            Object
                              noun: עַד forever
      Conjunction
        conjunction: וְ but
      Clause
        Subject
          pronoun: אַתָּה you
        Predicate
          verb: are
          Adverbial
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: לְ for
              Object
                noun: עֹלָם ever
          Complement
            Adverbial <gloss="on high">
              noun: מָרוֹם high
  Fragment
    Vocative
      noun: יְהוָה YHWH 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 9

v. 9 – The status of מָר֗וֹם has been interpreted either as a divine epithet (≈ exalted one) or as an adverbial (preferred). The lexicons recognize both functions of מָר֗וֹם as "high, meaning lofty" (HALOT) and "height> divine title, "Exalted One" (DCH). The ancient versions, likewise, exhibit the same diversity.

In light of the similar constructions found in 2 Kgs 19:22 (= Isa 37:23), Isa 40:26, and other instances with the verb שׁכן, "to dwell," we have favored the adverbial reading of the nominal here.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:8.

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V. 10

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
      Fragment
        particle: כִּי for
      Fragment
        particle: הִנֵּה look
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
              ConstructChain
                noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate <status="elided">
            verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Fragment
        Vocative
          noun: יְהוָה YHWH
      Fragment
        particle: כִּי for
      Fragment
        particle: הִנֵּה look
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
              ConstructChain
                noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
          Predicate
            verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            ConstructChain
              Nominal <gloss="all evildoers">
                quantifier: כָּל all
                verb-participle: פֹּעֲלֵי doers
              noun: אָוֶן evil
          Predicate
            verb: יִתְפָּרְדוּ will be scattered 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 10a

v. 10a – Note that the first line, backwards elided according to the MT, is absent in Vaticanus and Alexandrinus. See further Rahlfs' apparatus (1931, 242).

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:10.

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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:10.

Alternative

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit  [v. 10b-c alternative]
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    ClauseCluster
      Clause
        Subject
          Nominal <gloss="your enemies">
            ConstructChain
              noun: אֹיְבֶי enemies
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
        Predicate
          verb: יֹאבֵדוּ will perish
      Conjunction  
        conjunction: וְ and <status="emendation">
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain
            Nominal <gloss="all evildoers">
              quantifier: כָּל all
              verb-participle: פֹּעֲלֵי doers
            noun: אָוֶן evil
        Predicate
          verb: יִתְפָּרְדוּ will be scattered 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 10bc

v. 10b-c – The waw is present in all the ancient versions, Kennicott 38, 42(?), 73, and JTS 611 (read with a shewa in the latter).

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:10.23.

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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:10.23.

V. 11

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
      Fragment
        particle: וַ and
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כִּ like
                Object
                  noun: רְאֵים a wild ox
            Object
              Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                ConstructChain
                  noun: קַרְנִ horn
                  suffix-pronoun: י me 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.

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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:11.

Alternative ("horn" elided)

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I anointed
              Object <status="elided">
                Nominal <gloss="my horn">
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: קַרְנ horn
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me
              Adverbial
                PrepositionalPhrase
                  Preposition
                    preposition: בְּ with
                  Object
                    noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                    adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.

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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:11.

alternative

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative">
        Clause
          Subject 
            Nominal <gloss="my horn">
              ConstructChain
                noun: קַרְנִ horn
                suffix-pronoun: י me
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֹם is lifted up <status="alternative revocalization">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כִּ like
                Object
                  noun: רְאֵים a wild ox 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.1.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.1.

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Clause
              Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
              Predicate
                ConstructChain
                  verb-infinitive: בְּלֹת old age<status="revocalization">
                  suffix-pronoun: ִי me
          Predicate
            verb: will be
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like <status="emendation">
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
            Complement
              Adjectival
                adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 11b

v. 11b – The preferred reading of v. 11b involves revocalizing בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as an infinitive construct, בְּלֹתִי, from בלה, "my old age" (BDB), as found in the LXX, Symmachus and both of Jerome's translations. The emended prepositional phrase, as found in Symmachus, is also preferred over the MT's בְּ, in light of the similes found elsewhere (see, e.g., Ps 52:10), the previous line, and the easy בְּ/כְּ interchange (cf. Aquila's ὡς ἀτμὸν for the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל in Ps 78:33; the LXX and Syr.' ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ in Ps 78:69; and TgPss' היך בנפשיה for בְּנַפְשׁ֑וֹ in Ps 105:22). Due to the fragmentary nature of Symmachus (ἡ παλαίωσίς μου ὡς ἐλαία εὐθαλής), it may be read as a verbless clause (requiring also the revocalization of the infinitive—see above—and the emendation of בְּ with כְּ). We have followed this verbless clause as our preferred syntax. Furthermore, we have preferred to read רַעֲנָֽן as the adjectival complement of the copula, "to be," rather than modifying שֶׁמֶן, which never occurs elsewhere in the Bible. For a full discussion of the issue, see the exegetical issue The_Grammar_and_Meaning_of_Ps_92:11b.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

alternative (LXX, Jerome)

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up <status="elided">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like <status="emendation">
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh
            Adverbial <status="alternative">
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh
            Object
              Clause
                Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
                Predicate
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-infinitive: בְּלֹת old age <status="revocalization">
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

Alternative (TgPs, Syr)

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: בַּלֹּתַ you anointed <status="emendation">
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me <status="emendation">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

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Alternative (MT)

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I am anointed
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: בְּ with
                    Object
                      noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                      adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

V. 11b

No content found.

Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Clause
              Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
              Predicate
                ConstructChain
                  verb-infinitive: בְּלֹת old age<status="revocalization">
                  suffix-pronoun: ִי me
          Predicate
            verb: will be
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like <status="emendation">
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
            Complement
              Adjectival
                adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 11b

v. 11b – The preferred reading of v. 11b involves revocalizing בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י as an infinitive construct, בְּלֹתִי, from בלה, "my old age" (BDB), as found in the LXX, Symmachus and both of Jerome's translations. The emended prepositional phrase, as found in Symmachus, is also preferred over the MT's בְּ, in light of the similes found elsewhere (see, e.g., Ps 52:10), the previous line, and the easy בְּ/כְּ interchange (cf. Aquila's ὡς ἀτμὸν for the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל in Ps 78:33; the LXX and Syr.' ἐν τῇ γῇ and ܒܐܪܥܐ for the MT's כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ in Ps 78:69; and TgPss' היך בנפשיה for בְּנַפְשׁ֑וֹ in Ps 105:22). Due to the fragmentary nature of Symmachus (ἡ παλαίωσίς μου ὡς ἐλαία εὐθαλής), it may be read as a verbless clause (requiring also the revocalization of the infinitive—see above—and the emendation of בְּ with כְּ). We have followed this verbless clause as our preferred syntax. Furthermore, we have preferred to read רַעֲנָֽן as the adjectival complement of the copula, "to be," rather than modifying שֶׁמֶן, which never occurs elsewhere in the Bible. For a full discussion of the issue, see the exegetical issue The_Grammar_and_Meaning_of_Ps_92:11b.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

alternative (LXX, Jerome)

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: תָּרֶם you will lift up <status="elided">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like <status="emendation">
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh
            Adverbial <status="alternative">
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh
            Object
              Clause
                Subject <located="after infinitive construct">
                Predicate
                  ConstructChain
                    verb-infinitive: בְּלֹת old age <status="revocalization">
                    suffix-pronoun: ִי me 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

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Alternative (TgPs, Syr)

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        Clause
          Subject
          Predicate
            verb: בַּלֹּתַ you anointed <status="emendation">
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: נִי me <status="emendation">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ with
                Object
                  noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                  adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh 
  

Notes

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• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

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Alternative (MT)

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
Fragment <status="alternative"> 
        ClauseCluster
          Clause
            Predicate
              verb: בַּלֹּתִי I am anointed
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: בְּ with
                    Object
                      noun: שֶׁמֶן oil
                      adjective: רַעֲנָן fresh 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:11.2.

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V. 12

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 12]
      Fragment
        particle: וַ and
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="my eyes">
              ConstructChain
                noun: עֵינִ eye >> eyes
                suffix-pronoun: י me
          Predicate
            verb: תַּבֵּט will look
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ upon
                Object
                  ConstructChain
                    noun: שׁוּר enemies
                    suffix-pronoun: ָי me
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal <gloss="my ears">
              ConstructChain
                noun: אָזְנ ears
                suffix-pronoun: ָ י me
          Subject <status="alternative">
            ConstructChain
              noun: אָזְנ ear
              suffix-pronoun: ִ י me <status="revocalization">
          Predicate
            verb: תִּשְׁמַעְנָה will hear
            verb: שָׁמְעָה heard <status="alternative emendation">
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בַּ
                Object
                  Apposition
                    Nominal
                      article: ה those <status="elided">
                      Clause
                        Predicate
                          verb-participle: קָּמִים rising up
                          Adverbial
                            PrepositionalPhrase
                              Preposition
                                preposition: עָל against
                              Object
                                suffix-pronoun: ָי me
                          Adverbial <status="alternative">
                            verb-participle: מְרֵעִים acting wickedly
                    Nominal
                      verb-participle: מְרֵעִים wicked people 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 12b

v. 12b – The alternative adverbial reading of מְרֵעִ֗ים represents Targum Psalms' infinitive לאבאשא. The apposition (restrictive relative) is found in the other ancient versions, and discussed in GKC §132b.

The alternative qatal 3fs verb שמעה is found in 1Q10, presumably read with the singular ear (אָזְנִי), and in parallel with the singular עֵינִ֗י in the A-line.

Note for V. 12

• On the singular "eye" for "sight >> (both) eyes" see the lexical notes on Ps 88:10.
• On בְּשׁוּרָי: There are three different analyses of the form and meaning of בְּשׁוּרָי:

1. It is derived from the nominal שׁוּר meaning "wall" (cf. Gen. 49.22, 2 Sam. 22.30; Ps 18.30). This is probably reflected by both Symmachus' and Theodotion's τοῖς ἀποτειχνίζουσί με ('to wall off'; LSJ) = "those who wall me in."

2. It is an otherwise-unattested by-form of the participle שׁוֹרֵר. This reading is attested in

• And my eye has looked at my enemies (NASB) ≈ CEB, CEV, CSB, GNT, KJV NIV, NLT, NRSV

• Mit Freude sieht mein Auge auf meine Feinde herab (Luther 2017 ≈ ELB)

• Mes yeux voient mes adversaires (NFC ≈ PDV)

• Mis ojos mirarán sobre mis enemigos (RVA ≈ DHH).

This view is attractive because of the very similar expression found in Ps 59:11: אֱ֝לֹהִ֗ים יַרְאֵ֥נִי בְשֹׁרְרָֽי.

It is found in a number of the ancient versions, perhaps all dependent on the LXX, however (LXX: τοῖς ἐχθροῖς μου > Gall. inimicis meis, CPA ܒܥܝܠ ܕܒܒܝ; Syr. ܒ̈ܥܠܕܒܒܝ ("my enemies").

A couple of cognates are also widely recognized. See Akkadian šāru, a substantive adjective hostile > n. enemy and šwr from the Old Canaanite qal širti (1cs) 'to be maligned.'

3. It is an instance of the root שׁוּר , most prototypically as "look, see," but also "watch stealthily, lie in wait" (BDB, 1003) and "watch with evil intent, lurk" (DCH, vol. 8, 311). See, e.g.,

• Mon œil voit ceux qui m’espionnent (SG21 ≈ TOB)

• I gloat in triumph over those who tried to ambush me (NET)

• mein Auge blickt herab auf meine Verfolger (EÜ)

• Mit Lust blickt mein Auge auf die, die mich belauern (ZÜR)

• those who lie in wait for me (AMPC)

• those waiting to attack me (ERV)

• those who spy on me (GW):::• those who lie in wait for me (ISV)

• those who spy on me (NOG).

Such an interpretation is reflected in the Hebr. eos qui insidiantur mihi ("those who lie in wait / ambush me") and TgPss בהובדנא דמעיקי ("the destruction of my oppressors").

Despite a number of clear instance of the prototypical "look" in Job (see 7:8; 17:15; 20:9; 24:15; 33:14; 34:29; 35:5, 13, 14), Ringren comments "The LXX does not translate šûr I consistently. In more than one instance it uses prosnoeín and horán; other translations include periblépein, katamanthánein, horatḗs, and makarízein (Nu. 24:17!). In the uncertain passages the LXX either read a different text or misunderstood the text." The hesitation by the LXX––and those translations dependent on it (see above)––is therefore not surprising.

For other instances of this (albeit rare) nuance of the root, see Jeremiah 5:26 כִּי־נִמְצְא֥וּ בְעַמִּ֖י רְשָׁעִ֑ים יָשׁוּר֙ כְּשַׁ֣ךְ יְקוּשִׁ֔ים ("For wicked men are found among my people; they lurk like fowlers lying in wait," ESV), probably as a 3ms impersonal, and Hosea 13:7 וָאֱהִ֥י לָהֶ֖ם כְּמוֹ־שָׁ֑חַל כְּנָמֵ֖ר עַל־דֶּ֥רֶךְ אָשֽׁוּר׃ ("So I am to them like a lion; like a leopard I will lurk beside the way," ESV). Such has also been suggested for the difficult אַ֭שֻּׁרֵינוּ (MT) in Ps 17:11, if emended to יְשֻׁרוּנִי (DCH), though see our grammar notes on this verse.

This use fits well with the parallel of those rising up against me in the following line (presumably, from the ambush in which they are lurking).

Note for V. 12

• Although the construction נבט plus ב (and also ראה) often communicates "looking upon someone in victory," as here in וַתַּבֵּט עֵינִי בְּשׁוּרָי, the same sense with שׁמע בְּ is rare. Here, BDB suggest a unique instance of "hear exultantly of their fate," though probably imitating the previous clause. As noted by Goldingay, "The implication of 'hear' follows from that [the previous clause]; the foes can be heard crying out in panic instead of in a battle shout", and Tanner & Jacobson: "Evil may rise up, but eventually one will hear something different."

Note for V. 12

• As in v. 11 above, we understand the initial wayyiqtol וַתַּבֵּט to carry on the future event time of v. 11: "will look."

No Textual notes to display for Psalm 92:12.

V. 13

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 13]
      Fragment
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal
              adjective: צַדִּיק the righteous
          Predicate
            verb: יִפְרָח will flourish
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כַּ like
                Object
                  article: ה the <status="elided">
                  noun: תָּמָר palm tree
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: יִשְׂגֶּה he will grow
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: כְּ like
                Object
                  noun: אֶרֶז a cedar tree
                    Adjectival
                      PrepositionalPhrase
                        Preposition
                          preposition: בַּ in
                        Object
                          article: ה <status="elided">
                          noun: לְּבָנוֹן Lebanon 
  

Notes

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• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:13.

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V. 14

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 14]
      Fragment 
        Clause
          Subject
            adjective: צַדִּיקִים righteous people <status="elided">
          Predicate
            verb: יִהְיוּ will be <status="elided">
            Complement
              Nominal
                Adjectival
                  verb-participle: שְׁתוּלִים transplanted
                  Adverbial
                    PrepositionalPhrase
                      Preposition
                        preposition: בְּ in
                      Object
                        Nominal <gloss="the house of YHWH">
                          ConstructChain
                            noun: בֵית house
                            noun: יְהוָה YHWH
      Fragment 
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: יַפְרִיחוּ they will flourish
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ in
                Object
                  Nominal <gloss="the courtyards of our God">
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: חַצְרוֹת courtyards
                      ConstructChain
                        noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
                        suffix-pronoun: נוּ us 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 14

The preferred two separate clauses are found in the ESV, DHH, RVC. See the symmetry of the two locative prepositional phrases, which indicate the status of שְׁ֭תוּלִים בְּבֵ֣ית יְהוָ֑ה as an independent clause. For a similar, future referring verbless clause with both subject and copula elided, see Ps 1:4b.

For a similar shift from singular צָדִּיק to collective reference, see Job 36:7 – לֹֽא־יִגְרַ֥ע מִצַּדִּ֗יק עֵ֫ינָ֥יו וְאֶת־מְלָכִ֥ים לַכִּסֵּ֑א וַיֹּשִׁיבֵ֥ם לָ֝נֶ֗צַח וַיִּגְבָּֽהוּ (cf. Ps 78:1-4). Alternatively, for lack of a subject, TgPs provides בנוי ("his sons").

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alternative 2

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 14 alt. #2] 
      Fragment <status="alternative">
        Clause
          Subject
            Nominal
              Adjectival
                verb-participle: שְׁתוּלִים those transplanted
                Adverbial
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: בְּ in
                    Object
                      Nominal <gloss="the house of YHWH">
                        ConstructChain
                          noun: בֵית house
                          noun: יְהוָה YHWH
          Predicate
            verb: יַפְרִיחוּ will flourish
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ in
                Object
                  Nominal <gloss="the courtyards of our God">
                    ConstructChain
                      noun: חַצְרוֹת courtyards
                      ConstructChain
                        noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
                        suffix-pronoun: נוּ us 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 14

Alternative interpretations of the grammar include reading שְׁ֭תוּלִים בְּבֵ֣ית יְהוָ֑ה either as an adverbial of manner or as a subject nominal.

• The adverbial reading of שְׁ֭תוּלִים בְּבֵ֣ית יְהוָ֑ה, found in the CSB, NASB, NET, NIV, NJPS, SG21, TOB (read as a singular participle in both of these French versions) and supported by GKC §118p.

• The subject reading is provided by the Syr. headless relative clause ܕܢܨܝܒܝܢ ܒܒܝܬܗ ܕܡܪܝܐ ("those who are planted in the house of the Lord," Taylor 2020, 385) and the nominative πεφυτευμένοι in the LXX's πεφυτευμένοι ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ κυρίου (cf. also the CEB, KJV, and the German translations).

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:14.

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V. 15a

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Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 15a]
      Fragment
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb: יְנוּבוּן they will bear fruit >> they will thrive
            Adverbial
              PrepositionalPhrase
                Preposition
                  preposition: בְּ in
                Object
                  noun: שֵׂיבָה old age
            adverb: עוֹד still 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

Note for V. 15a

v. 15a – Note that an addition of the adjective טובה is found in 4Q84's עוד ינבון בשיבה טובה and that the LXX reads דְּשֵׁנִ֖ים as modifying בְּשֵׂיבָ֑ה (ἔτι πληθυνθήσονται ἐν γήρει πίονι), requiring the feminine singular form דְּשֵׁנָה, neither of which are present in any (other) Hebrew manuscript evidence.

No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 92:15.1.

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Vv. 15b-16

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Preferred

Glosses Phrase Ellipses Alternatives Full Screen

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 15b-16]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Predicate
        verb: יִהְיוּ they will be
        Complement
          Adjectival
            adjective: דְּשֵׁנִים fat >> vigorous
            Conjunction
              conjunction: וְ and
            adjective: רַעֲנַנִּים fresh
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לְ in order that
            Object
              Clause
                Predicate
                  verb-infinitive: הַגִּיד people declare
                  Object
                    ComplementClause
                      Conjunction
                        conjunction: כִּי that
                      ClauseCluster
                        Clause
                          Subject
                            Apposition
                              Nominal <gloss="my rock">
                                ConstructChain
                                  noun: צוּר rock
                                  suffix-pronoun: ִ י me
                              noun: יְהוָה YHWH
                          Predicate
                            verb: is
                            Complement
                              adjective: יָשָׁר upright >> fair
                        Conjunction
                          conjunction: וְ and
                        Clause
                          Subject
                            noun: עַוְלָתָה injustice <status="emendation">
                            noun: עֹלָתָה injustice <status="alternative">
                          Predicate
                            verb: there is
                            adverb: לֹא not
                            Complement
                              Adjectival
                              PrepositionalPhrase
                                Preposition
                                  preposition: בּ in
                                Object
                                  suffix-pronoun: וֹ him 
  

Notes

• Grammar
• Lexical
• Phrase-Level
• Verbal
• Textual

No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 92:15.2.

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