Introduction[ ]

The translation of juxtaposed qatal, yiqtol (and, to some extent, wayyiqtol) verb forms throughout Ps 44 is inconsistent amongst versions, both ancient and modern. A rather complex interaction between these forms is found in 44:10–13:

אַף־זָ֭נַחְתָּ וַתַּכְלִימֵ֑נוּ וְלֹא־תֵ֝צֵ֗א בְּצִבְאוֹתֵֽינוּ׃
תְּשִׁיבֵ֣נוּ אָ֭חוֹר מִנִּי־צָ֑ר וּ֝מְשַׂנְאֵ֗ינוּ שָׁ֣סוּ לָֽמוֹ׃
תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ כְּצֹ֣אן מַאֲכָ֑ל וּ֝בַגּוֹיִ֗ם זֵרִיתָֽנוּ׃
תִּמְכֹּֽר־עַמְּךָ֥ בְלֹא־ה֑וֹן וְלֹ֥א־רִ֝בִּ֗יתָ בִּמְחִירֵיהֶֽם׃

Some translations render these verbs without distinctions in their semantics:

^{9 (10)} But you rejected [simple past] and embarrassed [simple past] us! You did not go [simple past] into battle with our armies. ^{10 (11)} You made us retreat [simple past] from the enemy. Those who hate us take [present]^[1] whatever they want from us. ^{11 (12)} You handed us over [simple past] like sheep to be eaten; you scattered [simple past] us among the nations. ^{12 (13)} You sold [simple past] your people for a pittance; you did not ask a high price [simple past] for them. (NET)

Other translations use different renderings for the various forms, though the correlation between source and target forms is not always consistent, and the rationale for these differences is not always clear:

¹⁰ νυνὶ δὲ ἀπώσω [aorist] καὶ κατῄσχυνας [aorist] ἡμᾶς καὶ οὐκ ἐξελεύσῃ [future] ἐν ταῖς δυνάμεσιν ἡμῶν ¹¹ ἀπέστρεψας [aorist] ἡμᾶς εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω παρὰ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἡμῶν καὶ οἱ μισοῦντες ἡμᾶς διήρπαζον [imperfect] ἑαυτοῖς ¹² ἔδωκας [aorist] ἡμᾶς ὡς πρόβατα βρώσεως καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν διέσπειρας [aorist] ἡμᾶς ¹³ ἀπέδου [aorist] τὸν λαόν σου ἄνευ τιμῆς καὶ οὐκ ἦν [imperfect] πλῆθος ἐν τοῖς ἀλλάγμασιν αὐτῶν (LXX)

¹⁰ But now, you rejected us and put us to shame, and will not go out among our hosts. ¹¹ You turned us back rather than our enemies, and those who hate us kept snatching spoil for themselves. ¹² You gave us like sheep for eating, and among the nations you scattered us. ¹³ You sold your people without price, and there was no abundance in their exchange. (NETS)

The present analysis will focus on the dynamic between the qatal and yiqtol forms in Ps 44:10–13.^[2] A consistent and coherent approach to translation requires a decision on the part of the translator regarding the semantics of the Biblical Hebrew verbal system. Two theoretical frameworks for the BH verbal system are presented below: (1) a primarily aspectual model and (2) a primarily relative-tense-based model.

Argument Maps[ ]

The qatal and yiqtol denote verbal aspect[ ]

If the verbs throughout Ps 44 are analyzed according to an aspectual framework for the BH verbal system, then the qatal and yiqtol verbs would be understood as denoting the temporal structure of their described actions. The perfective qatal would portray the action as an undifferentiated whole, whereas the imperfective yiqtol would describe the action's internal temporal structure (e.g., habitual, iterative, progressive). If this understanding is correct, context would seem to demand a present time frame for the yiqtol forms in vv. 10–13, as a customary imperfective in the past would imply a situation that had been characteristic previously, but no longer holds at the time of utterance (IBHS, §31.2b), which would not fit Ps 44. This, in turn, demands a present time frame for the qatal forms as well, which limits the perfective nuance to that of a gnomic (proverbial) or habitual (Cook 2002, 44). The following expanded paraphrase seeks to capture the sense of this understanding of the verbs:

¹⁰ Yet you (regularly) reject [us], by having put us to shame.
And (as a general situation) you do not go forth with our armies.
¹¹ (As a general situation) you make us retreat before the adversary,
and our enemies (regularly) plunder [us] for themselves.
¹² (As a general situation) you give us up as sheep for consumption,
and you (regularly) scatter us among the nations.
¹³ (As a general situation) you sell your people without compensation,
you (regularly) make no profit by them.


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[Finite verbs denote aspect]: The _qatal_ and _yiqtol_ forms primarily denote verbal aspect.#dispreferred
 + <Gnomic qatal>: The gnomic (or proverbial) _qatal_ can describe a persistent (present) perfective, or a single situation begun in the past but persisting into the present (IBHS, §30.5.1c :G:).#dispreferred
  - <Imperfective perfective?>: The concept of an action beginning in the past and persisting into the present implies the portrayal of temporal stucture, which would be more appropriate for an imperfective form.
   - <Tension of present time>: Present time tends to entail imperfective aspect, which creates tension when perfectives occur in the present (IBHS, §30.4b :G:). In the case of the so-called gnomic (or proverbial) perfective, a single instance of an action exemplifies a recurrent situation taking place in the present (Ibid).#dispreferred
   <_ <Perfectives in present time>: While the perfective is generally incompatible with present time, the gnomic perfective is an exception as it denotes an essentially omnitemporal situation (Cook 2002, 44 :M:).#dispreferred
  + <Gnomic perfectives and imperfectives>: In gnomic statements, the perfective _qatal_ and imperfective _yiqtol_ often overlap (Cook 2002, 220 :M:). The perfective focuses on the single event that is representative of what is regularly true, while the imperfective presents a situation comprised of many regularly true events (Ibid, 222).#dispreferred
 + <Habitual yiqtol>: The _yiqtol_ form can represent a habitual activity with no specific tense value, which is parallel in meaning to the gnomic perfective (IBHS, §31.3e :G:).#dispreferred
  + <Gnomic perfectives and imperfectives>#dispreferred

The qatal and yiqtol denote relative tense (preferred)[ ]

If the verbs of Ps 44 are analyzed as denoting relative tense, then the qatal forms would be understood as describing anterior action relative to a temporal reference point, while the yiqtol forms would denote posterior action. In the context of vv. 10–13, the reference point coincides with the time of utterance, resulting in a present absolute tense value. Furthermore, as the discourse type is that of descriptive reporting (as opposed to temporally sequential narrative), non-sequential, durative situations taking place in present time should be expected (Robar 2021, 8). Thus, the temporal reference point should not be expected to progress throughout vv. 10–13. As a result, the qatal will communicate a "past-in-the-present" (present perfect), while the yiqtol will yield a habitual relative present. The following expanded paraphrase seeks to capture the sense of this understanding of the verbs:

¹⁰ Yet you have rejected [us] (so now we are rejected), by having put us to shame.
And you (habitually) are not going forth with our armies.
¹¹ You (habitually) are making us retreat before the adversary,
and our enemies have plundered [us] (so now we are plundered) for themselves.
¹² You (habitually) are giving us up as sheep for consumption,
and you have scattered us (so now we are scattered) among the nations.
¹³ You (habitually) are selling your people without compensation,
you have not made a profit (so now you are not enriched) by them.


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[Finite verbs denote relative tense]: The _qatal_ and _yiqtol_ forms primarily denote relative tense.
 + <Anterior qatal>: The _qatal_ in the present, without reference point movement, denotes action that is anterior (i.e., before the reference time), with consequences that reach forward to the present. This results in a past-in-the-present, or present perfect.
  + <Anterior and posterior in parallel>
 + <Posterior yiqtol>: The _yiqtol_ in the present, without reference point movement, denotes action that is posterior (i.e., after the reference time), but with consequences that reach back to the present. This can be rendered as a habitual relative present.
  + <Anterior and posterior in parallel>: Without reference point movement, the anterior and posterior relative tenses can occur in parallel poetic lines to denote a general truth (see Verbal Semantics CG). The relative past and relative future are both depicted as having present consequences, and as such create a sort of temporal merism that encapsulates the present circumstances.

Conclusion[ ]

The verbal patterns of Ps 44:10–13 are explicable within either an aspectual or relative-tense framework. However, a relative-tense understanding of the verb forms has the advantage of providing a semantically motivated explanation for the alternation of forms within parallel lines of poetry. An aspectual interpretation of the verbs would tend to render both the qatal and yiqtol as gnomic (proverbial)—and while there would be subtle distinctions between the forms, the verbal alternation would likely be stylistic in nature (Cook 2002, 221). On the other hand, a relative-tense understanding of the verbs would allow for a sort of temporal merism, in which the anterior qatal and posterior yiqtol encapsulate present circumstances to express a general truth (see CG). The expanded paraphrase below seeks to capture this dynamic:

¹⁰ Yet you have rejected [us] (so now we are rejected), by having put us to shame.
And you (habitually) are not going forth with our armies.

(In sum, we are abandoned militarily)

¹¹ You (habitually) are making us retreat before the adversary,
and our enemies have plundered [us] (so now we are plundered) for themselves.

(In sum, we are utterly defeated)

¹² You (habitually) are giving us up as sheep for consumption,
and you have scattered us (so now we are scattered) among the nations.

(In sum, we are being taken captive)

¹³ You (habitually) are selling your people without compensation,
you have not made a profit (so now you are not enriched) by them.

(In sum, we are sold cheaply)

Research[ ]

Translations[ ]

Ancient[ ]

LXX
- ¹⁰ νυνὶ δὲ ἀπώσω καὶ κατῄσχυνας ἡμᾶς καὶ οὐκ ἐξελεύσῃ ἐν ταῖς δυνάμεσιν ἡμῶν ¹¹ ἀπέστρεψας ἡμᾶς εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω παρὰ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἡμῶν καὶ οἱ μισοῦντες ἡμᾶς διήρπαζον ἑαυτοῖς ¹² ἔδωκας ἡμᾶς ὡς πρόβατα βρώσεως καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν διέσπειρας ἡμᾶς ¹³ ἀπέδου τὸν λαόν σου ἄνευ τιμῆς καὶ οὐκ ἦν πλῆθος ἐν τοῖς ἀλλάγμασιν αὐτῶν
- ¹⁰ But now, you rejected us and put us to shame, and will not go out among our hosts. ¹¹ You turned us back rather than our enemies, and those who hate us kept snatching spoil for themselves. ¹² You gave us like sheep for eating, and among the nations you scattered us. ¹³ You sold your people without price, and there was no abundance in their exchange. (NETS)

Aquila
- ¹⁰ καίπερ ἀπώσω καὶ κατῄσχυνας ἡμᾶς καὶ οὐκ ἐξελεύσῃ ἐν ταῖς δυνάμεσιν ἡμῶν ¹¹ ἀπέστρεψας ἡμᾶς εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω παρὰ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἡμῶν καὶ οἱ μισοῦντες ἡμᾶς διήρπαζον ἑαυτοῖς ¹² ἔδωκας ἡμᾶς ὡς πρόβατα βρώσεως καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν διέσπειρας ἡμᾶς ¹³ ἀπέδου τὸν λαόν σου ἄνευ τιμῆς καὶ οὐκ ἦν πλῆθος ἐν τοῖς ἀλλάγμασιν αὐτῶν

Symmachus
- ¹⁰ Ἂλλος καίγε ἀπώσω καὶ κατῄσχυνας ἡμᾶς καὶ οὐ προέρχῃ ἐν τοῖς στρατεύμασιν ἡμῶν ¹¹ ἔταξας ἡμᾶς ἐσχάτους παντὸς ἐναντίου καὶ οἱ μισοῦντες ἡμᾶς διαρπάζουσιν ἑαυτοῖς ¹² ἔδωκας ἡμᾶς ὡς βοσκήματα βρώσεως καὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη ἐλίκμησας ἡμᾶς ¹³ ἀπέδου τὸν λαόν σου οὐχ ὑπάρξεως καὶ οὐ πολλὴν ἐποίσας τὴν τιμὴν αὐτῶν

Targum
- לחוד אשליתא ואכספתנא ולא תשרי שכנתך בחילוותנא׃ אחזרתנא קדל קדם מעיקא ומשנאנא כבשו לנא׃ מסרתנא היך ענא למיכלא וביני עממיא בדרתא יתנא׃ זבנתא עמך מגן דלא ממונא ולא אסגיתא קיניינא בפירוגיהון׃
- ¹⁰ But you have let go and disgraced us, and your Shekinah does not dwell with our armies. ¹¹ You have made us turn back before the oppressor; and those who hate us have trodden us down. ¹² You have delivered us up like sheep for food, and you have scattered us among the nations. ¹³ You have sold your people for nothing, for that which is not wealth; and you have not made great the purchase price for them. (Stec)

Peshitta
- ܗܫܐ ܛܥܝܬܢ ܘܐܒܗܬܬܢ܂ ܘܠܐ ܢܦܩ ܐܢܬ ܒܚܝܠܢ܂ ܐܠܐ ܐܗܦܟܬܢ ܠܒܣܬܪܢ ܘܒܙܘܢ ܒ̈ܥܠܕܒܒܝܢ܂ ܝܗܒܬܢ ܐܝܟ ܥܢܐ ܠܡܐܟܘܠܬܐ܂ ܘܒܕܪܬܢ ܒܝܬ ܥܡ̈ܡܐ܂ ܙܒܢܬ ܠܥܡܟ ܕܠܐ ܕܡ̈ܝܐ܂ ܘܠܐ ܐܣܓܝܬ ܚܘܠܦܗܘܢ܂
- ¹⁰ But now you have forgotten us and put us to shame; you do not go forth with our army. ¹¹ But you have turned us back; our enemies have plundered us. 12 You have delivered us over like sheep for food; you have scattered us among the peoples. 13 You have sold your people without price; you have not increased by their exchange. (Taylor)

Jerome
- ¹⁰ verum tu proiecisti et confudisti nos et non egredieris in exercitibus nostris ¹¹ vertisti terga nostra hosti et qui oderant nos diripuerunt nos ¹² dedisti nos quasi gregem ad vorandum et in gentibus dispersisti nos ¹³ vendidisti populum tuum sine pretio nec grandis fuit commutatio eorum

Modern[ ]

ESV
- ^{9 (10)} But you have rejected [qatal] us and disgraced [wayyiqtol] us and have not gone out [yiqtol] with our armies. ^{10 (11)} You have made us turn back [yiqtol] from the foe, and those who hate us have gotten spoil [qatal]. ^{11 (12)} You have made [yiqtol] us like sheep for slaughter and have scattered [qatal] us among the nations. ^{12 (13)} You have sold [yiqtol] your people for a trifle, demanding no high price [qatal] for them.

NET
- ^{9 (10)} But you rejected [qatal] and embarrassed [wayyiqtol] us! You did not go [yiqtol] into battle with our armies. ^{10 (11)} You made us retreat [yiqtol] from the enemy. Those who hate us take [qatal] whatever they want from us. ^{11 (12)} You handed us over [yiqtol] like sheep to be eaten; you scattered [qatal] us among the nations. ^{12 (13)} You sold [yiqtol] your people for a pittance; you did not ask a high price [qatal] for them.

NIV
- ^{9 (10)} But now you have rejected [qatal] and humbled [wayyiqtol] us; you no longer go out [yiqtol] with our armies. ^{10 (11)} You made us retreat [yiqtol] before the enemy, and our adversaries have plundered [qatal] us. ^{11 (12)} You gave us up [yiqtol] to be devoured like sheep and have scattered [qatal] us among the nations. ^{12 (13)} You sold [yiqtol] your people for a pittance, gaining nothing from their sale [qatal].

CEV
- ^{9 (10)} But now you have rejected [qatal] us; you don't lead [yiqtol] us into battle, and we look foolish [wayyiqtol]. ^{10 (11)} You made us retreat [yiqtol], and our enemies have taken [qatal] everything we own. ^{11 (12)} You let [yiqtol] us be slaughtered like sheep, and you scattered [qatal] us among the nations. ^{12 (13)} You sold [yiqtol] your people for little or nothing, and you earned no profit [qatal].

GNT
- ^{9 (10)} But now you have rejected [qatal] us and let us be defeated [wayyiqtol]; you no longer march out [yiqtol] with our armies. ^{10 (11)} You made us run [yiqtol] from our enemies, and they took [qatal] for themselves what was ours. ^{11 (12)} You allowed [yiqtol] us to be slaughtered like sheep; you scattered [qatal] us in foreign countries. ^{12 (13)} You sold [yiqtol] your own people for a small price as though they had little value [qatal].

NLT
- ^{9 (10)} But now you have tossed us aside [qatal] in dishonor [wayyiqtol]. You no longer lead [yiqtol] our armies to battle. ^{10 (11)} You make us retreat [yiqtol] from our enemies and allow those who hate us to plunder [qatal] our land. ^{11 (12)} You have butchered [yiqtol] us like sheep and scattered [qatal] us among the nations. ^{12 (13)} You sold [yiqtol] your precious people for a pittance, making nothing on the sale [qatal].

NRSV
- ^{9 (10)} Yet you have rejected [qatal] us and abased [wayyiqtol] us, and have not gone out [yiqtol] with our armies. ^{10 (11)} You made us turn back [yiqtol] from the foe, and our enemies have gotten spoil [qatal]. ^{11 (12)} You have made [yiqtol] us like sheep for slaughter, and have scattered [qatal] us among the nations. ^{12 (13)} You have sold [yiqtol] your people for a trifle, demanding no high price [qatal] for them.

JPS 1985
- ^{9 (10)} Yet You have rejected [qatal] and disgraced [wayyiqtol] us; You do not go [yiqtol] with our armies. ^{10 (11)} You make us retreat [yiqtol] before our foe; our enemies plunder [qatal] us at will. ^{11 (12)} You let [yiqtol] them devour us like sheep; You disperse [qatal] us among the nations. ^{12 (13)} You sell [yiqtol] Your people for no fortune, You set no high price [qatal] on them.

Luther 2017
- ¹⁰ Doch nun verstößt [qatal] du uns / und lässt uns zuschanden werden [wayyiqtol] und ziehst [yiqtol] nicht aus mit unserm Heer. ¹¹ Du lässt uns fliehen [yiqtol] vor unserm Feind, dass uns berauben [qatal], die uns hassen. ¹² Du gibst [yiqtol] uns dahin wie Schlachtschafe und zerstreust [qatal] uns unter die Heiden. ¹³ Du verkaufst [yiqtol] dein Volk um ein Nichts und hast [qatal] keinen Gewinn davon.

HFA
- ¹⁰ Und dennoch hast du uns jetzt verstoßen [qatal]: Mit einer Niederlage hast du Schande über uns gebracht [wayyiqtol]. Als unsere Truppen zum Kampf ausrückten, zogst [yiqtol] du nicht mit. ¹¹ Du sorgtest dafür, dass unsere Feinde uns in die Flucht schlugen [yiqtol] – ohne jeden Widerstand plünderten [qatal] sie uns in ihrem Hass aus. ¹² Du selbst hast uns ans Messer geliefert [yiqtol]; sie haben uns abgeschlachtet wie Schafe. Wer mit dem Leben davonkam, wurde unter fremde Völker zerstreut [qatal]. ¹³ Du hast dein Volk zu einem Spottpreis verkauft [yiqtol], und was hast [qatal] du nun davon? Nichts!

NGÜ
- ¹⁰ Und doch hast du uns nun verstoßen [qatal] und Schande über uns gebracht [wayyiqtol], du bist nicht mit unseren Truppen gegen den Feind gezogen [yiqtol]. ¹¹ Du ließt uns vor dem Gegner die Flucht ergreifen [yiqtol], und Menschen, die uns hassen, konnten uns nach Belieben ausplündern [qatal]. ¹² Wie man Schlachtvieh weggibt [yiqtol], so hast du uns unserem Schicksal überlassen, unter die anderen Völker hast du uns zerstreut [qatal]. ¹³ Dein eigenes Volk hast du für einen Spottpreis verkauft [yiqtol], ja, du hast für uns so gut wie nichts verlangt [qatal]!

ELB
- ¹⁰ Doch du hast ⟨uns⟩ verworfen [qatal] und in Schande gebracht [wayyiqtol] und ziehst [yiqtol] nicht aus mit unseren Heeren. ¹¹ Du lässt uns zurückweichen [yiqtol] vor dem Bedränger, und die uns hassen, haben für sich geraubt [qatal]. ¹² Du gibst [yiqtol] uns hin wie Schlachtvieh, und unter die Nationen hast du uns zerstreut [qatal]. ¹³ Du verkaufst [yiqtol] dein Volk um ein Geringes und hast keinen Gewinn gemacht [qatal] durch ihren Kaufpreis.

EÜ
- ¹⁰ Doch nun hast du uns verstoßen [qatal] und mit Schmach bedeckt [wayyiqtol], du ziehst [yiqtol] nicht mehr aus mit unseren Heeren. ¹¹ Du lässt uns vor unsern Bedrängern fliehen [yiqtol] und die uns hassen, plünderten [qatal] uns aus. ¹² Du gibst [yiqtol] uns preis wie Schlachtvieh und unter die Völker hast du uns zerstreut [qatal]. ¹³ Du verkaufst [yiqtol] dein Volk um ein Spottgeld und hattest an dem Erlös keinen Gewinn [qatal].

GNB
- ¹⁰ Nun aber hast du uns verstoßen [qatal] und uns in Schmach und Schande gestürzt [wayyiqtol]; du ziehst [yiqtol] nicht mehr mit unseren Heeren in den Kampf. ¹¹ Du lässt zu, dass wir fliehen [yiqtol] müssen vor unseren Feinden, die uns hassen; hemmungslos dürfen sie Beute machen [qatal]. ¹² Wie Schlachtvieh lieferst [yiqtol] du uns an sie aus, du zerstreust [qatal] uns unter fremde Völker. ¹³ Du verkaufst [yiqtol] dein Volk zu einem lächerlichen Preis, nicht den kleinsten Gewinn machst [qatal] du dabei.

ZÜR
- ¹⁰ Und doch hast du uns verstossen [qatal] und mit Schmach bedeckt [wayyiqtol], du ziehst [yiqtol] nicht aus mit unseren Heeren. ¹¹ Du lässt uns zurückweichen [yiqtol] vor dem Feind, und die uns hassen, haben sich Beute genommen [qatal]. ¹² Du gibst [yiqtol] uns hin wie Schlachtvieh, unter die Nationen hast du uns zerstreut [qatal]. ¹³ Du verkaufst [yiqtol] dein Volk um ein Spottgeld und hast keinen Gewinn [qatal] aus seinem Erlös.

TOB
- ¹⁰ Pourtant tu nous as rejetés [qatal] et bafoués [wayyiqtol], tu ne sors [yiqtol] plus avec nos armées. ¹¹ Tu nous fais reculer [yiqtol] devant l'adversaire, et nos ennemis ont emporté [qatal] le butin. ¹² Tu nous livres [yiqtol] comme agneaux de boucherie, tu nous as dispersés [qatal] parmi les nations. ¹³ Tu cèdes [yiqtol] ton peuple sans bénéfices, et tu n'as rien gagné [qatal] à le vendre.

NBS
- ¹⁰ Cependant tu nous as rejetés [qatal], tu nous as couverts de confusion [wayyiqtol], tu ne pars [yiqtol] plus en campagne avec nos armées ; ¹¹ tu nous fais reculer [yiqtol] devant l'adversaire, et ceux qui nous détestent pillent [qatal] tout ce qu'ils veulent. ¹² Tu nous livres [yiqtol] comme des moutons qu'on dévore, tu nous dissémines [qatal] parmi les nations. ¹³ Tu vends [yiqtol] ton peuple pour rien, tu le brades [qatal?]!

NVSR
- ¹⁰ Cependant tu nous as rejetés [qatal], Tu nous as couverts de confusion [wayyiqtol], Tu ne sors [yiqtol] plus avec nos armées ; ¹¹ Tu nous fais reculer [yiqtol] devant l'adversaire, Et ceux qui nous haïssent (nous) dépouillent [qatal] à leur profit. ¹² Tu nous livres [yiqtol] comme du petit bétail à dévorer, Tu nous disperses [qatal] parmi les nations. ¹³ Tu vends [yiqtol] ton peuple pour rien, Tu n'en augmentes [qatal] pas le prix.

BDS
- ¹⁰ Pourtant tu nous as rejetés [qatal] et livrés à la honte [wayyiqtol]. Tu as cessé d’accompagner [yiqtol] |nos armées au combat ! ¹¹ Tu nous fais reculer [yiqtol] |devant nos ennemis : nos adversaires |se sont emparés [qatal] de nos biens. ¹² Oui, tu nous as livrés [yiqtol] à eux, |ainsi qu’un troupeau de brebis |destinées à la boucherie, et tu nous as éparpillés [qatal] |parmi les peuples étrangers. ¹³ Tu as vendu [yiqtol] ton peuple |à un bas prix sans en tirer aucun profit [qatal].

PDV
- ¹⁰ Pourtant, tu nous as rejetés [qatal] et tu nous as couverts de honte [wayyiqtol]. Tu ne combats [yiqtol] plus avec nos armées, ¹¹ tu nous fais reculer [yiqtol] devant nos ennemis. Ceux qui nous détestent volent [qatal] ce qui nous appartient. ¹² Tu nous as livrés [yiqtol] comme des moutons de boucherie, tu nous as chassés [qatal] de tous côtés, parmi les autres peuples. ¹³ Tu vends [yiqtol] ton peuple bon marché et tu n’y gagnes [qatal] rien.

NFC
- ¹⁰ Et pourtant tu nous as rejetés [qatal], tu as provoqué notre honteuse défaite [wayyiqtol], tu n'accompagnes [yiqtol] plus nos armées. ¹¹ Tu nous laisses reculer [yiqtol] devant l'ennemi, l'adversaire en profite pour nous piller [qatal]. ¹² Tu nous livres [yiqtol] à lui comme des moutons destinés à la boucherie ; nous voilà dispersés [qatal] à l'étranger. ¹³ Tu vends [yiqtol] ton peuple pour rien, sans en retirer le moindre profit [qatal?].

S21
- ¹⁰ Cependant tu nous as repoussés [qatal], tu nous as couverts de honte [wayyiqtol], tu ne sors [yiqtol] plus avec nos armées. ¹¹ Tu nous fais reculer [yiqtol] devant l’ennemi, et ceux qui nous détestent se partagent nos dépouilles [qatal]. ¹² Tu nous livres [yiqtol] comme des brebis de boucherie, tu nous disperses [qatal] parmi les nations. ¹³ Tu vends [yiqtol] ton peuple pour rien, tu ne l’estimes [qatal] pas à une grande valeur.

RVR95
- ^{9 (10)} Pero nos has desechado [qatal], nos has hecho avergonzar [wayyiqtol], y ya no sales [yiqtol] con nuestros ejércitos. ^{10 (11)} Nos hiciste retroceder [yiqtol] delante del enemigo y nos saquean [qatal] para sí los que nos aborrecen. ^{11 (12)} Nos entregas [yiqtol] como ovejas al matadero y nos has esparcido [qatal] entre las naciones. ^{12 (13)} Has vendido [yiqtol] a tu pueblo de balde; ¡no exigiste [qatal] ningún precio!

NVI
- ^{9 (10)} Pero ahora nos has rechazado [qatal] y humillado [wayyiqtol]; ya no sales [yiqtol] con nuestros ejércitos. ^{10 (11)} Nos hiciste retroceder [yiqtol] ante el enemigo; nos han saqueado [qatal] nuestros adversarios. ^{11 (12)} Nos has entregado [yiqtol] para que nos devoren como ovejas nos has dispersado [qatal] entre las naciones. ^{12 (13)} Has vendido [yiqtol] a tu pueblo por una miseria y nada has ganado [qatal] con su venta.

DHH
- ^{9 (10)} Pero nos has rechazado [qatal]; nos has cubierto de vergüenza [wayyiqtol]. Ya no sales [yiqtol] con nuestros ejércitos. ^{10 (11)} Nos has hecho dar la espalda [yiqtol] a nuestros enemigos; los que nos odian nos roban [qatal] y se llevan lo que quieren. ^{11 (12)} Nos has entregado [yiqtol] cual si fuéramos ovejas para el matadero; nos has dispersado [qatal] entre los paganos; ^{12 (13)} has vendido [yiqtol] a tu pueblo muy barato, y nada has ganado [qatal] con venderlo.

BTX4
- 9 (10) Pero ahora nos has desechado [qatal] y confundido [wayyiqtol]; No sales [yiqtol] ya con nuestros ejércitos. 10 (11) Nos haces retroceder [yiqtol] ante el adversario, Y los que nos aborrecen nos saquean [qatal]. 11 (12) Nos entregaste [yiqtol] como ovejas al matadero, Y nos has esparcido [qatal] entre las naciones. 12 (13) Has vendido [yiqtol] a tu pueblo de balde, Sin exigir [qatal] ningún precio por ellos.

Secondary Literature[ ]

Cook, John A. 2002. “The Biblical Hebrew Verbal System: A Grammaticalization Approach.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison.

________. 2006. “The Finite Verbal Forms in Biblical Hebrew Do Express Aspect.” Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 30: 21–35.

Joosten, Jan. 2002. “Do the Finite Verbal Forms in Biblical Hebrew Express Aspect?” Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 29: 49–70.

Robar, Elizabeth. 2013. “Wayyiqtol as Unlikely Preterite.” Journal of Semitic Studies 58, no. 1: 21–42.

________. 2021. "Morphology and Markedness: On Verb Switching in Biblical Hebrew Poetry." Journal for Semitics 30: 1–17.

References[ ]

44:10–13"–13" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 10.

↑ This gnomic (proverbial) rendering of the qatal is the lone exception to the otherwise simple-past rendering of this passage.
↑ For a discussion of the verbal semantics of the wayyiqtol וַתַּכְלִימֵנוּ, see Verbal Semantics.

[1] This gnomic (proverbial) rendering of the qatal is the lone exception to the otherwise simple-past rendering of this passage.

[2] For a discussion of the verbal semantics of the wayyiqtol וַתַּכְלִימֵנוּ, see Verbal Semantics.

[1]

[2]

The Verbal Semantics of Qatal-Yiqtol Pairs in Ps. 44:10–13

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