View source for The Text and Meaning of Ps 19:5a

[[Psalm Overview 19|Psalm Overview]].

Exegetical issues for Psalm 19: 
{{ExegeticalIssues}}

=Exegetical Issues Video=
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVMybcK3xR0|||||start=611}}

=Introduction=
The Hebrew text of Ps. 19:5ab reads as follows:<ref>Hebrew text from [https://hb.openscriptures.org/read/ OSHB].</ref>
:בְּכָל־הָאָ֨רֶץ ׀ יָ֘צָ֤א קַוָּ֗ם
:וּבִקְצֵ֣ה תֵ֭בֵל מִלֵּיהֶ֑ם

Modern translations differ on their interpretation of קַוָּם. Consider, for example, the following translations:
*Their '''line''' (קַוָּם) is gone out through all the earth (KJV)
*Their '''sign''' (קַוָּם) shines forth on all the earth (REB)
*Their '''music''' (קַוָּם) goes out through all the earth (NEB)
*Their '''voice''' (קַוָּם) carries throughout the earth (JPS85)

Most translations, however, emend the text to read קוֹלָם instead of קַוָּם.
*Yet their '''voice''' (קוֹלָם) goes out through all the earth (RSV/NRSV)

=Argument Maps=
Because most translations emend the Hebrew text to read קוֹלָם ('their voice') instead of קַוָּם, the arguments for this emendation will be presented first. Then, the argument maps will discuss several possible interpretations of MT's קַוָּם.

==Emendation to קוֹלָם?==
The vast majority of modern translations emend the Hebrew text to read קוֹלָם ('their voice') instead of קַוָּם. The NIV, for example, says, "Yet their voice goes out into all the earth" (cf. NLT, ESV, NRSV, GNT, CEV, NET, etc.).
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[קוֹלָם]: The earlier form of the text is קוֹלָם ('their voice') (cf. HALOT :L:, SDBH :L:). #dispreferred
 + <Parallel line>: קוֹלָם ('their voice') would be a fitting parallel to מִלֵּיהֶם ('their words') in the following line (cf. Spieckermann 2023, 243 :C:). #dispreferred
 + <קוֹל in v. 4b>: The word קוֹל has already been mentioned in the previous verse (cf. Spieckermann 2023, 243 :C:). #dispreferred
 + <Ancient versions>: Several ancient versions of Ps 19, including the LXX, probably read קולם instead of קום (Craigie 1983, 178 :C:; Spieckermann 2023, 243 :C:). #dispreferred
  + <קולם to קום>
  + [Ancient versions]: LXX: ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν 'their sound'; Symmachus: ὁ ἦχος αὐτῶν; Peshitta: ܣܒܪܬܗܘܢ 'their tidings, gospel'; Jerome (iuxta Hebr): sonus eorum 'their sound' #dispreferred #dispreferred
   <_ <φθόγγος vs φωνή>: The word φθόγγος is never elsewhere used to translated קוֹל. Rather, LXX Psalms usually translates קוֹל with φωνή (cf. v. 4) (Baethgen 1904, 56 :C:).
   <_ <vox vs sonus>: Jerome normally uses the word 'vox' to translate קוֹל (cf. v. 4), not 'sonus' (Baethgen 1904, 56 :C:).
  - <Exegetical>: The LXX and subsequent ancient versions probably read קַוָּם (Barthélemy 2005:117-118 :C:; cf. Dorival 2021, 337 :C:).
 - <Hebrew manuscripts>: No extant Hebrew manuscript reads קולם.
  <_ <קולם to קום>: It is easy to see how קולם might have mistakenly become קום in the transmission of the text. The difference between the two readings is a single letter (ל). #dispreferred
</argdown>

==The meaning of קַוָּם==
The following arguments will explore five different ways of understanding קַוָּם
# Measuring line > extent
# String of words
# Cord > music
# Shout
# Poetic meter/rhythm

===Measuring line > extent===
Some interpreters have argued that קַוָּם means 'their measuring line.' The Elberfelder translation, for example, says, "Ihre Messschnur geht aus über die ganze Erde" (ELB, cf. NBS).
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[Measuring line]: The word קַוָּם refers to the measuring line which measures the heavens and thus, metonymically, to the extent of the heavens, "which are stretched out over the face of all the earth" (Rashi :C:; cf. Hupfeld 1855, 410 :C:; Baethgen 1904, 56 :C:). #dispreferred
 + <קו as 'measuring line'>: The word קו elsewhere refers to a measuring line (HALOT :L:, BDB :L:, DCH :L:). #dispreferred
  + [קו as 'measuring line']: E.g., "As the man went eastward with a measuring line (קָו) in his hand, he measured off a thousand cubits " (Ezek 47:3, NIV). #dispreferred
 + <קו + יצא>: Elsewhere, קו is used with the verb יצא to refer to a measuring line going out (cf. Keil and Delitzsch 1996, 177 :C:). #dispreferred
  + [Jer 31:39]: '“The days are coming,” declares the Lord, “when this city will be rebuilt for me from the Tower of Hananel to the Corner Gate. The measuring line (קָו הַמִּדָּה) will stretch (וְיָצָא) from there straight to the hill of Gareb and then turn to Goah' (Jer 31:38-39, NIV). #dispreferred
 + <Ancient versions>: Some of the ancient versions understood קַוָּם as 'measuring line' or 'extension.' #dispreferred
  + [Ancient versions]: Aquila: ὁ κανὼν αὐτῶν "their measuring rod"; Targum Pss: מתח עיניניהון "the extension of their purpose" (Stec 2004, 54). #dispreferred
 - <Unsuitable>: The word 'measuring line' would not fit well with the parallel line in v. 5 nor would it fit well in the wider context of the surrounding verses (Hossfeld and Zenger 1993, 131 :C:).  "It would be a meagre and unsuitable manner of speaking" (Calvin :C:).
  + <Information structure>: The fronting of בְּכָל־הָאָרֶץ in v. 5a suggests that this information is focal, while the subject קַוָּם ('measuring line') is presupposed. Nothing in the preceding context, however, would have suggested a 'measuring line.'
  + <Parallel מִלֵּיהֶם>: The word קַוָּם in v. 5a is parallel to מִלֵּיהֶם ('their words') in v. 5b, and מִלֵּיהֶם refers to verbal communication, not to anything related to a 'measuring line'.
</argdown>

===String of words (preferred)===
Some interpreters have argued that קַוָּם refers to a 'string of words', or to a 'line of text' (either written or oral). The [https://archive.org/details/TheGenevaBible1560 1560 Geneva Bible], for example, reads, "Their line is gone forthe through all the earth," and the translation has a note that says, "The heavens are as a line of great capital letters to shewe unto us God's glorie."<ref>The translation reflects the exegesis of John Calvin.</ref> The REB might also reflect this interpretation: "Their sign shines forth on all the earth."
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[String of words]: The word קו signifies a string of words (cf. Calvin :C:; Ibn Ezra \[והוא המכתב\] :C:, Ross 2011 :C:). 
 + <קו as "string of words">: The word קו can refer to a string of words or specifically to a line of poetry, a "verse-line" (cf. Marböck 1970 :A:).
  + [1QH-a IX,29-32]
  + <Isa 28:10>: In Isa 28:10, the word קַו refers to a string, or line, of words (Ibn Ezra :C:; Calvin :C:; Ross 2011, 476 :C:). 
   + [Isa 28:10]: "For it is precept upon precept, precept upon precept, line upon line, line upon line (קַ֥ו לָקָ֖ו קַ֣ו לָקָ֑ו), here a little, there a little” (ESV).
   - <Senseless word of derision>: "Isaiah’s קַו, ch. 28:10, is inapplicable here, because it... is there used as a word of derision, rhyming with צַו" (Keil and Delitzsch 1996 :C:). It might simply be a "senseless word mimicking the sound of the words of Isaiah Is 28:10, 13" (DCH :L:; cf. Gesenius 2013, 1155 :L:). #dispreferred
    <_ <Heavens' speech non-verbal>: The speech of the heavens is also 'babble' in the sense that it is non-verbal (cf. v. 4) (Kraus 1988, 271-2 :C:).
   - <Uncertain>: The meaning of קַו in Isa 28:10 is "disputed" and uncertain (HALOT :L:, cf. TDOT :D:). #dispreferred
 + <Parallel line>: The word קַוָּם in v. 5a is parallel to מִלֵּיהֶם ('their words') in v. 5b, and מִלֵּיהֶם refers to verbal communication, thus a fitting parallel for "(poetic verse) line."
 + <1QHodayot-a>: The creation poem in column IX of the Qumran Hodayot (1QH-a) alludes to Ps 19 (cf. Jones 2020 :A:) and interprets the word קו to mean "(verse) line" (cf. Marböck 1970 :A:).
  + [1QH-a IX,29-32]: "You yourself created breath for the tongue. You know its words, and you determine the fruit of the lips before they exist. You set the words according to the measuring line (על קו), and the utterance (מבע) of the breath of the lips by measure. And you bring forth the lines (ותוצא קוים) according to their mysteries and the utterances (מבעי) of the breath according to their calculus, in order to make known your glory (כבודכה) and to recount (ולספר) your wonders ..." (DJD XL 118-131).
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===Cord > music===
Some interpreters have argued that קַוָּם refers to 'their music' (literally: 'their [instrument] cord/string'). The NEB, for example, says, "Their music goes out through all the earth."

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[Cord > music]: The word קַוָּם refers to 'their cord/string' and thus to 'their music' (BDB :L:). #dispreferred
 + <קו as 'music'>: The word קו can refer to 'a cord' > 'music' (cf. DCH :L:). #dispreferred
  + [Sir. 44:5]: הקרי מזמור על קו (Mas VII:11), "those pursuing (lit., examining) song(s) upon an instrument (lit., a chord)" (translation by Eric Reymond). #dispreferred
  + [1QS X,9]: "I will sing with knowledge and for the glory of God shall all my music be, the playing of my harp according to his holy order (לתכון קודשו), and the whistle of my lips I shall tune (אשא) to its correct measure (בקו משפטו)"  (Martínez and Tigchelaar 1997, 95; DCH :L:: "music of his ordinance"). #dispreferred
  + [1QH-a IX,29-32]: "Your yourself created breath for the tongue. You know its words, and you determine the fruit of the lips before they exist. You set the words according to the measuring line (על קו), and the utterance (מבע) of the breath of the lips by measure. And you bring forth the lines (ותוצא קוים) according to their mysteries and the utterances (מבעי) of the breath according to their calculus, in order to make known your glory (כבודכה) and to recount (ולספר) your wonders ..." (DJD XL 118-131). #dispreferred
 + <Ancient versions>: Some of the ancient versions probably understood קַוָּם as 'their (musical) note/sound.' #dispreferred
  + [LXX]: LXX: φθόγγος, which can refer to a "musical sound, note (esp. played on an instrument)" (Diggle 2021, 1461 :L:). #dispreferred
  + [Jerome (iuxta Hebr.]: Jerome: sonus, which can refer to "a sound w. ref. to its pitch, note" (Glare 1968, 1792 :L:). #dispreferred
  + [Symmachus]: ἦχος, which can refer to a "characteristic resonant or musical sound" (Diggle 2021, 670 :L:). #dispreferred
 - <Information structure>: The fronting of בְּכָל־הָאָרֶץ in v. 5a suggests that this information is focal, while the subject קַוָּם ("their music"?) is presupposed. Nothing in the preceding context, however, would have suggested "music."
 -  <Parallel מִלֵּיהֶם>: The word קַוָּם in v. 5a is parallel to מִלֵּיהֶם ('their words') in v. 5b, and מִלֵּיהֶם refers to verbal communication. 'Music', by contrast, is non-verbal.
  <_ <Complementary>: The parallel words are not synonymous but complementary. The first line mentions 'their music' and the second mentions 'their words', both of which are necessary elements of a song. #dispreferred
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===Shout/Call===
Some interpreters argue that קַוָּם refers to 'their shout/call' The JPS85, for example, says, "Their voice carries throughout the earth." Although the JPS85 translation sounds indistinguishable from the translations that read קולם, the translation's footnote ('Arabic qawwah, “to shout”') indicates that it is following the MT.

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[Shout/call]: The word קַוָּם refers to 'their shout/call' (Barthélemy 2005, 117-118 :C:). #dispreferred
 + <קוה as 'shout/call'>: There is a root קוה in Hebrew (unidentified by most lexicons) which means 'to shout/call' (König 1910, 403 :L: \[ausrufen\]). #dispreferred
  + [קוה as 'shout/call']: קַוֺּ֣ה קִוִּ֣יתִי יְהוָ֑ה וַיֵּ֥ט אֵ֝לַ֗י וַיִּשְׁמַ֥ע שַׁוְעָתִֽי (Ps 40:2; cf. Ps 52:11, Job 17:13; cf. Barth 1893, 29 :M: and Dahood 1966, 121-122 :C:; cf. König 1910, 403 :L:). #dispreferred
  + <Arabic cognate>: There is an Arabic root corresponding to Hebrew קוה that means "to shriek, scream, yell, cry shout" (Wehr 1994, 938 :L:). #dispreferred
  + <Akkadian cognate>: There is an Akkadian root קבא, corresponding to Hebrew קוה, which means 'to speak, say, shout' (Delitzsch 1896, 577 :L:; cf. König 1910, 403 :L:). #dispreferred
 + <Parallel line>: The word קַוָּם in v. 5a is parallel to מִלֵּיהֶם ('their words') in v. 5b, which refers to verbal communication and is thus a fitting parallel for 'their shout.' #dispreferred
 + <Ancient versions>: Some of the ancient versions probably understood קַוָּם as 'their shout.' #dispreferred
  + [LXX]: LXX: φθόγγος, which can refer to the "utterance (of a person)... exclamation, cry, groan, shout" (Diggle 2021, 1461 :L:). #dispreferred
  + [Symmachus]: ἦχος, which can refer to a "loud echoing or reverberating sound" sometimes produced by "voices crying out" (Diggle 2021, 670 :L:). #dispreferred
 - <Noun unattested>: A Hebrew noun קו with this sense never occurs elsewhere. 
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===Poetic meter/rhythm===
The following view is also worth considering, although it is not represented in any of the modern translations consulted.
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[Poetic meter/rhythm]: The Hebrew word קַוָּם indicates poetic meter or rhythm. #dispreferred
 + <קו as 'verse line' or 'meter'>: In some Late Hebrew texts, the word קָו refers to poetic verse (meter) (Marböck 1970 :A:; cf. DCH :L:; TDOT :L:). #dispreferred
  + [Sir. 44:5]: הקרי מזמור על קו (Sir 44:5, Mas VII:11). #dispreferred
  + [1QH-a IX,29-32]: "You yourself created breath for the tongue. You know its words, and you determine the fruit of the lips before they exist. You set the words according to the measuring line (על קו), and the utterance (מבע) of the breath of the lips by measure. And you bring forth the lines (ותוצא קוים) according to their mysteries and the utterances (מבעי) of the breath according to their calculus, in order to make known your glory (כבודכה) and to recount (ולספר) your wonders ..." (DJD XL 118-131). #dispreferred
  + [1QS X,9]: "I will sing with knowledge and for the glory of God shall all my music be, the playing of my harp according to his holy order (לתכון קודשו), and the whistle of my lips I shall tune (אשא) to its correct measure (בקו משפטו)"  (Martínez and Tigchelaar 1997, 95). #dispreferred
 + <Context>: The interpretation of קַוָּם as 'their rhythm' or 'their meter' works well in the context. #dispreferred
  + <v. 3>: Verse 3 has already mentioned the rhythmic alternation of day and night ('day to day... night to night') as the way in which the heavens communicate. #dispreferred
  + <Information structure>: The word order (fronting of בְּכָל־הָאָרֶץ) suggests that the subject קַוָּם ('their meter'?) is presupposed. #dispreferred
 -  <Parallel מִלֵּיהֶם>: The word קַוָּם in v. 5a is parallel to מִלֵּיהֶם ('their words') in v. 5b, and מִלֵּיהֶם refers to verbal communication. 'Rhythm', by contrast, is non-verbal.
  <_ <Complementary>: The parallel words are not synonymous but complementary. The first line mentions 'their rhythm' and the second mentions 'their words', both of which are necessary elements of poetic communication. #dispreferred
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=Conclusion (C)=
The MT's קַוָּם is probably the earliest recoverable form of the text (so Barthélemy 2005 with an "A" rating). The emendation קוֹלָם, although it is accepted by most modern translations, has little evidence to support it.

The meaning of קַוָּם is difficult to determine, however. In light of (1) the parallel line (v. 5b, 'their words'), (2) the focus on speech in the preceding verses, and (3) the fact that קַוָּם is presupposed information (indicated by the word order), the word קַוָּם almost certainly belongs to the domain of SPEECH. Indeed, this is how the word seems to be interpreted in the Qumran Hodayot. In the creation poem of the Hodayot, which is based on Psalm 19 (cf. Jones 2020), the word appears to be used in the sense of "verse-line" (cf. Marböck 1970). This meaning fits well in the context of Psalm 19 and might find further support in Isaiah 28:10 (so Ibn Ezra and Calvin). In conclusion, then, we interpret קַוָּם in Ps 19:5a to refer to a "string of words", i.e., a line of poetry, and we have translated it as "their verse line."

=Research=

==Translations==

===Ancient===
*LXX: εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν<ref>[https://archive.org/details/PsalmiCumOdis Rahlfs 1931].</ref>
**"Their sound went out to all the earth"<ref>[https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/24-ps-nets.pdf NETS]</ref>
*Symmachus: ἀλλ’ εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἐξῆλθεν ὁ ἦχος αὐτῶν<ref>[https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/hexapla Göttingen Hexapla Database].</ref>
*Aquila: ὁ κανὼν αὐτῶν<ref>[https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/hexapla Göttingen Hexapla Database].</ref>
*Peshitta: ܒܟܠܗܿ ܐܪܥܐ ܢܦܩܬ ܣܒܪܬܗܘܢ܂<ref>[https://cal.huc.edu/index.html CAL].</ref>
**"Their tidings have gone forth in all the earth."<ref>Taylor 2020:63.</ref>
*Jerome (iuxta Hebr.): in universam terram exivit sonus eorum<ref>Weber-Gryson 5th edition.</ref>
*Targum: בכולא ארעא נפק מתח עיניניהון<ref>[https://cal.huc.edu/index.html CAL].</ref>
**"The ''extension of their purpose'' has gone forth throughout the earth."<ref>Stec 2004:54.</ref>

===Modern===

====Voice====
*Yet their voice goes out into all the earth<ref>Translation footnote: Septuagint, Jerome and Syriac; Hebrew measuring line.</ref> (NIV)
*Yet their message has gone throughout the earth (NLT)
*Their voice goes out through all the earth (ESV)
*yet their message goes out to all the world<ref>Translation footnote: Some ancient translations message; Hebrew line.</ref> (GNT)
*Yet their message reaches all the earth (CEV)
*Yet its voice echoes throughout the earth<ref>Translation footnote:  The MT reads, “their measuring line” (קוּם, qum). The noun קַו (qav, “measuring line”) makes no sense in this context. The reading קוֹלָם (qolam, “their voice”) which is supported by the LXX, is preferable.</ref> (NET)
*yet their voice goes out through all the earth<ref>Translation footnote: Gk Jerome Compare Syr: Heb ''line''</ref> (NRSV)
*Their voice carries throughout the earth<ref>Translation footnote: Cf. Septuagint, Symmachus, and Vulgate; Arabic qawwah, “to shout.”</ref> (JPS85)
*Ihr Schall geht aus in alle Lande (LUT)
*Doch auf der ganzen Erde hört man diese Botschaft (HFA)
*Und doch geht ihre Botschaft über die ganze Erde (NGÜ)
*Doch ihre Botschaft geht in die ganze Welt hinaus (EÜ)
*und doch geht ihr Ruf weit über die Erde (GNB)
*In alle Länder hinaus geht ihr Schall (ZÜR)
*Por toda la tierra salió su voz (RVR95)
*por toda la tierra resuena su eco (NVI)
*su mensaje llega a toda la tierra (DHH94I)
*Mais leur message parcourt toute la terre (PDV2017)
*Mais leur message parcourt la terre entière (NFC)
*Cependant, *leur voix parcourt toute la terre<ref>Translation footnote: Leur voix… du monde: cité en Romains 10.18 pour illustrer l’annonce de l’Evangile.</ref> (S21)
*Cependant, leur voix parvient ╵à toute la terre<ref>Translation footnote: leur voix: d’après l’ancienne version grecque. Texte hébreu traditionnel : leur cordeau. La différence provient de l’absence d’une lettre qui a probablement été omise par erreur dans ce dernier.</ref> (BDS)

====Measuring line====
*Their line is gone out through all the earth (KJV)
*Ihre Messschnur geht aus über die ganze Erde (ELB)
*Su línea salió por toda la Tierra (BTX4)
*Leurs mesures apparaissent sur toute la terre<ref>Translation footnote: Leurs mesures : litt. leur cordeau ou leur règle, hébreu qaw ; cf. Es 28.10n  ; LXX leur voix, cf. Rm 10.18.</ref> (NBS)
*Leur trace apparaît sur toute la terre<ref>Translation footnote: trace. Litt. : leur cordeau (voir mesurer). Des anciennes versions ont lu : leur voix, ce qui suppose une variante du mot.</ref> (NVS78P)

====Other====
*Their music goes out through all the earth (NEB)
*Their sign shines forth on all the earth (REB)
* Leur harmonie éclate sur toute le terre<ref>Translation footnote: Trad. incertaine ; litt. ''leur cordeau'' ; aram. : ''l'étendue de leur activité'' ; les autres versions : ''son, écho''. Ibn Ezra : ''écriture lisible en tout lieu'' ; ce thème de l'écriture céleste, tracée par les constellations, est adopté par plusieurs exégètes modernes (voir Jb 38,33).</ref> (TOB)
*but from the entire earth the design stands out (NJB)

==Secondary Literature==
:Baethgen, Friedrich. 1904. [https://archive.org/details/diepsalmen00baet ''Die Psalmen'']. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
:Barth, Jakob. 1893. [http://archive.org/details/etymologischestu00bartuoft ''Etymologische Studien zum semitischen insbesondere zum hebraischen Lexicon'']. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
:Barthélemy, Dominique. 2005. [https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-150304 ''Critique Textuelle de l’Ancien Testament''. Tome 4: Psaumes]. Fribourg, Switzerland: Academic Press.
:Calvin, John. [https://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom08/calcom08.vii.html ''Commentary on the Book of Psalms'']. Translated by James Anderson. Grand Rapids: Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
:Craigie, Peter C. 1983. ''Psalms 1–50''. WBC 19. Waco, TX: Word.
:Dahood, Mitchell. 1966. [https://archive.org/details/psalms00daho ''Psalms''. Vol. 1]. Anchor Bible Commentary. New York: Doubleday.
:Delitzsch, Friedrich. 1896. [http://archive.org/details/assyrischeshand01deligoog ''Assyrisches Handwörterbuch'']. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
:Diggle, James (ed.). 2021. ''The Cambridge Greek Lexicon''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
:Dorival, Gilles. 2021. ''Les Psaumes''. Edited by Monique Alexandre and Marguerite Harl. Vol. 1. La Bible d’Alexandrie 20. Paris: Cerf.
:García Martínez, Florentino, and Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar. 1997. ''The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition''. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill.
:Gesenius, W. Donner, H. Rüterswörden, U. Renz, J. Meyer, R. (eds.). 2013. ''Hebräisches und aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament. 18. Auflage Gesamtausgabe.'' Berlin: Springer.
:Glare, P. G. W. 1968. [http://archive.org/details/aa.-vv.-oxford-latin-dictionary-1968 ''Oxford Latin Dictionary'']. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
:Hossfeld, Frank-Lothar, and Erich Zenger. 1993. ''Die Psalmen I: Psalm 1–50''. Neue Echter Bibel. Würzburg: Echter.
:Hupfeld, Hermann. 1855. ''Die Psalmen''. Vol. 1. Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes.
:Ibn Ezra. [https://www.sefaria.org/Ibn_Ezra_on_Psalms?tab=contents ''Ibn Ezra on Psalms''].
:Jones, Scott C. 2020. “Who Can Narrate El’s Wonders? The Reception of Psalm 19 in Ben Sira and the Qumran Hodayot.” In ''Fromme und Frevler: Studien zu Psalmen und Weisheit''. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
:Keil and Delitzsch 1996. ''Commentary on the Old Testament''. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.
:König, Eduard. 1910. [http://archive.org/details/hebrischesunda00knuoft ''Hebräisches und aramäisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament, mit Einschaltung und Analyse aller schwer erkennbaren Formen Deutung der Eigennamen sowie der masseretischen Randbemerkungen und einem deutschhebräischen Wortregister'']. Leipzig: Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
:Kraus, Hans-Joachim. 1988. ''Psalms 1–59''. Minneapolis: Fortress.
:Marböck, Johannes. 1970. “Eine Bezeichnung Für Das Hebräische Metrum?” VT 20: 236–39.
:Rashi. [https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Psalms?tab=contents Rashi on Psalms].
:Reymond, Eric. [https://www.bensira.org/navigator.php?Manuscript=Masada&PageNum=7 Ben Sira Masada manuscript].
:Ross, Allen. 2011. ''A Commentary on the Psalms, Volume 1: 1-41''. Kregel Exegetical Library. Grand Rapids: Kregel Academic & Professional.
:Spieckermann, Hermann. 2023. ''Psalmen. 1: Psalm 1 - 49''. Das Alte Testament Deutsch, 14,1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
:Wehr, Hans. 1994. [https://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=951,ll=2670,ls=18,la=h3787,sg=h883,ha=647,br=812,pr=131,vi=318,mgf=742,mr=573,mn=1175,aan=550,kz=2244,uqq=324,ulq=1461,uqa=365,uqw=1375,umr=915,ums=772,umj=694,bdw=743,amr=540,asb=830,auh=1346,dhq=475,mht=769,msb=206,tla=88,amj=685,ens=767,mis=1721 ''A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'']. 4th ed. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services.

=References=
[[Category:Argument maps]]
[[Chapter::19]]:[[Verse::5]]
[[Status::Approved]]