Introduction[ ]

The Hebrew text of Psalm 33:10, 13-14 is as follows:

v. 10: יְֽהוָ֗ה הֵפִ֥יר עֲצַת־גּוֹיִ֑ם הֵ֝נִ֗יא מַחְשְׁב֥וֹת עַמִּֽים׃
v. 13: מִ֭שָּׁמַיִם הִבִּ֣יט יְהוָ֑ה רָ֝אָ֗ה אֶֽת־כָּל־בְּנֵ֥י הָאָדָֽם׃
v. 14: מִֽמְּכוֹן־שִׁבְתּ֥וֹ הִשְׁגִּ֑יחַ אֶ֖ל כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הָאָֽרֶץ׃

The verbs in these verses are all qatal verbs. The overwhelming majority of modern translations render these verbs in the simple present tense, with the sense that they are not time-bound ("gnomic"). An example is the NIV:

v. 10: The Lord foils the plans of the nations; he thwarts the purposes of the peoples.
v. 13: From heaven the Lord looks down and sees all mankind;
v. 14: from his dwelling place he watches all who live on earth—

However, a few ancient and modern translations render these verbs so that they refer to past events. The French translation TOB renders the verbs of verse 10 in the past tense:

Le SEIGNEUR a brisé le plan des nations, il a anéanti les desseins des peuples.

The Spanish translation RVR95 renders the verbs of verses 13-14 in the past tense:

Desde los cielos miró Jehová; vio a todos los hijos de los hombres; desde el lugar de su morada miró sobre todos los habitantes de la tierra.

Do the verbs describe past events or timeless events? The argument maps below will consider this question.

Argument Maps[ ]

The Verbs Refer to Timeless or Habitual Events[ ]

The following map presents arguments for taking the verbs in Psalm 33:10, 13-14 as referring to events that are timeless, and therefore happen in the past, present, and future. An example of this rendering is found in the NIV:

10: The LORD foils the plans of the nations; he thwarts the purposes of the peoples.
13: From heaven the LORD looks down and sees all mankind;
14: from his dwelling place he watches all who live on earth—


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[Timeless/Habitual Events]: The verbs in Ps 33:10, 13-14 refer to timeless or habitual events.#dispreferred
 + <Ancient support>: The verbs are translated in the present tense in the LXX for verse 10.#dispreferred
  + [Ps 32:10 LXX]: The Lord scatters (διασκεδάζει) counsels of nations, and he frustrates (ἀθετεῖ) the thoughts of peoples and frustrates (ἀθετεῖ) counsels of rulers. (NETS)#dispreferred
 + <Gnomic Qatals>: Hebrew may use its perfective qatal form with present/habitual significance ("the gnomic perfective") (IBHS §30.4b :G:; BHRG §19.2.4 :G:). The verbs in Ps 33:10, 13-14 fit this description.#dispreferred
  - <Present tense not required>: In a good many cases the common examples of a "gnomic perfect" do not "require a general present interpretation but should be understood as past tense (Rogland 2003, 46 :A:; Cook 2005, 130 :A:)
<!--
  + [Gnomic examples]: The dove, the swift and the thrush observe (שָׁמְר֖וּ) the time of their migration (Jer 8:7, NIV); She brings (גְּמָלַ֣תְהוּ) him good, not harm, all the days of her life. (Prov 31:12, NIV); The mocker seeks (בִּקֶּשׁ) wisdom and finds none (Prov 14:6, NIV)#dispreferred -->
  - <Rare use of qatal>: ‘Habitual actions are typically referred to by means of the yiqtōl/imperfect or participle' (BHRG §19.2.4 :G:; Cook 2005, 124 :A:), not qatal. 
  + <Parallel yiqtol>: More viable cases of gnomic qatals involve a habitual yiqtol in a parallel line (Andrason 2013, 37 :A:; see GKC §106k :G:; IBHS §31.1.1e :G:). Psalm 33:11 parallels 33:10 with a yiqtol verb.#dispreferred
   + [Viable cases of gnomic qatal]: E.g., Psa. 2:1; 9:11; Prov. 1:22; 11:7; Isa 5:12; Job 3:17#dispreferred
   + [Ps 33:11]: But the plans of the LORD stand firm (תַּעֲמֹ֑ד) forever, the purposes of his heart through all generations. (NIV)#dispreferred
  + <Typical properties>: The gnomic qatal construction "exemplifies a typical property of an individual" (Andrason 2013, 37 :A:). Ps 33:10, 13-14 exemplify typical properties of YHWH.#dispreferred
<!--
  + <Gnomic qatals in hymns>: In hymns, qatal forms are sometimes used in "those sentences describing YHWH's regular or repeated action" (Gunkel & Begrich 1998, 35 :M:).#dispreferred
   + [Gnomic qatals in hymns]: E.g., Ps. 33:13f — "YHWH looks down (הִבִּ֣יט) from heaven, and looks on (רָ֝אָ֗ה) all the human children. From his dwelling he looks out (הִשְׁגִּ֑יחַ) upon all the inhabitants of the earth" (Gunkel & Begrich 1998:35 :M:).#dispreferred  
--> 
  +<Reasons for a new song>: In other places where a congregation is commanded to sing a new song, most ''qatal'' forms arguably reference timeless actions.#dispreferred
   +[New song qatal forms]: Habitual/timeless qatal forms in 'new songs': Ps 96:10: Say among the nations, “The LORD reigns (מָלָ֗ךְ).” Ps 96:13: he comes (בָ֗א) to judge the earth. Ps 144:2: my shield, in whom I take refuge (חָסִ֑יתִי) Ps 144:4 Man is like a breath; Ps 144:8, 11: whose mouths are full (דִּבֶּר) of lies (NIV). Past tense qatal forms in 'new songs': Ps 96:5: but the LORD made (עָשָֽׂה) the heavens.#dispreferred
  - <Not a likely category>: The gnomic qatal is not likely to be a category in the ancient Hebrew verbal system. The qatal and yiqtol forms developed to fill distinct roles in the Hebrew verbal system. The gnomic slot is filled by the yiqtol form. 
   + <Yiqtol is gnomic>: Frequently in poetry and proverbs, the yiqtol denotes "habitual activity with no specific tense value" (IBHS §31.3e :G:; cf. Cook 2005, 124 :A:). It may denote "a habit at the time of the narrator's statement, i.e., present time frame" (BHRG §19.3.3 :G:). 
   - <Both are possible>: In many languages a gnomic sense also developed out of anterior verbs (Andrason 2013, 20-36 :A:).#dispreferred 
<!--
  -<Reasons for a new song>: In other places where a congregation is commanded to sing a new song, clear cases of gnomic semantics are never expressed with qatal, but rather yiqtols, participles or verbless clauses
   +['New song' with gnomic semantics]: ‘The Lord goes out (יֵצֵ֔א) like a man of war, he stirs up (יָעִ֣יר) zeal he shouts (יָרִ֙יעַ֙) as well as cries aloud (יַצְרִ֔יחַ); he prevails (יִתְגַּבָּֽר) over his enemies’ (Isa. 42:13); ‘for the word of the Lord is upright, all his works are (done) in faithfulness, he loves (אֹהֵב) righteousness and justice’ (Psa. 33:4–5); cf. Psa 96:5–6; Psa. 144:10; Psa. 149:4
   <_ [Not clearly gnomic]: The yiqtol forms in Isa 42:13 probably describe future events, not timeless ones.#dispreferred
    + [Isa 42:13]: The LORD will march out (יֵצֵ֔א) like a mighty man, like a warrior he will stir up (יָעִ֣יר) his zeal; with a shout (יָרִ֨יעַ֙) he will raise the battle cry and will triumph over his enemies (יִתְגַּבָּֽר). (NIV)#dispreferred -->

The Verbs Refer to Past Events (Preferred)[ ]

The following map presents arguments that the verbs in Psalm 33:10, 13-14 refer to past events. These verses may be rendered as follows:

v. 10: YHWH has thwarted the nations' plan; he has blocked the peoples' intentions.
v. 13: YHWH looked from heaven: he saw all of humanity,
v. 14: he gazed from his dwelling place at all the dwellers of the earth,


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[Past events]: The verbs in Psalm 33:10, 13-14 refer to past events.
 + <Typically Anterior>: "The qātal/perfect typically refers to an event x that happened prior to (i.e. before) another event or situation" (BHRG §19.2.1 :G:; JM §112c :G:). In Psalm 33:10, 13-14, the situation is the speaker's present time, and so the verbs must refer to past-tense events relative to the speaker.
 + <Present Perfect>: The qātal/perfect often refers to anterior events whose effects are still relevant later, such as in the speaker's present time. In English, this may be translated as the present perfect (BHRG §19.2.1.2 :G:; JM §112e :G:).
 + <Global/general past>: The verbs in Ps 33:10 may refer to a general/global past, i.e., multiple past occurrences described a summarizing way (see Rogland 2003, 31, 35-40 :M:)
 + <Viewing a whole>: In Ps 33:13-14, the poet is viewing mankind as a whole or totality; so the verbs "could be understood as preterital or 'perfect,'" as in Ps 14:2, 5; 102:20 (Rogland 2003, 47 n. 120 :A:).
  + [Ps 14:2]: YHWH looked down (הִשְׁקִ֪יף) from heaven upon the sons of man.
 + <Present Time Application Only Inferred>: The verbs in Ps 33:10, 13-14 refer to past tense events, and the audience must infer the present-time application from context.  The subsequent verses speak as though these events could happen again in the present, i.e., what YHWH did then, he can also do now. 
  + [Ps 33:11]: YHWH's plan stands forever; the intentions of his heart [will stand] forever and ever.
  + [Ps 33:18a]: Consider: YHWH's eye is upon those who fear him.
  + <Anecdotal qatals>: The qatal can be anecdotal, so that it is "translated in its most straightforward manner—as a past tense anecdote whose moral message is left for the reader to discern" (Cook 2005, 130-131 :A:).
 + <Ancient support>: Aquila translates these verbs using the aorist, and Jerome uses the past tense. Thus, both translators take these verbs as referring to past events. The LXX translates verses 13-14 with the aorist.
  + [Aquila]: 10: he annulled (ἠκύρωσεν) and he changed (μετήγαγε); 13: he looked down (ἐπέβλεψεν) and he saw (εἶδεν); 14: he covered (ἐπέκρυψε)
  + [Jerome]: 10: dominus dissolvit consilium gentium, inritas fecit cogitationes populorum. 13-14: de caelo respexit Dorninus vidit omnnes filios Adam de firmissimo solio suo prospexit ad universos habitatores terrae
  + [LXX vv. 13-14]: From heaven the Lord looked down (ἐπέβλεψεν); he saw (εἶδεν) all the sons of men. From his prepared habitation he looked down (ἐπέβλεψεν) on all the inhabitants of the earth-

Conclusion[ ]

Although the overwhelming majority of modern translations render the qatal verbs in Psalm 33:10, 13-14 as referring to timeless or habitual events, it is best to take them as referring to events in the past. The qatal form most commonly refers to past events, and this interpretation makes good sense of the verbs in these verses. The reader should understand them anecdotally. These verbs may be rendered with the English present perfect, in which past events are connected to the present time, or they may be rendered with the simple past tense. The context following these verses (in vv. 11, 18-19) encourages the reader to make present-time application of these anecdotal past-time events: what YHWH did in the past, he can do now - for us!

Research[ ]

Translations[ ]

Ancient[ ]

Verse 10[ ]

LXX: κύριος διασκεδάζει βουλὰς ἐθνῶν, ἀθετεῖ δὲ λογισμοὺς λαῶν καὶ ἀθετεῖ βουλὰς ἀρχόντων,^[1]
- The Lord scatters counsels of nations, and he frustrates the thoughts of peoples and frustrates counsels of rulers.^[2]
Aquila: πιπί ἠκύρωσεν βουλὴν ἐθνῶν, μετήγαγε λογισμοὺς λα‹ῶ›ν καὶ ἀθετεῖ βουλὰς ἀρχόντων,
Peshitta: ܡܪܝܐ ܡܒܛܠ ܡܠܟܐ ܕܥܡ̈ܡܐ܂ ܘܡܒܛܠ ܡܪܝܐ ܡܚܫ̈ܒܬܗܘܢ ܕܥܡ̈ܡܐ܂^[3]
- The Lord makes void the counsel of the peoples; the Lord makes void the intentions of the peoples.^[4]
Jerome: dominus dissolvit consilium gentium, inritas fecit cogitationes populorum. ^[5]
Targum: ייי תבר מלכת עממיא בטיל מחשבת אומייא׃^[6]
- The Lord frustrates the counsel of the nations; he makes void the plans of the peoples.^[7]

Verses 13-14[ ]

LXX: ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἐπέβλεψεν ὁ κύριος, εἶδεν πάντας τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐξ ἑτοίμου κατοικητηρίου αὐτοῦ ἐπέβλεψεν ἐπὶ πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὴν γῆν,^[8]
- From heaven the Lord looked down; he saw all the sons of men. From his prepared habitation he looked down on all the inhabitants of the earth–^[9]
Aquila: ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ ἐπέβλεψεν ὁ κύριος, εἶδεν ἅπαντας τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἀπὸ ἑδράσματος καθέδρ(ας) αὐτοῦ ἐπέκ[ρ]υψε παρὰ πάντας τοὺς καθημένους τὴν γῆν,
Peshitta: ܡܢ ܫܡܝܐ ܐܕܝܩ ܡܪܝܐ܂ ܘܚܙܐ ܠܟܠܗܘܢ ܒܢܝܢܫ̈ܐ܂ ܘܡܢ ܡܘܬܒܗ ܚܙܐ ܠܟܠܗܘܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܗܿ ܕܐܪܥܐ/ܕܬܐܒܝܠ^[10]
- From the heavens the Lord looked out; he saw all human beings. ^[11] From his throne he saw all the inhabitants of the earth —^[12]
Jerome: de caelo respexit Dorninus vidit omnnes filios Adam de firmissimo solio suo prospexit ad universos habitatores terrae ^[13]
Targum: מן שמיא איסתכל אודיק ייי חמא ית כל בני נשא׃ ממדור בית מותביה אודיק איסתכל לות כל יתבי ארעא׃ ^[14]
- From the heavens the Lord looked; he saw the sons of men. From the dwelling place of the house of his habitation he looked at all the inhabitants of the earth;^[15]

Modern[ ]

Verse 10[ ]

Present Tense[ ]

The LORD brings the counsel of the nations to nothing; he frustrates the plans of the peoples. (ESV)
The LORD frustrates the decisions of the nations; he nullifies the plans of the peoples. (NET)
The Lord foils the plans of the nations; he thwarts the purposes of the peoples. (NIV)
The LORD destroys the plans and spoils the schemes of the nations. (CEV)
The LORD frustrates the purposes of the nations; he keeps them from carrying out their plans. (GNT)
The LORD frustrates the plans of the nations and thwarts all their schemes. (NLT)
The Lord frustrates the purposes of nations; he foils the plans of the peoples. (REB)
The Lord brings the counsel of the nations to nothing; he frustrates the plans of the peoples. (NRSV)
Yahweh thwarts the plans of nations, frustrates the counsels of peoples; (NJB)
The LORD frustrates the plans of nations, brings to naught the designs of peoples. (JPS85)
The Lord frustrates the counsel of the nations; he thwarts the plans of the peoples. (CSB)
Der HERR macht zunichte der Heiden Rat und wehrt den Plänen der Völker. (LUT)
Er durchkreuzt die Pläne der Völker, er macht ihre eigenmächtigen Vorhaben zunichte. (HFA)
Der HERR macht die Absichten der Völker zunichte; ja, er vereitelt ihre eigenmächtigen Pläne. (NGÜ)
Der HERR macht zunichte den Ratschluss der Nationen, er vereitelt die Gedanken der Völker. (ELB)
Der HERR durchkreuzt die Beschlüsse der Völker, er macht ihre stolzen Pläne zunichte. (GNB)
Der HERR vereitelt den Ratschluss der Nationen, macht zunichte die Pläne der Völker. (ZÜR)
Le Seigneur déjoue les projets des nations, il contrecarre les pensées des peuples ; (NBS)
L'Éternel renverse le conseil des nations, Il anéantit les projets des peuples ; (NVSR)
L’Eternel fait échec aux desseins des nations. Il réduit à néant ce que les peuples projetaient. (BDS)
Le Seigneur défait les plans des peuples, il détruit tous leurs projets. (PDV)
Le Seigneur déjoue les plans des autres peuples, il fait obstacle à leurs projets. (NFC)
L’Eternel renverse les plans des nations, il anéantit les projets des peuples, (S21)
Jehová hace nulo el plan de las naciones y frustra las maquinaciones de los pueblos. (RVR95)
El Señor frustra los planes de las naciones; desbarata los designios de los pueblos. (NVI)
El Señor hace fracasar por completo los proyectos de los pueblos paganos, (DDH)
YHVH hace nulo el consejo de las naciones, Y frustra los planes de los pueblos. (BTX4)

Past Tense[ ]

Der HERR vereitelte den Ratschluss der Nationen, er machte die Pläne der Völker zunichte. (EÜ)
Le SEIGNEUR a brisé le plan des nations, il a anéanti les desseins des peuples. (TOB)

Verses 13-14[ ]

Present Tense[ ]

The LORD looks down from heaven; he sees all the children of man; from where he sits enthroned he looks out on all the inhabitants of the earth, (NIV)
The LORD watches from heaven; he sees all people. From the place where he lives he looks carefully at all the earth's inhabitants. (NET)
From heaven the Lord looks down and sees all mankind; from his dwelling place he watches all who live on earth— (NIV)
The LORD looks at the world from his throne in heaven, and he watches us all. (CEV)
The LORD looks down from heaven and sees all of us humans. From where he rules, he looks down on all who live on earth.(GNT)
The LORD looks down from heaven and sees the whole human race. From his throne he observes all who live on the earth. (NLT)
The Lord looks out from heaven; he sees the whole race of mortals, he surveys from his dwelling-place all the inhabitants of the earth. (REB)
The Lord looks down from heaven; he sees all humankind. From where he sits enthroned he watches all the inhabitants of the earth— (NRSV)
From heaven Yahweh looks down, he sees all the children of Adam, from the place where he sits he watches all who dwell on the earth; (NJB)
The LORD looks down from heaven; He sees all mankind. From His dwelling-place He gazes on all the inhabitants of the earth— (JPS95)
The Lord looks down from heaven; he observes everyone. He gazes on all the inhabitants of the earth from his dwelling place. (CSB)
Der HERR schaut vom Himmel und sieht alle Menschenkinder. Von seinem festen Thron sieht er auf alle, die auf Erden wohnen. (LUT)
Der HERR schaut vom Himmel herab und sieht jeden Menschen. Von seinem Thron blickt er nieder auf alle Bewohner der Erde. (HFA)
Der HERR schaut vom Himmel herab, er sieht alle Menschen. Von seinem Thron aus blickt er herab, er schaut aus nach allen, die auf der Erde wohnen. (NGÜ)
Der HERR blickt vom Himmel herab, er sieht alle Menschenkinder. Von der Stätte seines Thrones schaut er auf alle Bewohner der Erde; (ELB)
Der HERR blickt herab vom Himmel, er sieht alle Menschen. Von seinem Thronsitz schaut er nieder auf alle Bewohner der Erde.(EÜ)
Der HERR blickt vom Himmel herab auf die Menschen; von dort oben, wo sein Thronsitz ist, beobachtet er alle, die auf der Erde leben. (GNB)
Vom Himmel herab blickt der HERR, sieht alle Menschen. Von der Stätte, da er thront, schaut er auf alle, die die Erde bewohnen, (ZÜR)
Des cieux, le SEIGNEUR regarde et voit tous les hommes. Du lieu où il siège, il observe tous les habitants de la terre,(TOB)
Le Seigneur regarde du ciel, il voit tous les humains ; du lieu où il habite, il observe tous les habitants de la terre,(NBS)
L'Éternel regarde du haut des cieux, Il voit tous les humains ; Du lieu de sa demeure il observe Tous les habitants de la terre, (NVSR)
Du haut du ciel, ╵l’Eternel regarde la terre. Il voit tous les humains. De son trône, il observe tous les habitants de la terre. (BDS)
Du haut du ciel, le Seigneur regarde, il aperçoit tous les humains. Du siège où il est assis, il observe tous les habitants de la terre. (PDV)
Du haut des cieux, le Seigneur plonge son regard, il aperçoit tous les humains. De l'endroit où il habite, il observe tous les habitants de la terre. (NFC)
L’Eternel regarde du haut du ciel, il voit tous les hommes. Du lieu où il habite, il observe tous les habitants de la terre. (S21)
El Señor observa desde el cielo y ve a toda la humanidad; él contempla desde su morada a todos los habitantes de la tierra.(NVI)
El Señor mira desde el cielo y ve a todos los hombres; desde el lugar donde vive observa a los que habitan la tierra; (DDH)
YHVH mira desde los cielos, Contempla a todos los hijos del hombre. Desde el lugar de su morada, Observa a todos los habitantes de la tierra. (BTX4)

Past Tense[ ]

Desde los cielos miró Jehová; vio a todos los hijos de los hombres; desde el lugar de su morada miró sobre todos los habitantes de la tierra. (RVR95)

Secondary Literature[ ]

Andrason, Alexander. 2013. “The Gnomic Qatal.” Orientalia Suecana 61:5–53.

Cook, John A. 2005. “Genericity, Tense, and Verbal Patterns in the Sentence Literature of Proverbs.” In Seeking out the Wisdom of the Ancients: Essays Offered to Honor Michael V. Fox on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, edited by Ronald L. Troxel, Kevin G. Friebel, and Dennis R. Magary, 117–33. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns.

Gunkel, Hermann. 1998. An Introduction to the Psalms: The Genres of the Religious Lyric of Israel. Translated by James D. Nogalski. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.

Robertson, A. T. 1947. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research. Nashville: Broadman and Holman.

Rogland, Max. 2003. Alleged Non-Past Uses of Qatal in Classical Hebrew. Assen, The Netherlands: Royal van Gorcum.

Wallace, Daniel B. 1996. Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

References[ ]

↑ Rahlfs 1931.
↑ NETS.
↑ CAL.
↑ Taylor 2021, 117.
↑ Weber-Gryson 5th edition.
↑ CAL.
↑ Stec 2004, 73.
↑ Rahlfs 1931.
↑ NETS.
↑ CAL.
↑ ‘human beings’: lit. ‘sons of man’ (Taylor 2021, 117 n. 4).
↑ Ibid., 117.
↑ Weber-Gryson 5th edition.
↑ CAL.
↑ Stec 2004, 73.

[1] Rahlfs 1931.

[2] NETS.

[3] CAL.

[4] Taylor 2021, 117.

[5] Weber-Gryson 5th edition.

[6] CAL.

[7] Stec 2004, 73.

[8] Rahlfs 1931.

[9] NETS.

[10] CAL.

[11] ‘human beings’: lit. ‘sons of man’ (Taylor 2021, 117 n. 4).

[12] Ibid., 117.

[13] Weber-Gryson 5th edition.

[14] CAL.

[15] Stec 2004, 73.

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Verb Tenses in Psalm 33:10, 13-14

Contents

Introduction[ ]

Argument Maps[ ]

The Verbs Refer to Timeless or Habitual Events[ ]

The Verbs Refer to Past Events (Preferred)[ ]

Conclusion[ ]

Research[ ]

Translations[ ]

Ancient[ ]

Verse 10[ ]

Verses 13-14[ ]

Modern[ ]

Verse 10[ ]

Present Tense[ ]

Past Tense[ ]

Verses 13-14[ ]

Present Tense[ ]

Past Tense[ ]

Secondary Literature[ ]

References[ ]