The Identity of the Daughter of Tyre in Ps. 45:13

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Back to Psalm 45

Introduction

One distinctive feature of Psalm 45 is the prevalence of female characters in the second half of the psalm: princesses (בְּנוֹת מְלָכִים, v. 10a), a queen (שֵׁגַל, v. 10b), a royal bride addressed as daughter (בַת, v. 11a) and princess (בַת־מֶלֶךְ, v. 14a), the young women (בְּתוּל֣וֹת) who are her companions (רֵעוֹתֶיהָ, v. 15b), and the daughter of Tyre (בַת־צֹר, v. 13a). Most agree that a royal wedding is the setting for the psalm, but there is widespread disagreement regarding the identity of the bride and the other women mentioned in the psalm, in particular, the "daughter of Tyre" referenced in v. 13a.

The text of v. 13 reads as follows:
וּבַֽת־צֹ֨ר ׀ בְּ֭מִנְחָה פָּנַ֥יִךְ יְחַלּ֗וּ עֲשִׁ֣ירֵי עָֽם׃

Modern translations typically fall into three categories in identifying the "daughter of Tyre":

  1. The city of Tyre (representing wealthy Gentiles): "The people of Tyre will seek your favor with gifts, the richest of the people." (ESV)
  2. A Tyrian princess:
    1. The bride: "Do him obeisance, daughter of Tyre, and the richest in the land will court you with gifts." (NEB)
    2. A representative from Tyre, bringing a wedding gift: "The princess of Tyre will shower you with gifts. The wealthy will beg your favor." (NLT)
  3. Unspecified: many others choose to translate word-for-word and maintain a degree of ambiguity ("daughter of Tyre"): "The daughter of Tyre will come with a gift; The wealthy among the people will seek your favor." (NASB)

Argument Maps

City of Tyre

This reading of the noun phrase בַת־צֹר understands the participant as a personified reference to the city of Tyre (and its people). The ESV is representative of this reading: "The people of Tyre will seek your favor with gifts, the richest of the people." 


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[City of Tyre]: The term "daughter of Tyre" refers to the city of Tyre and its people. 
 + <Morphological gender>: Countries and cities are often grammatically feminine, and notably the population of a country or of a city may be personified and represented as a woman. (Joüon/Muraoka §134g 🄶)
  + [Similar examples]: Similar titles refer to the city and its people as a whole and personify it as a woman. E.g. "Daughter Zion" (Ps 9:14) and "Daughter Babylon" (Ps 137:8); בָּנוֹת = satellite villages (Num 21:25; Neh 11:25).
  + [Genitive of proper noun]: Sometimes the two words (in this case, ‘daughter’ and 'Tyre,' the proper name of a city) can be in apposition (Joüon/Muraoka §131h 🄶), but normally the genitive is used (Joüon/Muraoka §129f 🄶); e.g. בְּתוּלַת ישׂראל "the virgin (of = which is) Israel" (Jer 18:13). 
 + <Situational context of Ps 45>: Ps 45 describes a royal wedding, at which gifts were expected from political allies; the merchant city of Tyre was known for its wealth (Isa 23:3; Ezek 27-28), so gifts from Tyre would highlight the honour and political reputation of the king and new bride.
 + <Content of Ps 45>: Elsewhere Ps 45 speaks of the international reputation of the king, and of all nations honouring him.
  + [References to the honour of foreign nations]: V. 5 (peoples fall under him); v. 10 (foreign princesses are among his treasures); v. 12b (the richest of people seek the favour of his bride); v. 17 (future descendants will be princes over all the earth); v. 18 (peoples will praise the king forever).
 + <Poetic parallel>: "Daughter of Tyre" is followed by "richest of people," which interprets and generalises the point (Longman, Baker 🄲).
 + <Theological resonance>: The OT contains a repeated theme of the wealth of the nations being brought to Jerusalem, especially in eschatological texts.
  + [Examples: the wealth of the nations brought to Jerusalem]: "Plundering" of the Egyptians, Exod 3:21–22; treasures brought to Solomon, 1 Kgs 10; the restoration of Jerusalem, Isa 60:5–7; the New Jerusalem, Rev 21:26.
 - <Outlier in Ps 45>: The other occurrences of "daughter(s) (of x)" in Ps 45 refer to women; cf. vv. 10, 11, 14). #dispreferred


Argument Mapn0City of TyreThe term "daughter of Tyre" refers to the city of Tyre and its people. n1Similar examplesSimilar titles refer to the city and its people as a whole and personify it as a woman. E.g. "Daughter Zion" (Ps 9:14) and "Daughter Babylon" (Ps 137:8); בָּנוֹת = satellite villages (Num 21:25; Neh 11:25).n5Morphological genderCountries and cities are often grammatically feminine, and notably the population of a country or of a city may be personified and represented as a woman. (Joüon/Muraoka §134g 🄶)n1->n5n2Genitive of proper nounSometimes the two words (in this case, ‘daughter’ and 'Tyre,' the proper name of a city) can be in apposition (Joüon/Muraoka §131h 🄶), but normally the genitive is used (Joüon/Muraoka §129f 🄶); e.g. בְּתוּלַת ישׂראל "the virgin (of = which is) Israel" (Jer 18:13). n2->n5n3References to the honour of foreign nationsV. 5 (peoples fall under him); v. 10 (foreign princesses are among his treasures); v. 12b (the richest of people seek the favour of his bride); v. 17 (future descendants will be princes over all the earth); v. 18 (peoples will praise the king forever).n7Content of Ps 45Elsewhere Ps 45 speaks of the international reputation of the king, and of all nations honouring him.n3->n7n4Examples: the wealth of the nations brought to Jerusalem"Plundering" of the Egyptians, Exod 3:21–22; treasures brought to Solomon, 1 Kgs 10; the restoration of Jerusalem, Isa 60:5–7; the New Jerusalem, Rev 21:26.n9Theological resonanceThe OT contains a repeated theme of the wealth of the nations being brought to Jerusalem, especially in eschatological texts.n4->n9n5->n0n6Situational context of Ps 45Ps 45 describes a royal wedding, at which gifts were expected from political allies; the merchant city of Tyre was known for its wealth (Isa 23:3; Ezek 27-28), so gifts from Tyre would highlight the honour and political reputation of the king and new bride.n6->n0n7->n0n8Poetic parallel"Daughter of Tyre" is followed by "richest of people," which interprets and generalises the point (Longman, Baker 🄲).n8->n0n9->n0n10Outlier in Ps 45The other occurrences of "daughter(s) (of x)" in Ps 45 refer to women; cf. vv. 10, 11, 14). n10->n0


Princess of Tyre

Bride of the Israelite king

This reading of the noun phrase בַת־צֹר understands the participant as a royal Tyrian woman who is soon to be married to the Israelite king. The JPS version is representative of this reading: "O Tyrian lass, the wealthiest people will court your favor with gifts, [v 14] goods of all sorts."[1] 


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[Royal bride]: "Daughter of Tyre" refers to the royal bride of Ps 45 (vocative of direct address). #dispreferred
 + <"Forget your people" in Ps 45>: Ps 45:10 speaks of the bride "leaving her people" to marry the Israelite king; this makes sense only if she is a non-Israelite. Weiser, 1962, 364 🄲). #dispreferred
  _ <Lexical semantics>: "The word (עם) means 'kinsmen' as well as 'people,' and therefore the queen is not necessarily a foreigner." (Kissane, 1953, 201 🄲)
 + <Interdynastic marriages>: Political marriages between royal figures was well-known in the ANE. #dispreferred
  + [Ebla example]: Eblaite princesses were strategically married to foreign kings of politically important city-states; they came with an entourage of female servants and gifts (see Biga, "The Marriage of an Eblaite Princess"). #dispreferred
  + [Babylonian example]: A hymn to King Assurnasirpal II (883–859 BCE) mentions the "daughter of the king of the Patinians" (COS 1.139, lines 17–18; cf. annals RIMA 2:218 column 3, line 76: the king receives the niece of the king of Patinu with a large dowry). #dispreferred
  + <OT precedent>: The OT mentions the non-Israelite wives of the kings of both Israel and Judah; these were likely politically expedient (Edelman, 2000 🄰). #dispreferred
   + [Foreign wives for Israelite kings]: Solomon had many foreign wives (Egyptian, Moabite, Edomite, Sidonian and Hittite); 1 Kgs 11:1–3; 7:8;11:1. #dispreferred
   + [Jezebel, a Phoenician princess]: Queen Jezebel (King Ahab's wife) was a foreign princess, daughter of the king of Sidon (in the area of Tyre) (1 Kgs 16:31). #dispreferred
 + <Jerome>: Jerome's translation supports the vocative of direct address reading. #dispreferred
  + [Jerome]: et o filia fortissimi in muneribus faciem tuam deprecabuntur divites populi. #dispreferred
 - <Ancient versions>: This reading is not supported by the ancient versions (with the exception of Jerome).
 - <Waw syntax>: This reading requires vocative case (since direct speech to the bride), and does not account for the waw-prefix on the noun phrase וּבַת־צֹר (Baethgen, 1904:132 🄲).
  + <Vocative acts like adjective>: "Syntactically speaking an appositional element is always an adjectival modification. It thus functions on the same level as attributive adjectives, status absolutus forms, and relative clauses" (Van der Merwe, 2017 §29.2 🄶).
 - <Verb gender and number>: The vb. יְחַלּוּ is masc. pl. and thus inappropriate for a singular feminine subject.   
 - <Feminine recipient of the gift>: The 2fs suffix in v. 13––"the daughter of Tyre will seek your favour (פָּנַיִךְ) with a gift"––indicates that the daughter of Tyre brings gifts to a female (and therefore not to the king) (Attard, 465 🄰).


Argument Mapn0Royal bride"Daughter of Tyre" refers to the royal bride of Ps 45 (vocative of direct address). n1Ebla exampleEblaite princesses were strategically married to foreign kings of politically important city-states; they came with an entourage of female servants and gifts (see Biga, "The Marriage of an Eblaite Princess"). n8Interdynastic marriagesPolitical marriages between royal figures was well-known in the ANE. n1->n8n2Babylonian exampleA hymn to King Assurnasirpal II (883–859 BCE) mentions the "daughter of the king of the Patinians" (COS 1.139, lines 17–18; cf. annals RIMA 2:218 column 3, line 76: the king receives the niece of the king of Patinu with a large dowry). n2->n8n3Foreign wives for Israelite kingsSolomon had many foreign wives (Egyptian, Moabite, Edomite, Sidonian and Hittite); 1 Kgs 11:1–3; 7:8;11:1. n9OT precedentThe OT mentions the non-Israelite wives of the kings of both Israel and Judah; these were likely politically expedient (Edelman, 2000 🄰). n3->n9n4Jezebel, a Phoenician princessQueen Jezebel (King Ahab's wife) was a foreign princess, daughter of the king of Sidon (in the area of Tyre) (1 Kgs 16:31). n4->n9n5Jeromeet o filia fortissimi in muneribus faciem tuam deprecabuntur divites populi. n10JeromeJerome's translation supports the vocative of direct address reading. n5->n10n6"Forget your people" in Ps 45Ps 45:10 speaks of the bride "leaving her people" to marry the Israelite king; this makes sense only if she is a non-Israelite. Weiser, 1962, 364 🄲). n6->n0n7Lexical semantics"The word (עם) means 'kinsmen' as well as 'people,' and therefore the queen is not necessarily a foreigner." (Kissane, 1953, 201 🄲)n7->n6n8->n0n9->n8n10->n0n11Ancient versionsThis reading is not supported by the ancient versions (with the exception of Jerome).n11->n0n12Waw syntaxThis reading requires vocative case (since direct speech to the bride), and does not account for the waw-prefix on the noun phrase וּבַת־צֹר (Baethgen, 1904:132 🄲).n12->n0n13Vocative acts like adjective"Syntactically speaking an appositional element is always an adjectival modification. It thus functions on the same level as attributive adjectives, status absolutus forms, and relative clauses" (Van der Merwe, 2017 §29.2 🄶).n13->n12n14Verb gender and numberThe vb. יְחַלּוּ is masc. pl. and thus inappropriate for a singular feminine subject. n14->n0n15Feminine recipient of the giftThe 2fs suffix in v. 13––"the daughter of Tyre will seek your favour (פָּנַיִךְ) with a gift"––indicates that the daughter of Tyre brings gifts to a female (and therefore not to the king) (Attard, 465 🄰).n15->n0


Visiting gift-giver

This reading of the noun phrase בַת־צֹר understands the participant as a royal Tyrian woman who will bring a wedding gift to the new royal couple. The NLT is representative of this reading: "The princess of Tyre will shower you with gifts. The wealthy will beg your favor." 


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[Foreign gift-giver]: "Daughter of Tyre" refers to a princess of Tyre who visits Jerusalem to offer a wedding gift. #dispreferred
 + <Poetic parallel>: "Daughter of Tyre" is followed by "richest of people," which interprets and generalises the point (Longman, Baker 🄲)). #dispreferred
 + <OT attestation>: The Queen of Sheba visited Solomon to offer fine gifts when she heard of his wisdom and success (1 Kgs 10). #dispreferred
 + <ANE attestation>: There is widespread evidence of diplomatic gifts in the ancient world, including the celebration of marriages. Along with dowries, was an important part of international relations. #dispreferred
  _ <Diplomatic personnel>: The daughter of a foreign king was not typically the bearer of diplomatic wedding gifts.
 - <Requires positing elided verb>: This reading must supply a missing verb which is otherwise not grammatically necessary.


Argument Mapn0Foreign gift-giver"Daughter of Tyre" refers to a princess of Tyre who visits Jerusalem to offer a wedding gift. n1Poetic parallel"Daughter of Tyre" is followed by "richest of people," which interprets and generalises the point (Longman, Baker 🄲)). n1->n0n2OT attestationThe Queen of Sheba visited Solomon to offer fine gifts when she heard of his wisdom and success (1 Kgs 10). n2->n0n3ANE attestationThere is widespread evidence of diplomatic gifts in the ancient world, including the celebration of marriages. Along with dowries, was an important part of international relations. n3->n0n4Diplomatic personnelThe daughter of a foreign king was not typically the bearer of diplomatic wedding gifts.n4->n3n5Requires positing elided verbThis reading must supply a missing verb which is otherwise not grammatically necessary.n5->n0


Conclusion

On balance, the evidence weighs most heavily toward "daughter of Tyre" referring to the citizens of (the personified) Tyre. This reading follows a well-established convention of referring to cities as "daughter of x," reinforces an existing theme in the psalm––namely the honour and deference of all nations––and does not require emendation or syntactic acrobatics. This interpretation does not preclude the possibility that the bride of Psalm 45 was herself Tyrian, simply that the expression "daughter of Tyre" in Ps 45:13 is referring to the bride.

Research

Translations

Ancient

  • LXX: καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτῷ θυγατέρες Τύρου ἐν δώροις, τὸ πρόσωπόν σου λιτανεύσουσιν οἱ πλούσιοι τοῦ λαοῦ[2]
    • "And daughters of Tyre will do obeisance to him with gifts; your face the rich of the people will entreat".[3]
  • Targum ויתבי כרכא דצור \בתקרובתא ייתון /תהון אתיין למקבל#1#/ ואפיך ישחרון לבית מקדשייך עתירי עממיא׃
    • "And the inhabitants of the city of Tyre will come with an offering, and the rich ones of the nations will seek your face at the house of your sanctuary."[4]
  • Peshitta: ܘܒܪܬ ܨܘܪ ܬܣܓܘܕ ܠܗ܂ ܒܩܘܪ̈ܒܢܐ ܐ̈ܦܝܟܝ ܢܒܥܘܢ ܥܬܝܪ̈ܘܗܝ ܕܥܡܐ܂[5]
    • The daughter of Tyre will reverence him; with offerings the rich of the people will seek your face.[6]
    • And the daughter of Tsur shall worship him with offerings; your face will seek the rich of the people.[7]
    • And the daughter of Tyre shall worship him; even the rich among the people shall seek your presence with gifts.[8]
  • Jerome: et o filia fortissimi in muneribus faciem tuam deprecabuntur divites populi[9]

Modern

City of Tyre

City (metonymic)
  • The city of Tyre will come with a gift, people of wealth will seek your favor. (NIV)[10]
Citizens of Tyre
  • Rich people from Tyre will seek your favor by bringing a gift. (NET Bible)
  • The people of Tyre will seek your favor with gifts, the richest of the people. (ESV)
  • All of the richest people from the city of Tyre will try to influence you. (CEV)
  • the people [fn: Heb daughter] of Tyre will seek your favor with gifts, the richest of the people [v. 13] with all kinds of wealth. (NRSV)
  • Die Leute von Tyrus bringen dir Geschenke, die reichsten Völker suchen deine Gunst. (GNB)
  • Die Bewohner der Stadt Tyrus kommen mit Geschenken, die Vornehmen und Reichen suchen deine Gunst. (HFA)
  • Die Bewohner von Tyrus bringen dir ihre Geschenke, deine Gunst suchen selbst die reichsten Völker. (NGÜ)
  • Les habitants de Tyr [11], viendront t’apporter leurs présents pour gagner ta faveur de même que les peuples les plus riches. (BDS)
  • Y las hijas de Tiro vendrán con presentes; implorarán tu favor los ricos del pueblo. (RVR95)
  • El pueblo de Tiro vendrá con regalos; la gente rica buscará tu favor. (VBL)

Princess of Tyre

Bride of the Israelite king
  • O Tyrian lass, the wealthiest people will court your favor with gifts, [v 14] goods [fn: Meaning of Heb. uncertain.] of all sorts. (JPS)
  • Do him obeisance, daughter of Tyre. The richest in the land will court you with gifts. (REB)
  • Do him obeisance, daughter of Tyre, and the richest in the land will court you with gifts. (NEB)
  • The wealthy among the people, O daughter of Tyre, pay homage to thee with gifts. (Weiser)
  • Alors, fille de Tyr [12], les plus riches du peuple te flatteront avec des présents. (La Bible, Ancien Testament TOB)
Gift-giver
  • The princess of Tyre will shower you with gifts. The wealthy will beg your favor. (NLT)
  • Then a princess of Tyre with a gift, the wealthy of the people will seek your favor. (DeClaissé-Walford, NICOT)
  • Then a princess of Tyre will bring you a gift; the wealthiest people will court your favor. (Craigie, WBC)

Unspecified

  • And the daughter of Tyre shall be there with a gift; even the rich among the people shall intreat thy favour. (KJV)
  • The daughter of Tyre will come with a gift; The wealthy among the people will seek your favor. (NASB)
  • The daughter of Tyre will come with a wedding gift; wealthy people will entreat your favor. (International Standard Version)
  • The daughter of Tyre will court your favour with gifts, [v. 13] and the richest of the peoples with jewels set in gold. (NJB)
  • Und die Tochter Tyrus ⟨kommt⟩ mit Geschenk, deine Gunst suchen die Reichen im Volk. (ELB)
  • Auch die Tochter Tyrus kommt mit Gaben. Deinem Angesicht schmeicheln die Reichen des Volks. (EU)
  • Die Tochter Tyrus kommt mit Geschenken; die Reichen im Volk suchen deine Gunst. (LUT 2017)
  • Auch die Tochter Tyros kommt mit Gaben, deine Gunst suchen die Reichsten im Volk. (ZB)
  • Et, avec des présents, fille de Tyr [13], les plus riches du peuple chercheront ta faveur. (NBS)
  • Et, avec des présents, la fille de Tyr [14], Les plus riches du peuple rechercheront ta faveur? (NVS78P)

Secondary Literature

"While it is possible that a particular daughter of the king of Tyre is mentioned here, it is more likely that the expression is a euphemism for the inhabitants of this Phoenician port city. . . . Since the Phoenicians had become quite wealthy as a result of their control over the carrying trade in the Mediterranean Sea, gifts from Tyre were expected to be lavish, exotic and expensive. Note here the parallel with “men of wealth.”[15]

References

45:13

  1. ↑ Charles Krahmalkov suggests that (with further emendation) Psalm 45 refers twice to the Phoenician princess, using the paired titles princess of Tyre" and "princess of Phoenicians" (reconstructed):
    • hštḥwy lw bt ṣr //
    • kbdh bt mlk pnymh
    • "Show him respect, O daughter of Tyre //
    • "Honor him, O daughter of the King of the Phoenicians [Pōnnīma]!"
    Though specific names are not mentioned, Krahmalkov believes it likely that the marriage is that of Jezebel, the daughter of Ittobaal of Tyre (887-856 B.C.) and Ahab of Israel (874-853 B.C.) (Krahmalkov, A Phoenician-Punic Grammar [Leiden: Brill, 2001], 20. While this, of course, remains a possibility, the conclusion remains speculative.
  2. ↑ Rahlfs 1931.
  3. ↑ A New English Translation of the Septuagint.
  4. ↑ The Targum of Psalms, Stec, 2004. Note that italics indicate what is additional in TgPss as compared with MT or what changes TgPss has made to the sense of MT (p. 23).
  5. ↑ CAL
  6. ↑ Taylor, 2021: 177.
  7. ↑ The Peshitta Holy Bible Translated. Translated by Glenn David Bauscher. Copyright © 2018 Lulu Publishing. 3rd edition Copyright © 2019
  8. ↑ Holy Bible From The Ancient Eastern Texts: Aramaic Of The Peshitta by George M. Lamsa (1933).
  9. ↑ Weber-Gryson 5th edition.
  10. ↑ The NIV text note offers an alternate reading based on Dahood’s suggestion (1:274–75): “A Tyrian robe is among the gifts.” This reading remains idiosyncratic and has not been widely accepted.
  11. ↑ Footnote: "Les habitants de Tyr...": autre traduction: "la princesse de Tyr viendra t'apporter ses présents." On pet aussi comprendre: "O princesse de Tyr, les peuples les plus riches viendront t'apporter leurs présents pour gagner ta faveur." Le roi de Tyr fut le premier à reconnaître la dynastie davidique (2 S 5.11); Salomon a maintenu des relations fréquentes avec lui (1 R 5.15; 9.10-14, 26-28). Centre commercial important sur la Méditerranée, Tyr était renommée pour ses richesses (Es 23 ; Ez 26.1 à 28.19).
  12. ↑ Footnote: Cette allusion a fait croire que le ps. était un épithalame pour les noces d’Akhab et de la Tyrienne Jézabel (1 R 16,31). Mais "fille de Tyr" pourrait souligner simplement la richesse de la fiancée.
  13. ↑ Footnote: "fille de Tyr": il s'agit vraisemblablement de la mariée à qui le poème s'adresse depuis le v. 11; cf. 1R 16.31; certains cependant comprennent "la fille de Tyr" (= Tyr, cf. Es 1.8) et "les plus riches bdu peuple (ou "des peuples," Tg) chercheront ta faveur" (litt. "caresseront ta face" cf. Jb 11.19; Pr 19.6, voir aussi Ex 32.11+; le pronom étant au féminin: on cherche la faveur de l'épouse); cf. Ps 72.10; 1R 10.24; Es 60.3.
  14. ↑ Footnote: “Tyr.” La fille de Tyr peut être celle à qui l'on s'adresse dans les v. 11 à 13, ou elle peut être associée aux plus riches du peuple qui recherchent la faveur d'une autre princesse; dans ce cas lire: “La fille de Tyr et les plus riches du peuple…" Le grec a: “Les filles de Tyr.”
  15. ↑ Victor Harold Matthews, Mark W. Chavalas, and John H. Walton, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament, electronic ed. (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), Ps 45:1–13.