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Difficult Words

References to God

אל/אלהים, יהוה

 DefinitionOccurrencesClusteringIntersectionConnectionsStructure
Psalm 5/Lexical Semanticsאל/אלהים
יהוה		אֱלֹהַי (v.3a), אֵל (v.5a), אֱלֹהִים (v.11a)
vv.2a, 4a, 7b, 9a, 13b; acc. to LXX also v.11b		The recursion of the divine name יהוה as a vocative at the beginning of a line (vv. 4a, 9a) marks the onset of the two major sections in the body of the psalm (S.1: vv.4-8; S.2: vv.9-12). If the divine name occurs also at the end of v.11d (so LXX), then it functions in this verse as well as in v.7b to close the parallel sub-sections 2.3 and 3.3.


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Tetragrammaton

Tetragrammaton

The tetragrammaton, used in direct address at the beginning of lines, functions to demarcate the major sections of the psalm (vv.4a, 9a). The tetragrammaton, used in direct address at the beginning of lines, functions to demarcate the major sections of the psalm (vv.4a, 9a).

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Repeated words

צדק, כל, בְּרֹב, קוֹל, בֹּקֶר, Repeated words

 DefinitionOccurrencesClusteringIntersectionConnectionsStructure
Psalm 5/Lexical Semanticsצדק
כל
בְּרֹב
קוֹל
בֹּקֶר
Repeated words		בְצִדְקָתֶ֗ךָ (v.9a), צַ֫דִּ֥יק (v.13a)
כָּל־פֹּ֥עֲלֵי אָֽוֶן (v.6a), כָל־ח֪וֹסֵי בָ֡ךְ (v.12a); acc. to LXX also in v.7a (כל דברי כזב) and v.12d (כל אהבי שׁמך)
בְּרֹ֣ב חַ֭סְדְּךָ (v.8a), בְּרֹ֣ב פִּ֭שְׁעֵיהֶם (v.11c)
קוֹל שַׁוְעִי (v.3a), קוֹלִי (v.4a)
בֹּקֶר (v.4a), בֹּקֶר (v.4b)		vv.3-4
v.4ab(2x)		The psalmist prays to be guided in Yahweh's righteousness (v.9a), because it is the righteous whom Yahweh blesses (v.13a)
The repetition of כל + bound-phrase may be intended to highlight the contrast between the wicked (v.6a; LXX: v.7a) and the righteous (v.12a; LXX: v.12d).
The repetition of בְּרֹב underscores the contrast between God's character and that of the wicked described in this psalm.		בֹּקֶר is repeated twice in fronted position for emphasis (cf. Ps. 1:2).
2a יהוה
2b
3a קוֹל אֱלֹהַי
3b
4a יהוה קוֹלִי בֹּקֶר
4b בֹּקֶר
5a אֵל
5b
6a
6b כָּל
7a
7b יהוה
8a בְּרֹב
8b
9a יהוה בצדקתך
9b
10a
10b
10c
10d
11a אֱלֹהִים
11b
11c בְּרֹב
11d
12a כָל
12b
12c
12d
13a צדיק
13b יהוה

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Common word pairs

 DefinitionOccurrencesClusteringIntersectionConnectionsStructure
Psalm 5/Lexical Semantics


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Semantically/thematically related words

dwelling, protection, emotion/desire, words associated with righteousness, words associated with wickedness, body-parts

 DefinitionOccurrencesClusteringIntersectionConnectionsStructure
Psalm 5/Lexical Semanticsdwelling
protection
emotion/desire
words associated with righteousness
words associated with wickedness
body-parts		יְגֻרְךָ֣ (act of dwelling/sojourning, v.5b), בֵיתֶ֑ךָ (place of dwelling, v.8a), הַדִּיחֵ֑מוֹ (banishment from dwelling place, v.11a)
כָל־ח֪וֹסֵי בָ֡ךְ (v.12a), וְתָסֵ֣ךְ עָלֵ֑ימוֹ (v.12c), כַּ֜צִּנָּ֗ה רָצ֥וֹן תַּעְטְרֶֽנּוּ (v.13b)
חָפֵ֨ץ (v.5a), שָׂ֜נֵ֗אתָ (v.6b), יְתָ֨עֵ֥ב (v.7b), וְיִשְׂמְח֙וּ (v.12a), וְֽיַעְלְצ֥וּ (v.12d), אֹהֲבֵ֥י שְׁמֶֽךָ (v.12d), רָצ֥וֹן (v.13b)
בְּרֹ֣ב חַ֭סְדְּךָ (v.8a), הֵֽיכַל־קָ֜דְשְׁךָ֗ (v.8b), בְּיִרְאָתֶֽךָ (v.8b), בְצִדְקָתֶ֗ךָ (v.9a), דַּרְכֶּֽךָ (v.9b), כָל־ח֪וֹסֵי בָ֡ךְ (v.12a), אֹהֲבֵ֥י שְׁמֶֽךָ (v.12d), צַ֫דִּ֥יק (v.13a)
רֶ֥שַׁע (v.5a), רָֽע (v.5b), הֽ֭וֹלְלִים (v.6a), כָּל־פֹּ֥עֲלֵי אָֽוֶן (v.6b), דֹּבְרֵ֪י כָ֫זָ֥ב (v.7a), אִישׁ־דָּמִ֥ים וּמִרְמָ֗ה (v.7b), שׁוֹרְרָ֑י (v.9b) הַ֫וּ֥וֹת (v.10b), קֶֽבֶר־פָּת֥וּחַ (v.10c), יַחֲלִֽיקוּן (v.10d), מִֽמֹּעֲצ֪וֹתֵ֫יהֶ֥ם (v.11b), בְּרֹ֣ב פִּ֭שְׁעֵיהֶם (v.11c), מָ֥רוּ (v.11d)
הַאֲזִ֥ינָה (v.2a), עֵינֶ֑יךָ (v.6a), לְפָנַ֣י (v.9b), בְּפִ֡יהוּ (v.10a), קִרְבָּ֪ם (v.10b), גְּרוֹנָ֑ם (v.10c), לְ֜שׁוֹנָ֗ם (v.10d)		vv.12-13
vv.8-9, 12-13
section 2.2 (vv.5-7); section 3.2 (vv.10-11)
v.10abcd		forms connections between parallel lines (v.8ab, v.9ab, v.12ad); forms connection between the structurally parallel sections 2.3 (v.8) and 3.3 (v.12).
forms connections between parallel lines (v.5ab, v.6ab, v.7ab, v.10, v.11); forms connection between the structurally parallel sections 2.2 and 3.2.		gives cohesion to the psalm; Yahweh "hates/abominates/does not delight in" (vv.5-7) the wicked; but he surrounds with "favor" those who "love" his name (vv.12-13)
gives cohesion to vv.8-9, 12-13; strengthens disjunctive parallel between section 2.3 (v.8) and 3.3 (v.12).
gives cohesion to vv.5-7 and vv.10-11; suggests structural connection between these two parallel sections; the language of wickedness in vv.5-7 is repeated in much more creative and figurative ways in vv.10-11
gives cohesion to v.10


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Rare words

Rare words

  • הוֹלֹלִים – The qal participle of הלל occurs only in the Psalms (Pss. 5:6; 73:3; 75:5). In Ps. 5:6 it is parallel to the phrase פעלי און, and in Pss. 73:3 and 75:5 it is parallel to the common term רשׁעים. Each time the LXX translates it as παράνομος/παραναμῶν/ἄνομος/ ("lawless person"), which is used to translate a number of other words (e.g., פָּשָׁע, בְּלִיַּעַל, זֵד). Holladay says that הוֹלֹלִים refers to someone who is "deluded," while BDB has "boastful ones, boasters." In Psalm 75 (vv.5-11), the הוללים are wicked people who boast (הלל) and exalt themselves. The same appears to be the case in Ps. 5, where the הוללים attempt to station themselves before Yahweh's eyes (i.e., attain to a position of royal power [cf. Ps. 41:13]).
  • שׁוֹרְרַי – This noun occurs only in the Psalms (Pss. 5:9; 27:11; 54:7; 56:3; 59:11). The meaning is difficult to determine based on usage alone. What is clear is that the term, like הוללים (above) is part of the semantic domain of "enemies" (אֹיְבִים). These enemies are described disparagingly in v.10. שׁוֹרר is translated consistently in the LXX by the general term ἐχθρός, in the Vulgate by insidiator ("someone who lies in wait"), and in the Targum by מעיק ("oppressor"). In Ps. 5:9, Aquila has ἐφοδεύω (ptc) + dative ("watch over", so BDB) and Theodotion has, similar to Targum, ἀποθλιβω ("oppress, afflict").
  • הוֹלֹלִים – The qal participle of הלל occurs only in the Psalms (Pss. 5:6; 73:3; 75:5). In Ps. 5:6 it is parallel to the phrase פעלי און, and in Pss. 73:3 and 75:5 it is parallel to the common term רשׁעים. Each time the LXX translates it as παράνομος/παραναμῶν/ἄνομος/ ("lawless person"), which is used to translate a number of other words (e.g., פָּשָׁע, בְּלִיַּעַל, זֵד). Holladay says that הוֹלֹלִים refers to someone who is "deluded," while BDB has "boastful ones, boasters." In Psalm 75 (vv.5-11), the הוללים are wicked people who boast (הלל) and exalt themselves. The same appears to be the case in Ps. 5, where the הוללים attempt to station themselves before Yahweh's eyes (i.e., attain to a position of royal power [cf. Ps. 41:13]).
  • שׁוֹרְרַי – This noun occurs only in the Psalms (Pss. 5:9; 27:11; 54:7; 56:3; 59:11). The meaning is difficult to determine based on usage alone. What is clear is that the term, like הוללים (above) is part of the semantic domain of "enemies" (אֹיְבִים). These enemies are described disparagingly in v.10. שׁוֹרר is translated consistently in the LXX by the general term ἐχθρός, in the Vulgate by insidiator ("someone who lies in wait"), and in the Targum by מעיק ("oppressor"). In Ps. 5:9, Aquila has ἐφοδεύω (ptc) + dative ("watch over", so BDB) and Theodotion has, similar to Targum, ἀποθλιβω ("oppress, afflict").


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Borrowed rare words

Other

Bibliography

Include here any bibliography you find particularly helpful for this Psalm. If you drag and drop from Zotero, formatted for Wikipedia Citation, then it will be fully searchable. --> Click to edit for chapter 5: Phonology / Lexical Semantics / Verbs / Nouns / Particles / Figurative / Context / Mathematical / Variants / Summary


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