Psalm 78/Diagrams/4
vv. 30-31
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| לֹא־זָר֥וּ מִתַּאֲוָתָ֑ם | 30a | They had not turned away from the object of their craving |
| ע֝֗וֹד אָכְלָ֥ם בְּפִיהֶֽם׃ | 30b | —their food was still in their mouth— |
| וְאַ֤ף אֱלֹהִ֨ים ׀ עָ֘לָ֤ה בָהֶ֗ם | 31a | when the anger of God rose against them |
| וַֽ֭יַּהֲרֹג בְּמִשְׁמַנֵּיהֶ֑ם | 31b | and he killed some of their strong men |
| וּבַחוּרֵ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל הִכְרִֽיעַ׃ | 31c | and he struck down young men of Israel. |
Macula
לֹא־זָר֥וּ מִתַּאֲוָתָ֑ם ע֝֗וֹד אָכְלָ֥ם בְּפִיהֶֽם׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 30-31]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: זָרוּ they had turned
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="the object of their craving">
noun: תַּאֲוָת craving
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their food">
noun: אָכְל food
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Predicate
verb: was
adverb: עוֹד still
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their mouth">
noun: פִי mouth
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ when
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: אַף anger
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Predicate
verb: עָלָה rose
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בָ against
Object
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַּהֲרֹג he killed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ some of
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their strong men">
noun: מִשְׁמַנֵּי strong men
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִכְרִיעַ struck down
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בַחוּרֵי young men
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
DiscourseUnit [vv. 30-31]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: זָרוּ they had turned
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="the object of their craving">
noun: תַּאֲוָת craving
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their food">
noun: אָכְל food
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Predicate
verb: was
adverb: עוֹד still
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their mouth">
noun: פִי mouth
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ when
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: אַף anger
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Predicate
verb: עָלָה rose
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בָ against
Object
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַּהֲרֹג he killed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ some of
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their strong men">
noun: מִשְׁמַנֵּי strong men
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִכְרִיעַ struck down
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בַחוּרֵי young men
noun: יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=vv-30-31-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 31
v. 31b – For the hiphil כרע as "strike down," (SDBH) rather than simply "make bow down," see the contexts of Pss 17:13, 18:40, and the previous clause here.
Lexical Notes
Note for V. 30
v. 30 – The verb זָר֥וּ could be understood a number of ways. The two primary senses are "become estranged" and "turn away," both of which occur with the preposition מִן of separation as here. The first sense may be intended by the Jerome's (quite unique) take: non indiguerunt de cupiditate sua "they were not in need of/lacking their desire." These two interpretations are similar, however, and supported by the following clause: ע֝֗וֹד אָכְלָ֥ם בְּפִיהֶֽם "their food was still in their mouth." [1]
Note for v. 31
v. 31 – Although the intended sense is most likely "strong men," in parallel with the "young men of Israel" (בַחוּרֵ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל) in the following clause (and the context of the parallel passage in Isa 10:16), there may be some wordplay with the root שֶׁמֶן as "fat, stout," in light of their craving for food in the previous co-text.
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 31
v. 30 – For the construction זור מן, see the lexical notes.
Note for v. 31
v. 31 – The בְּ-constituent following הרג has a partitive function, i.e., "he killed some of them" (BHRG §39.1.b.iv; cf. Bekins 2014, 149 n. 19; Sjörs forthcoming, Prepositional Complements).[2]
Verbal Notes
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Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 32
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| בְּכָל־זֹ֭את חָֽטְאוּ־ע֑וֹד | 32a | In spite of this, they sinned again |
| וְלֹֽא־הֶ֝אֱמִ֗ינוּ בְּנִפְלְאוֹתָֽיו׃ | 32b | and did not trust in his wonderful deeds, |
Macula
בְּכָל־זֹ֭את חָֽטְאוּ־ע֑וֹד וְלֹֽא־הֶ֝אֱמִ֗ינוּ בְּנִפְלְאוֹתָֽיו׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 32]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: חָטְאוּ they sinned
adverb: עוֹד again
Adverbial <gloss="in spite of this">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
Nominal
quantifier: כָל all
noun: זֹאת this
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הֶאֱמִינוּ they trusted
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his wonderful deeds">
verb-participle: נִפְלְאוֹתָי wonderful deeds
suffix-pronoun: ו him
DiscourseUnit [v. 32]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: חָטְאוּ they sinned
adverb: עוֹד again
Adverbial <gloss="in spite of this">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
Nominal
quantifier: כָל all
noun: זֹאת this
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הֶאֱמִינוּ they trusted
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his wonderful deeds">
verb-participle: נִפְלְאוֹתָי wonderful deeds
suffix-pronoun: ו him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-32-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for V. 32
v. 32 – The Syr. reads ע֑וֹד with the second clause of this verse (ܘܬܘܒ ܠܐ ܗܝܡܢܘ ܒܬܕܡܪ̈ܬܗ "and again they did not believe in his works"), though this is unlikely both because of the atnakh accent on ע֑וֹד (as a strong disjunctive) and the following waw on וְלֹֽא־הֶ֝אֱמִ֗ינוּ.
Lexical Notes
Phrase-Level
Note for v. 32
v. 32 – For other instances of בכל זאת as "in spite of this" (Jenni 1992, 359), as the construction has come to be used in Modern Hebrew, cf. Isa 5:25, 9:11, 16:20, Hos 7:10, Job 1:22, 2:10. (For this reading, see the CSB, CEB, DHH, ELB, ESV, NABRE, NASB, NET, NIV, REB, RVC, SG21, TOB, ZÜR.)
Verbal Notes
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Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 33
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וַיְכַל־בַּהֶ֥בֶל יְמֵיהֶ֑ם | 33a | so he made them spend their days in vain |
| וּ֝שְׁנוֹתָ֗ם בַּבֶּהָלָֽה׃ | 33b | and [he made them spend] their years in anguish. |
Macula
וַיְכַל־בַּהֶ֥בֶל יְמֵיהֶ֑ם וּ֝שְׁנוֹתָ֗ם בַּבֶּהָלָֽה׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 33]
Fragment
particle: וַ so
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate <gloss="he made them spend their days in vain">
verb: יְכַל he finished
Object
ConstructChain
noun: יְמֵי days
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: הֶבֶל vanity
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ as <status="alternative emendation">
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: הֶבֶל vanity
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: כִּלָּה he made them spend <status="elided">
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their years">
noun: שְׁנוֹת years
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: בֶּהָלָה anguish
DiscourseUnit [v. 33]
Fragment
particle: וַ so
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate <gloss="he made them spend their days in vain">
verb: יְכַל he finished
Object
ConstructChain
noun: יְמֵי days
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: הֶבֶל vanity
Adverbial <status="alternative">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ as <status="alternative emendation">
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: הֶבֶל vanity
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: כִּלָּה he made them spend <status="elided">
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their years">
noun: שְׁנוֹת years
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
Nominal
article: ה the <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: בֶּהָלָה anguish
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-33-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for v. 33
v. 33 – For the alternative PP כַּהֶבֶל in place of the MT's בַּהֶ֥בֶל, see Aquila's "and he finished their days like vapor."[3] (Cf. the ESV's "So he made their days vanish like a breath").
There is no known Hebrew manuscript evidence for the LXX's ἐξέλιπον (וַיִּכְלוּ) in place of the MT's piel singular וַיְכַל.[4]
Lexical Notes
Note for V. 33
v. 33 – For the grammatical difficulties (according to the most expected sense of piel כלה) and the emendation following Aquila, see the grammar notes. Although such a reading as the ESV's "So he made their days vanish like a breath, and their years in terror" is plausible in light of v. 31, the vanity and anguish mentioned here, however, probably point to the generation of wandering in the desert. The lexical connection between הֲרָגָ֥ם (v. 34) and וַֽ֭יַּהֲרֹג (v. 31) indicates that v. 33 should be read with v. 32.
Phrase-Level
Note for V. 33
v. 33 – The article on both בַּהֶ֥בֶל and בַּבֶּהָלָֽה is one of genericity, as illustrated by the French of the NBS: "Il mit fin à leurs jours dans la futilité, à leurs années dans l'épouvante." For the metaphorical locative reading of בְּ, rather than instrument, see the grammar notes.
Verbal Notes
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Textual Notes
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v. 34
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| אִם־הֲרָגָ֥ם וּדְרָשׁ֑וּהוּ | 34a | Whenever he killed them, then they would seek him |
| וְ֝שָׁ֗בוּ וְשִֽׁחֲרוּ־אֵֽל׃ | 34b | and again look for God. |
Macula
אִם־הֲרָגָ֥ם וּדְרָשׁ֑וּהוּ וְ֝שָׁ֗בוּ וְשִֽׁחֲרוּ־אֵֽל׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 34]
Fragment
particle: וּ then
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: דְרָשׁוּ they would seek
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate <gloss="again look for God">
Predicate
verb: שָׁבוּ return
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: שִׁחֲרוּ looked
Object
noun: אֵל God
Adverbial <status="alternative emendation">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵל for
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: אִם though >> whenever
Clause
Predicate
verb: הֲרָג he killed
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
DiscourseUnit [v. 34]
Fragment
particle: וּ then
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: דְרָשׁוּ they would seek
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate <gloss="again look for God">
Predicate
verb: שָׁבוּ return
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Predicate
verb: שִׁחֲרוּ looked
Object
noun: אֵל God
Adverbial <status="alternative emendation">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: אֵל for
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָיו him
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: אִם though >> whenever
Clause
Predicate
verb: הֲרָג he killed
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-34-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for V. 34
v. 34 – For the compound predicate interpretation, see the discussion of the multi-verb predication at phrase level (as attested, e.g., in the NJPS: "and sought God once again" cf. LUT, NABRE, NIV, RVC). For the waw-coordination in a serial verb construction, see further, the note at v. 6. Here, וְ֝שָׁ֗בוּ contributes the aspectual value of habituality/repetition (Aikhenvald 2018, 6). cf. the similar case in v. 41. Alternatively, וְ֝שָׁ֗בוּ could be considered its own event, i.e., turning back (as the ancient versions and the ESV's "they repented and sought God earnestly").
For the alternative preposition אֵלָיו in place of the the MT's object אֵל "God," see the Syr. ܠܘܬܗ "to him" (cf. the NIV's "they eagerly turned to him again").
Lexical Notes
Note for V. 34
v. 34 – For the temporal interpretation of אִם, see the versions' "when" (ὅταν, בזמן ד and ܡܐ ܕ; cf. BDB, who also cite a similar function in Gen 38:9; Num 21:9; Judg 6:3 and Amos 7:2).
Phrase-Level
Note for V. 34
v. 34 – For the interpretation of the pseudo-coordination of וְ֝שָׁ֗בוּ וְשִֽׁחֲרוּ־אֵֽל as mono-eventive, see the NJPS's "and [they] sought God once again" (cf. Luther 2017, NABRE, NIV, RVC).
Verbal Notes
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Note for v. 34
It is possible to read all three of וּדְרָשׁ֑וּהוּ וְ֝שָׁ֗בוּ וְשִֽׁחֲרוּ־אֵֽל as weqatals, such that they grammatically encode the expected habituality initiated by אִם ""whenever"" at the beginning of the verse.
Note for v. 34
For the temporal reading of אִם, see the lexical notes.
Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 35
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וַֽ֭יִּזְכְּרוּ כִּֽי־אֱלֹהִ֣ים צוּרָ֑ם | 35a | They would remember that God was their rock |
| וְאֵ֥ל עֶ֝לְיוֹן גֹּאֲלָֽם׃ | 35b | and [that] God, the Most High, was their redeemer. |
Macula
וַֽ֭יִּזְכְּרוּ כִּֽי־אֱלֹהִ֣ים צוּרָ֑ם וְאֵ֥ל עֶ֝לְיוֹן גֹּאֲלָֽם׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 35]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּזְכְּרוּ they would remember
Object
ComplementClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי that
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Predicate
verb: was
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="their rock">
noun: צוּר rock
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
Apposition
noun: אֵל God
noun: עֶלְיוֹן Most High
Predicate
verb: was
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="their redeemer">
verb-participle: גֹּאֲל redeemer
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
DiscourseUnit [v. 35]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּזְכְּרוּ they would remember
Object
ComplementClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי that
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Predicate
verb: was
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="their rock">
noun: צוּר rock
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
Apposition
noun: אֵל God
noun: עֶלְיוֹן Most High
Predicate
verb: was
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="their redeemer">
verb-participle: גֹּאֲל redeemer
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-35-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 35
The reference time of the ""redeeming"" has been judged as past, since it most likely refers to the Exodus, whereas the narrative discussion is already taking place in the wilderness, post-Exodus. See, for example, Symmachus' ὁ ὕψιστος ὑπερεμάχησεν αὐτῶν ""the Most High [had] fought on behalf of them.""
Note for v. 35
This verse begins with a shift to wayyiqtol from the preceding waw + qatals as multiple apodoses of the conditional אִם clause throughout v. 34. In macrosyntactic terms, however, this wayyiqtol resumes the TAM of the previous verse, which continues until the end of v. 36.
Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 36
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וַיְפַתּ֥וּהוּ בְּפִיהֶ֑ם | 36a | But they were trying to deceive him with their mouth |
| וּ֝בִלְשׁוֹנָ֗ם יְכַזְּבוּ־לֽוֹ׃ | 36b | and with their tongue were lying to him. |
Macula
וַיְפַתּ֥וּהוּ בְּפִיהֶ֑ם וּ֝בִלְשׁוֹנָ֗ם יְכַזְּבוּ־לֽוֹ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 36]
Fragment
particle: וַ But
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְפַתּוּ they were trying to deceive
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their mouth">
noun: פִי mouth
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְכַזְּבוּ they were lying
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִ with
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their tongue">
noun: לְשׁוֹנ tongue
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
DiscourseUnit [v. 36]
Fragment
particle: וַ But
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְפַתּוּ they were trying to deceive
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their mouth">
noun: פִי mouth
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְכַזְּבוּ they were lying
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: ל to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִ with
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their tongue">
noun: לְשׁוֹנ tongue
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-36-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for V. 36
v. 36 – There is a LXX tradition that reads ἠπάτησαν "they deceived" as ἠγάπησαν "they loved" (see Field, 226; Rahlfs' [1931, 215] apparatus; cf. Gall. dilexerunt and Origen's "Homily 5 on Psalm 77" [2020, 350]), which is most certainly an inner-Greek corruption. Despite being textually unlikely, it is compatible with our preferred view of this verse shedding light on the nature of the previous verse's confession: perhaps the loving YHWH was with words (בְּפִיהֶ֑ם) only.
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 36
v. 36 – We have preferred to gloss וַיְפַתּ֥וּהוּ as try to deceive as shedding light on the nature of the people's confession in v. 35, since YHWH was not, in fact, deceived (cf. HALOT's [985] attempt to persuade and DCH's [798] attempt to deceive).
Phrase-Level
Note for V. 36
v. 36 – For the reading of לוֹ as the recipient of the lie (יְכַזְּבוּ) see Jenni (2000, 143; cf. also Ezek 13:19; Ps 89:36). The other possibility is a לְ of specification, "lie about," which is not preferred in light of the other passages just cited. (For a possible specificational reading with כזב, see Job 34:6: עַל־מִשְׁפָּטִ֥י אֲכַזֵּ֑ב).
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 36
For the struggles with the continuous yiqtol, see TgPs' participle מכדבין and CEB's paraphrase: ""But they were just flattering him with lip service. They were lying to him with their tongues."" See, too, the NIV (cf. the French versions' imperfects): ""But then they would flatter him with their mouths, lying to him with their tongues."" These translations reflect the habituality of vv. 34-37 as a whole (see the comments above).
Note for v. 36
On the interpretation of a wayyiqtol introducing an adversative relationship to the preceding discourse, see Khan (forthcoming, Vayyiqṭol, 54-58); cf. vv. 52, 56, 67, 68. In any case, it continues the habitual pattern established by אִם in v. 34.
Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 37
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וְ֭לִבָּם לֹא־נָכ֣וֹן עִמּ֑וֹ | 37a | Their heart was not committed to him |
| וְלֹ֥א נֶ֝אֶמְנ֗וּ בִּבְרִיתֽוֹ׃ | 37b | and they were not faithful to his covenant. |
Macula
וְ֭לִבָּם לֹא־נָכ֣וֹן עִמּ֑וֹ וְלֹ֥א נֶ֝אֶמְנ֗וּ בִּבְרִיתֽוֹ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 37]
Fragment
particle: וְ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their heart">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Predicate
verb: had not been
adverb: לֹא not
Complement
verb-participle: נָכוֹן was steadfast >> committed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עִמּ with >> to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֶאֶמְנוּ they were faithful
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his covenant">
noun: בְרִית covenant
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 37]
Fragment
particle: וְ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their heart">
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Predicate
verb: had not been
adverb: לֹא not
Complement
verb-participle: נָכוֹן was steadfast >> committed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עִמּ with >> to
Object
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֶאֶמְנוּ they were faithful
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his covenant">
noun: בְרִית covenant
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-37-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for V. 37
v. 37 – For עִם indicating "devotion" (BHRG §39.21.2.d) or "steadfastness" when accompanying niphal כון, see also Ps 89:22.
Note for V. 37
v. 37 – For the otherwise unattested niphal אמן with בְּ in the Bible, see Ben Sira (B) 46:15 וגם בדברו נאמן רועה "And also to his word a shepherd is faithful."
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Textual Notes
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.
Add Exegetical Note
v. 38
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וְה֤וּא רַח֨וּם ׀ | 38a | But he is compassionate. |
| יְכַפֵּ֥ר עָוֺן֮ וְֽלֹא־יַ֫שְׁחִ֥ית | 38b | He forgives iniquity and does not destroy. |
| וְ֭הִרְבָּה לְהָשִׁ֣יב אַפּ֑וֹ | 38c | He repeatedly turned back his anger. |
| וְלֹֽא־יָ֝עִיר כָּל־חֲמָתֽוֹ׃ | 38d | And he would not stir up all his wrath. |
Macula
וְה֤וּא רַח֨וּם ׀ יְכַפֵּ֥ר עָוֺן֮ וְֽלֹא־יַ֫שְׁחִ֥ית וְ֭הִרְבָּה לְהָשִׁ֣יב אַפּ֑וֹ וְלֹֽא־יָ֝עִיר כָּל־חֲמָתֽוֹ׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 38]
Fragment
particle: וְ but
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְכַפֵּר he forgives
Object
noun: עָוֺן iniquity
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַשְׁחִית he destroys
adverb: לֹא not
Fragment
particle: וְ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate <gloss="he repeatedly turned back his anger">
verb: הִרְבָּה he made numerous
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
Clause
Predicate
verb-infinitive: הָשִׁיב turn back
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אַפּ anger
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָעִיר he would stir up
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="all his wrath">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
noun: חֲמָת wrath
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
DiscourseUnit [v. 38]
Fragment
particle: וְ but
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
verb: is
Complement
Nominal
adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יְכַפֵּר he forgives
Object
noun: עָוֺן iniquity
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַשְׁחִית he destroys
adverb: לֹא not
Fragment
particle: וְ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate <gloss="he repeatedly turned back his anger">
verb: הִרְבָּה he made numerous
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
Clause
Predicate
verb-infinitive: הָשִׁיב turn back
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אַפּ anger
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָעִיר he would stir up
adverb: לֹא not
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="all his wrath">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
noun: חֲמָת wrath
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-38-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
Phrase-Level
Note for V. 38
v. 38 – For other instances of hiphil רבה followed by an infinitive construct for repeated action see also Isa 23:16 and Amos 4:4 (see, e.g., the NJPS's "time and again"; cf. also CEB, CSB, ESV, EÜ, KJV, Luther 2017 NASB, NET, NIV, TOB).
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 38
The yiqtol יָעִיר seems best understood as future within a past reference time (so R<E<S): ""he repeatedly turned back his anger and (will >) would not stir up all his wrath.""
Note for v. 38
Although the time reference leading up to this clause is past, this and the following three clauses (וְה֤וּא רַח֨וּם׀ יְכַפֵּ֥ר עָוֺן֮ וְֽלֹא־יַ֫שְׁחִ֥ית) seem best understood as general truths (notice the yiqtols and lack of suffix on עָוֺן֮ ""iniquity,"" despite a number of modern translations supplying ""their""; cf. the NET: ""Yet he is compassionate. He forgives sin and does not destroy""). Another possible reading, yet dispreferred, follows the NIV: ""Yet he was merciful; he forgave their iniquities and did not destroy them."" Our preference for the present reality is supported by the shift to waw + qatal in the following clause (וְ֭הִרְבָּה), which does move back to the past reference time. Delitzsch comments similarly, ""With וְהוּא in ver. 38 begins an adversative clause, which is of universal import as far as יַשְׁחִית, and then becomes historical"" (1871, 370).
Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 39
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| וַ֭יִּזְכֹּר כִּי־בָשָׂ֣ר הֵ֑מָּה | 39a | He remembered that they were flesh, |
| ר֥וּחַ ה֝וֹלֵ֗ךְ וְלֹ֣א יָשֽׁוּב׃ | 39b | a breeze that goes by and will not return. |
Macula
וַ֭יִּזְכֹּר כִּי־בָשָׂ֣ר הֵ֑מָּה ר֥וּחַ ה֝וֹלֵ֗ךְ וְלֹ֣א יָשֽׁוּב׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 39]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּזְכֹּר he remembered
Object
ComplementClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי that
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הֵמָּה they
Predicate
Predicate
verb: were
Complement
Apposition
noun: בָשָׂר flesh
Nominal
noun: רוּחַ a breeze
Adjectival
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: הוֹלֵךְ goes by
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָשׁוּב it will return
adverb: לֹא not
Conjunction
conjunction:
Predicate <status="alternative">
Complement
noun: רוּחַ a breeze
Adjectival
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: הוֹלֵךְ going
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָשׁוּב it will return
adverb: לֹא not
DiscourseUnit [v. 39]
Fragment
particle: וַ and
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יִּזְכֹּר he remembered
Object
ComplementClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי that
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הֵמָּה they
Predicate
Predicate
verb: were
Complement
Apposition
noun: בָשָׂר flesh
Nominal
noun: רוּחַ a breeze
Adjectival
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: הוֹלֵךְ goes by
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָשׁוּב it will return
adverb: לֹא not
Conjunction
conjunction:
Predicate <status="alternative">
Complement
noun: רוּחַ a breeze
Adjectival
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: הוֹלֵךְ going
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָשׁוּב it will return
adverb: לֹא not
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-39-None }}
Grammar Notes
Note for V. 39
v. 39 – The appositional reading has been preferred, as reflected in the ancient versions and most modern versions. A minority position is the repetition of the entire predicate, as reflected in the DHH: Dios se acordó de que eran simples hombres; de que eran como el viento, que se va y no vuelve ("God remembered that they were simply men that they were like the wind, which goes and does not return").
Lexical Notes
Note for v. 39
v. 39 – For the gloss "goes by" for the MT's ה֝וֹלֵ֗ךְ, see the REB's "a breath of air which passes by." See also "a wind that blows past" (CJB); "a wind that blows by" (GNT); "a wind that blows past" (NET). Though the viewing arrangement of the origin and destination of the ר֥וּחַ is not explicit, either passing by the landmark of the experiencer or passing away (KJV) or passes on (NABRE) seem to be in view.
Phrase-Level
No Phrasal notes to display for this diagram.
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 39
Following the qotel הוֹלֵךְ, the yiqtol יָשׁוּב may perhaps be read as gnomic, in an utterance such as this verse (cf. Ps 90:3 תָּשֵׁ֣ב אֱ֭נוֹשׁ עַד־דַּכָּ֑א; Bergström 2022, 153), as reflected in the LXX (and Greek Revisers) rendering of both as participles (πνεῦμα πορευόμενον καὶ οὐκ ἐπιστρέφον ""a breath that passes and does not come again""). The same semantic result, however, is attainable within a more common function of the yiqtol: ""a breeze that goes and will not return.""
Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
v. 40
| Hebrew | Verse | English |
|---|---|---|
| כַּ֭מָּה יַמְר֣וּהוּ בַמִּדְבָּ֑ר | 40a | How often did they rebel against him in the wilderness! |
| יַ֝עֲצִיב֗וּהוּ בִּֽישִׁימֽוֹן׃ | 40b | [How often] did they grieve him in the desert! |
Macula
כַּ֭מָּה יַמְר֣וּהוּ בַמִּדְבָּ֑ר יַ֝עֲצִיב֗וּהוּ בִּֽישִׁימֽוֹן׃
Preferred
(Preferred, but not confirmed); edit diagram
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 40]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַמְרוּ they rebelled against
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Adverbial <gloss="how often">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ as
Object
pronoun: מָּה what
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַ in
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: מִּדְבָּר wilderness
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַעֲצִיבוּ they grieved
Object
pronoun: הוּ him
Adverbial <status="elided">
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="how often">
Preposition
preposition: כַּ as
Object
pronoun: מָּה what
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ in
Object
noun: ישִׁימוֹן the desert
DiscourseUnit [v. 40]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַמְרוּ they rebelled against
Object
suffix-pronoun: הוּ him
Adverbial <gloss="how often">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כַּ as
Object
pronoun: מָּה what
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַ in
Object
article: ה the <status="elided">
noun: מִּדְבָּר wilderness
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: יַעֲצִיבוּ they grieved
Object
pronoun: הוּ him
Adverbial <status="elided">
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="how often">
Preposition
preposition: כַּ as
Object
pronoun: מָּה what
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ in
Object
noun: ישִׁימוֹן the desert
{{Diagram/Display | Chapter=78|DiagramID=v-40-None }}
Grammar Notes
No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
Lexical Notes
Note for V. 40
v. 40 – The name יְשִׁימוֹן, belonging to a location (see 1 Sam 23:19, 24; 26:1, 3), was also used as a generic appellation of desert places (cf. Num 21:20; 23:28; Deut 32:10; Ps 68:8; 107:4).[5] See especially Ps 106:14 for thematic parallels.
Phrase-Level
Note for V. 40
v. 40 – For כַּמָּה as "how often," see also Job 21:17 (cf. Jerome's quotiens in Hebr. here and Vul. of Job 21:17).
Note for V. 40
v. 40 – When יְשִׁימוֹן appears in parallel with articular מִדְבָּר it never seems to take the article (see also Isa 43:19, 20; Ps 106:14; 107:4), this parallel perhaps being sufficient to indicate its function as a generic desert place and not a proper name. Whether a particular locale or description of a desolate place (as understood here), it is quite unambiguously derived from the root √ישׁם "be desolate" (cf. Gen 47:19; Ezek 6:6; 12:19; 19:7).
Verbal Notes
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
Note for v. 40
The exclamative כַּ֭מָּה יַמְר֣וּהוּ בַמִּדְבָּ֑ר affirms the temporal frame, such that the referential present continues ""in the wilderness"" until the psalm takes a step further back into the Exodus in v. 42b. The habitual yiqtol is appropriate following the exclamative כַּמָּה ""How often...!""
Textual Notes
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Add Exegetical Note
Appendix
Files
Diagrams
Notes
- Grammar.V. 1.142421
- Grammar.V. 10.856105
- Grammar.V. 11.741627
- Grammar.V. 12.885665
- Grammar.V. 17.600763
- Grammar.V. 2.200143
- Grammar.V. 24.142971
- Grammar.V. 28.567213
- Grammar.V. 28.666161
- Grammar.V. 32.760091
- Grammar.V. 34.837458
- Grammar.V. 36.822732
- Grammar.V. 39.7727
- Grammar.V. 3a.555136
- Grammar.V. 41.706414
- Grammar.V. 49.683964
- Grammar.V. 50.51497
- Grammar.V. 9.179548
- Grammar.V. 9.257459
- Grammar.Vv. 13-14.484033
- Grammar.Vv. 15.425807
- Grammar.Vv. 3-4.239598
- Grammar.Vv. 47-48.833138
- Grammar.Vv. 5-8.672193
- Grammar.v. 12.333926
- Grammar.v. 12.628604
- Grammar.v. 31.624770
- Grammar.v. 33.270054
- Grammar.v. 42.464194
- Grammar.v. 51.975339
- Grammar.v. 54.993969
- Grammar.v. 55.588213
- Grammar.v. 56.855625
- Grammar.v. 60.389634
- Grammar.v. 64.710118
- Grammar.v. 68.327932
- Grammar.v. 69.814644
- Grammar.v. 69.833981
- Grammar.v. 69a.64577
- Grammar.v. 69b.665636
- Grammar.v. 71.289893
- Grammar.v. 72.315425
- Grammar.v. 8.676290
- Grammar.vv. 21-22.268361
- Grammar.vv. 63-64.711824
- Grammar.vv. 71.447591
- Grammar.vv. 72.9098
- Lexical.V. 13.417473
- Lexical.V. 16.951919
- Lexical.V. 28.690178
- Lexical.V. 29.39767
- Lexical.V. 33.439894
- Lexical.V. 34.227161
- Lexical.V. 40.321522
- Lexical.V. 41.576410
- Lexical.V. 46.253400
- Lexical.V. 47.526706
- Lexical.V. 47.816095
- Lexical.V. 47.870775
- Lexical.V. 48.50141
- Lexical.V. 51.729929
- Lexical.v. 12.715237
- Lexical.v. 15.330857
- Lexical.v. 20.300801
- Lexical.v. 25.480527
- Lexical.v. 31.846026
- Lexical.v. 32.620497
- Lexical.v. 36.655733
- Lexical.v. 39.360776
- Lexical.v. 43.943291
- Lexical.v. 49.367959
- Lexical.v. 54.935896
- Lexical.v. 55.605314
- Lexical.v. 57.320703
- Lexical.v. 57.885972
- Lexical.v. 61.391700
- Lexical.v. 64.201697
- Lexical.v. 65.579388
- Lexical.v. 66.240586
- Lexical.v. 67.998731
- Lexical.v. 7.172068
- Lexical.v. 7.568462
- Lexical.v. 8.623278
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.146086
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.547752
- Lexical.vv. 21-22.997862
- Lexical.vv. 67-70.495489
- Phrasal.V. 14.778101
- Phrasal.V. 14.863017
- Phrasal.V. 14.909224
- Phrasal.V. 15.402091
- Phrasal.V. 16.305229
- Phrasal.V. 27.17093
- Phrasal.V. 27.518179
- Phrasal.V. 28.435429
- Phrasal.V. 33.607554
- Phrasal.V. 34.379869
- Phrasal.V. 36.750609
- Phrasal.V. 37.208950
- Phrasal.V. 37.531292
- Phrasal.V. 38.185771
- Phrasal.V. 40.280869
- Phrasal.V. 40.282367
- Phrasal.V. 41.553378
- Phrasal.V. 48.574563
- Phrasal.V. 51.328780
- Phrasal.V. 52.774916
- Phrasal.Vv. 47-48.492276
- Phrasal.v. 1.257490
- Phrasal.v. 1.364985
- Phrasal.v. 1.972397
- Phrasal.v. 17.102829
- Phrasal.v. 18.194438
- Phrasal.v. 18.647429
- Phrasal.v. 18.701760
- Phrasal.v. 19.896591
- Phrasal.v. 21.487450
- Phrasal.v. 23.828593
- Phrasal.v. 25.702859
- Phrasal.v. 31.565370
- Phrasal.v. 31.576392
- Phrasal.v. 32.50711
- Phrasal.v. 4.812844
- Phrasal.v. 49.450759
- Phrasal.v. 49.539766
- Phrasal.v. 49.837046
- Phrasal.v. 53.508578
- Phrasal.v. 54.394670
- Phrasal.v. 54.406757
- Phrasal.v. 55.444873
- Phrasal.v. 56.464655
- Phrasal.v. 59.161082
- Phrasal.v. 6.549203
- Phrasal.v. 61.788735
- Phrasal.v. 62.979755
- Phrasal.v. 65.80060
- Phrasal.v. 66.323089
- Phrasal.v. 67.189623
- Phrasal.v. 68.327781
- Phrasal.v. 7.624387
- Phrasal.v. 71.680895
- Phrasal.v. 8.323896
- Phrasal.v. 8.795349
- Phrasal.v. 9.235459
- Phrasal.vv. 67-70.887990
- Verbal.v. 11.221785
- Verbal.v. 11.602994
- Verbal.v. 14.20316
- Verbal.v. 15.537593
- Verbal.v. 16.243383
- Verbal.v. 19.593594
- Verbal.v. 20.332525
- Verbal.v. 20.612891
- Verbal.v. 26.281939
- Verbal.v. 29.433596
- Verbal.v. 34.194556
- Verbal.v. 34.356921
- Verbal.v. 35.130232
- Verbal.v. 35.617378
- Verbal.v. 36.17007
- Verbal.v. 36.693195
- Verbal.v. 38.25018
- Verbal.v. 38.328430
- Verbal.v. 39.364644
- Verbal.v. 40.206902
- Verbal.v. 42.858505
- Verbal.v. 44.344645
- Verbal.v. 44.877767
- Verbal.v. 45.22417
- Verbal.v. 47.389324
- Verbal.v. 5.221241
- Verbal.v. 5.824316
- Verbal.v. 50.835859
- Verbal.v. 52.981991
- Verbal.v. 55.239545
- Verbal.v. 56.999975
- Verbal.v. 58.207498
- Verbal.v. 59.350387
- Verbal.v. 60.867341
- Verbal.v. 63.872558
- Verbal.v. 64.349655
- Verbal.v. 65.226504
- Verbal.v. 65.889728
- Verbal.v. 67.885880
- Verbal.v. 68.676677
- Verbal.v. 68.770748
- Verbal.v. 69.462163
- Verbal.v. 70.863288
- Verbal.v. 72.113137
- Verbal.v. 72.119478
- Verbal.v. 8.109937
- Verbal.v. 8.776243
- Verbal.v. 9.357559
- Verbal.v. 9.551787
- Verbal.vv. 21-22.112518
- Verbal.vv. 71-72.907824
Approvals
Current Grammar status is not set for version not set. Current Lexical status is not set for version not set.
References
- ↑ Greenstein (1990, 206) has suggested the sense of "be loathsome," as only clearly attested in Job 19:17: ר֭וּחִֽי זָ֣רָה לְאִשְׁתִּ֑י ("My breath is offensive to my wife," NIV). The nominal form in Num 11:20 (זָרָא), could plausibly be related to this root and provide wordplay from the wilderness sickening of the people's gluttony: "You shall not eat just one day, or two days, or five days, or ten days, or twenty days, but a whole month, until it comes out at your nostrils and becomes loathsome to you." Although this intertextual connection and possible word play is interesting, the syntax (particularly the plural verb and preposition מִן) of our present verse requires one of the two, previously discussed, senses.
- ↑ Cf. the Syr. ܘܩܛܠ ܡܢ ܥܬܝܪ̈ܝܗܘܢ "and he killed some of their wealthy" (Taylor 2020, 319).
- ↑ καὶ συνετέλεσεν ὡς ἀτμὸν τὰς ἡμέρας αὐτῶν.
- ↑ Cf. also the Syr. ܓܡܪܘ ܒܣܪܝܩܘܬܐ ܝܘܡ̈ܝܗܘܢ "they ended their days in vanity."
- ↑ In both Num 21:20 and 23:28, the noun has the article (הַיְשִׁימֹן), confirming the general appellation of desert place (see, however, the REB's "overlooking Jeshimon").