Psalm 70 Semantics

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About the Grammar & Semantics Layer

  What is Semantics?

Semantics is the study of how language is used to represent meaning. The goal of semantic analysis for interpreting and translating the Bible is to understand the meaning of words and how they relate to each other in context. We want to understand what is implicit about word meaning – and thus assumed by the original audience – and make it explicit – and thus clear for us who are removed by time, language, and culture. The semantics layer is composed of three major branches: lexical semantics, phrase-level semantics and verbal semantics.

About the Grammar Layer

The grammar layer visually represents the grammar and syntax of each clause. It also displays alternative interpretations of the grammar. (For more information, click "Show/Hide Grammar Legend" below.)

  Grammatical Diagram Legend

Visualization Description
The clause is represented by a horizontal line with a vertical line crossing through it, separating the subject and the verb.
The object is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause. Infinitives and participles may also have objects. If the direct object marker (d.o.m.) is present in the text, it appears in the diagram immediately before the object. If the grammar includes a secondary object, the secondary object will appear after the object, separated by another vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause.
The subject complement follows the verb (often omitted in Hebrew) separated with a line leaning toward the right. It can be a noun, a whole prepositional phrase or an adjective. The later two appear modifying the complement slot.
When a noun further describes or renames the object, it is an object complement. The object complement follows the object separated by a line leaning toward the right.
In a construct chain, the noun in the absolute form modifies the noun in the construct form.
Participles are indicated in whatever position in the clause they are in with a curved line before the participle. Participles can occur as nominal, where they take the place of a noun, predicate, where they take the place of a verb, or attributive, where they modify a noun or a verb similar to adjectives or adverbs.
Infinitives are indicated by two parallel lines before the infinitive that cross the horizontal line. Infinitive constructs can appear as the verb in an embedded clause. Infinitive absolutes typically appear as an adverbial.
The subject of the infinitive often appears in construct to it. In this situation, the infinitive and subject are diagrammed as a construct chain.
The object of the infinitive is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the infinitival clause.
Modifiers are represented by a solid diagonal line from the word they modify. They can attach to verbs, adjectives, or nouns. If modifying a verb or adjective, it is an adverb, but if modifying a noun, it is an adjective, a quantifier, or a definite article. If an adverb is modifying a modifier, it is connected to the modifier by a small dashed horizontal line.
Adverbials are indicated by a dashed diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. These are nouns or infinitives that function adverbially (modifying either a verb or a participle), but are not connected by a preposition.
Prepositional phrases are indicated by a solid diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. The preposition is to the left of the diagonal line and the dependent of the preposition is on the horizontal line. They can modify verbs (adverbial) or nouns (adjectival).
Embedded clauses are indicated by a "stand" that looks like an upside-down Y. The stand rests in the grammatical position that the clause fulfills. Extending from the top of the stand is a horizontal line for the clause. If introduced by a complementizer, for example כִּי, the complementizer appears before the stand. Embedded clauses can stand in the place of any noun.
When clauses are joined by a conjunction, they are compound clauses. These clauses are connected by a vertical dotted line. The conjunction is placed next to the dotted line.
Within a clause, if two or more parts of speech are compound, these are represented by angled lines reaching to the two compound elements connected by a solid vertical line. If a conjunction is used, the conjunction appears to the left of the vertical line. Almost all parts of speech can be compound.
Subordinate clauses are indicated by a dashed line coming from the line dividing the subject from the predicate in the independent clause and leading to the horizontal line of the subordinate clause. The subordinating conjunction appears next to the dashed line.
Relative clauses also have a dashed line, but the line connects the antecedent to the horizontal line of the relative clause. The relative particle appears next to the dashed line.
Sentence fragments are represented by a horizontal line with no vertical lines. They are most frequently used in superscriptions to psalms. They are visually similar to discourse particles and vocatives, but most often consist of a noun phrase (that does not refer to a person or people group) or a prepositional phrase.
In the body of the psalm, a horizontal line by itself (with no modifiers or vertical lines) can indicate either a discourse particle or a vocative (if the word is a noun referring to a person or people group). A discourse particle is a conjunction or particle that functions at the discourse level, not at the grammatical level. Vocatives can appear either before or after the clause addressed to them, depending on the word order of the Hebrew.
Apposition is indicated by an equal sign equating the two noun phrases. This can occur with a noun in any function in a sentence.
Hebrew text colors
Default preferred text The default preferred reading is represented by a black line. The text of the MT is represented in bold black text.
Dispreferred reading The dispreferred reading is an alternative interpretation of the grammar, represented by a pink line. The text of the MT is represented in bold pink text, while emendations and revocalizations retain their corresponding colors (see below).
Emended text Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold blue text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred.
Revocalized text Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold purple text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred.
(Supplied elided element) Any element that is elided in the Hebrew text is represented by bold gray text in parentheses.
( ) The position of a non-supplied elided element is represented by empty black parentheses.
For example, this would be used in the place of the noun when an adjective functions substantivally or in the place of the antecedent when a relative clause has an implied antecedent.
Gloss text colors
Gloss used in the CBC The gloss used in the Close-but-Clear translation is represented by bold blue text.
Literal gloss >> derived meaning A gloss that shows the more literal meaning as well as the derived figurative meaning is represented in blue text with arrows pointing towards the more figurative meaning. The gloss used in the CBC will be bolded.
Supplied elided element The gloss for a supplied elided element is represented in bold gray text.

About the Lexical Semantics Layer

One major branch of semantic study is lexical semantics, which refers to the study of word meanings. It examines semantic range (=possible meanings of a word), the relationship between words (e.g. synonymy, hyponymy), as well as the relationship between words and larger concepts (conceptual domains). One component of our approach involves not only the study of the Hebrew word meaning, but also of our own assumptions about word meaning in modern languages. Because the researcher necessarily starts with their own cultural assumptions (in our case, those of Western-trained scholars), this part of the analysis should be done afresh for every culture.

For a detailed description of our method, see the Lexical Semantics Creator Guidelines.

About the Phrase-Level Semantics Layer

The Phrase-level Semantics layer analyses the meaning of syntactic units which are larger than the level of the word and smaller than the level of the clause. Specifically, this layer analyses the meaning of prepositional phrases (e.g., לְאִישׁ), construct phrases (e.g., אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים), phrases formed by a coordinating waw conjunction (e.g., אִישׁ וְאִשָּׁה) and noun phrases which consist of a noun plus a determiner (e.g., הָאִישׁ) or a quantifier (e.g., כֹּל אִישׁ).

For a detailed description of our method, see the Phrase-level Semantics Creator Guidelines.

  Phrasal Diagram Legend

Visualization Description
The prepositional phrase is indicated by a solid green oval.
The construct chain is indicated by a solid yellow oval.
When the conjunction ו appears at the phrase-level (not clause-level), it is indicated by a solid light purple oval.
The article is indicated by a solid blue oval.

About the Verbal Semantics Layer

This sub-layer focuses on the relationship between verbs, time and modality. These are important categories for interpretation and translation, and how one analyses a verb can have a significant effect on how it is rendered. This sub-layer has been through several iterations, as it strives to accomplish two things: (1) Transparency for the native Hebrew structures, and (2) Transparency for the interpretation necessary to translate the verbal semantics into other languages.

For a detailed description of our method, see the Verbal Semantics Creator Guidelines.

  Verbal Semantics Explainer

  Verbal Diagram Legend

Conjugations
qatal yiqtol-jussive
wayyiqtol (following qatal)* cohortative
yiqtol participle
wayyiqtol (following yiqtol)* wayyiqtol (following participle)*
weyiqtol inf. construct
weqatal inf. absolute
*Wayyiqtol is colored a darker version of the conjugation it follows.
Relative tense arrows
Relative tense arrows (placed within the appropriate 'Fut/Pres/Past' column) are color coded according to the conjugation of the verb. The arrows in the table below are colored according to the typical uses of the conjugations.
After/posterior/future Imminent future Simultaneous/right now Recent past Before/anterior/past
←
←		 ↤ ↓↓↓ ↦ →
→
Aspect
Continuous Habitual or iterative Stative Perfective
Encoded in words ⟲ ⟲⟲⟲ ⎯ •
Inferable from context ⟲ ⟲⟲⟲ ⎯ •
Reference point movement
Movement No movement
⇐ ⇍
Modality
indicative purpose/result
jussive necessity
imperative possible
cohortative probable
wish ability
(past) conditional interrogative, etc.

If an emendation or revocalization is preferred, that emendation or revocalization will be marked in the Hebrew text of all the visuals.

Emendations/Revocalizations legend
*Emended text* Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is indicated by blue asterisks on either side of the emendation.
*Revocalized text* Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is indicated by purple asterisks on either side of the revocalization.

Psalm 70 Verbal Semantics

For an overview of the Verbal Semantics of Psalm 70, click the expandable button below.

Psalm 70 Verbal Semantics Chart

This resource is forthcoming.


Psalm 70 Semantic Analysis & Diagrams

The following grammatical diagrams are zoomable, and the lexical and phrasal overlays can be toggled on/off. Notes on the semantic layers can be found beneath each verse's diagram.

v. 1

Hebrew Verse English
לַ֝מְנַצֵּ֗חַ לְדָוִ֥ד לְהַזְכִּֽיר׃ v. 1 For the director. By David. To bring to remembrance.


Preferred

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
  Fragment
    PrepositionalPhrase
      Preposition
        preposition: לַ for
      Object
        article: ה the <status="elided">
        Nominal
          verb-participle: מְנַצֵּחַ director
  Fragment
    PrepositionalPhrase 
      Preposition
        preposition: לְ by
      Object
        noun: דָוִד David
  Fragment
    PrepositionalPhrase
      Preposition
        preposition: לְ to
      Object
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb-infinitive: הַזְכִּיר remind
  Fragment <status="alternative">
    PrepositionalPhrase
      Preposition
        preposition: לְ to
      Object
        Clause
          Predicate
            verb-infinitive: הַזְכִּיר remind
            Object
              Clause
                Subject
                  noun: אֱלֹהִים God
                Predicate
                  verb-infinitive: הַצִּיל to rescue 
                  Object
                    suffix-pronoun: ֵנִי me


Notes

Note for v. 1

An alternative placement of the infinitive "rescue me" (see v. 2 below) is found in the Greek tradition, which places it as part of the superscription (see, e.g., Rhalfs' edition, Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus). The accusative κύριον presumably represents the MT's אֱלֹהִ֥ים, though following the infinitive in Greek. It reads Εἰς τὸ τέλος· τῷ Δαυιδ εἰς ἀνάμνησιν, 2εἰς τὸ σῶσαί με κύριον "Regarding completion. Pertaining to Dauid. As a reminder, 2(1) for the Lord to save me" (NETS).

Note for v. 1

The phrase לְהַזְכִּיר occurs in superscriptions of the psalms only here and in Psalm 38 (see the notes there). It is well-attested that the hiphil זכר can communicate the sense of "profess, praise" (HALOT, 270; see, e.g., Isa 26:13; 62:6; Ps 71:16).[1] It is possible this sense is related to "the memorial offering" (so ESV). Alternatively, the intention might be to "remind" YHWH, as suggested by the NET: "written to get God’s attention." On the other, the hiphil participle מזכיר, was conventionalized as a nominal office "recorder" (see, e.g., 2 Sam 8:16; 20:24; 1 Kgs 4:3; 2 Kgs 18:18, 37; 1 Chr 18:15; 2 Chr 34:8). Since Psalm 70 is a generic poem adapted and used in specific circumstances (Ps 40:14–18),[2] it makes sense that this psalm was to be recorded by a Levitical scribe or musician to be performed or used and adapted on different occasions.
No Phrase-level notes to display for this diagram.
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

v. 2

Hebrew Verse English
אֱלֹהִ֥ים לְהַצִּילֵ֑נִי v. 2a God, [hurry] to rescue me!
יְ֝הוָ֗ה לְעֶזְרָ֥תִי חֽוּשָֽׁה׃ v. 2b YHWH, hurry to my aid!


Preferred

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
  Fragment
    Vocative
      noun: אֱלֹהִים God
  Fragment
    Clause
      Predicate
        verb: חוּשָׁה hurry <status="elided">
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לְ to
            Object
              Clause
                Predicate
                  verb-infinitive: הַצִּיל rescue 
                  Object
                    suffix-pronoun: ֵנִי me 
  Fragment
    Vocative
      noun: יְהוָה YHWH 
  Fragment
    Clause
      Predicate
        verb: חוּשָׁה hurry
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase
            Preposition
              preposition: לְ to
            Object
              ConstructChain <gloss="my aid">
                noun: עֶזְרָת aid 
                suffix-pronoun: ִי me


Notes

Note for v. 2

In the absence of the initial "be pleased" (רְצֵ֣ה) in the synoptic parallel of Psalm 40:14,[3] the bare infinitive construct is best read as a complement of a backwards gapped "hurry" (חוּשָׁה), not appearing overtly until the following clause,[4] as illustrated by the CSB: "God, hurry to rescue me. Lord, hurry to help me!" (see also the CEB, KJV, NASB, NIV).[5]
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
No Phrase-level notes to display for this diagram.
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

v. 3

Hebrew Verse English
יֵבֹ֣שׁוּ וְיַחְפְּרוּ֮ מְבַקְשֵׁ֪י נַ֫פְשִׁ֥י v. 3a May those who seek my life be disappointed and ashamed!
יִסֹּ֣גוּ אָ֭חוֹר וְיִכָּלְמ֑וּ v. 3b May those who desire my harm be turned back and be disgraced!
חֲ֝פֵצֵ֗י רָעָתִֽי׃ v. 3c those who desire my harm


Preferred

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
  Fragment 
    Clause
      Subject
        Nominal
          Clause
            Predicate 
              verb-participle: מְבַקְשֵׁי those who seek
              Object 
                ConstructChain <gloss="my life">
                  noun: נַפְשׁ life
                  suffix-pronoun: ִי me
      Predicate
        verb: יֵבֹשׁוּ may be disappointed
        conjunction: וְ and
        verb: יַחְפְּרוּ may be ashamed
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        ConstructChain
          noun: חֲפֵצֵי those who desire
          ConstructChain <gloss="my harm">
            noun: רָעָת harm
            suffix-pronoun: ִי me 
      Predicate
        Predicate 
          verb: יִסֹּגוּ may be turned 
          adverb: אָחוֹר back 
        Conjunction
          conjunction: וְ and 
        Predicate
          verb: יִכָּלְמוּ may be disgraced


Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
No Lexical notes to display for this diagram.
No Phrase-level notes to display for this diagram.

Note for v. 3–5

We follow the LXX's optatives and imperatives and Jerome's subjunctives in interpreting the yiqtols of vv. 3–5 as jussives. All of the English translations consulted likewise provides jussives.
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

v. 4

Hebrew Verse English
יָ֭שׁוּבוּ עַל־עֵ֣קֶב בָּשְׁתָּ֑ם v. 4a May those who say "Take that!" retreat on account of their shame!
הָ֝אֹמְרִ֗ים הֶ֘אָ֥ח ׀ הֶאָֽח׃ v. 4b those who say "Take that!"


Preferred

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject 
        Nominal
          article: הָ those 
          Nominal 
            Clause
              Predicate
                verb-participle: אֹמְרִים who say
                Adverbial <status="alternative emendation">
                  PrepositionalPhrase
                    Preposition
                      preposition: לִ to 
                    Object
                      suffix-pronoun: י me
                Object
                  noun: הֶאָח הֶאָח aha aha >> Take that!
      Predicate
        verb: יָשׁוּבוּ may turn back >> may retreat
        Adverbial
          PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="on account of their shame">
            Preposition
              preposition: עַל upon
            Object
              ConstructChain
                noun: עֵקֶב the cause     
                ConstructChain
                  noun: בָּשְׁתָּ shame 
                  suffix-pronoun: ם them


Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.

Note for v. 4

The word הֶאָח is an expression of satisfaction (SDBH) usually "in response to another's misfortune" (DCH), that is, "malicious delight."[6] It belongs to the category of interjections, which constitute their own sentence fragments.[7] It can also carry a sense of anticipation at victory or vengeance (see, e.g., Job 39:25). Since interjections are considered a universal part of speech,[8] it should be anticipated that there is an appropriate target language equivalent for the Biblical Hebrew interjection הֶאָח. Modern English translations and the lexicons tend to prefer "Aha," however, which does not communicate satisfaction in another's misfortune by any stretch of the imagination. Preferable are "Hurrah!" (REB) or expansions such as “Just look at you now!” (CEV), Ha, dir geschieht recht “Ha, serves you right” (EÜ), "Take that!" "That's what you get!" or the ironic "Well, well..." Alternatively, other translations simply skip the interjection and paraphrase הָאֹמְרִ֥ים לִ֝֗י הֶאָ֥ח׀ הֶאָֽח as "those making fun of me" (see, e.g., DHH, RVC).[9]

Note for v. 4

The compound עַל־עֵ֣קֶב only occurs here and in the synoptic passage of Psalm 40:16. However, עֵקֶב alone is attested a number of times as a causal connector (see Num 14:24; Deut 7:12; 8:20; Isa 5:23), perhaps semantically extended from the sense of עֵקֶב as "reward, result" (e.g., Ps 19:12), just as עַל alone also is.[10]
No Verbal notes to display for this diagram.

Note for v. 4

Seemingly caused by harmonization towards the synoptic passage of Psalm 40:16, a number of Medieval manuscripts read ישמו or ישומו "let them be appalled" for the יָ֭שׁוּבוּ "let them turn back" found in the MT,[11] the latter of which finds support in the ancient versions.[12] See, for example, the RSV of the present verse: "Let them be appalled because of their shame who say, 'Aha, Aha!'” Similarly, an even larger number of manuscripts and also ancient versions contain the prepositional phrase לִי after "those saying" (הָ֝אֹמְרִ֗ים), as illustrated by the NIV: "May those who say to me, “Aha! Aha!” turn back because of their shame." The CTAT committee have graded the MT as {B} in this case, in light of the strong attestation among the ancient versions.[13]

v. 5

Hebrew Verse English
יָ֘שִׂ֤ישׂוּ וְיִשְׂמְח֨וּ ׀ בְּךָ֗ כָּֽל־מְבַ֫קְשֶׁ֥יךָ v. 5a May all those who seek you be glad and rejoice in you!
וְיֹאמְר֣וּ תָ֭מִיד יִגְדַּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֑ים v. 5b And may those who love your salvation always say, "Let God be praised!
אֹ֝הֲבֵ֗י יְשׁוּעָתֶֽךָ׃ v. 5c those who love your salvation


Preferred

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
  Fragment
    ClauseCluster
      Clause 
        Subject
          Nominal
            ConstructChain 
              verb-participle: מְבַקְשֶׁי those who seek
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
            adjective: כָּל all
        Predicate
          verb: יָשִׂישׂוּ may be glad
          conjunction: וְ and 
          verb: יִשְׂמְחוּ may rejoice
          Adverbial 
            PrepositionalPhrase
              Preposition
                preposition: בְּ in 
              Object
                suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
      Conjunction 
        conjunction: וְ and
      Clause
        Subject
          ConstructChain
            verb-participle: אֹהֲבֵי those who love
            ConstructChain <gloss="your salvation">
              noun: יְשׁוּעָתֶ salvation
              suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
        Predicate  
          verb: יֹאמְרוּ may say 
          adverb: תָמִיד always
          Object
            Clause 
              Subject
                noun: אֱלֹהִים God
              Predicate 
                verb: יִגְדַּל let be pronounced great >> let be praised


Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.

Note for v. 5

For the simple declarative "be great" (גדל), we would expect the qatal stative form, as in 2 Samuel 7:22 and Psalm 104:1, for example. It is unlikely that the yiqtol in the present verse communicates "may YHWH be great" or "YHWH will be great," since this reality is unquestioned in the biblical literature. Rather, the qal binyan here probably reduces the valency of the corresponding piel in the function of an estimative piel.[14] See, for example, the qal "Can a man be pure before his Maker? (מֵ֝עֹשֵׂ֗הוּ יִטְהַר־גָּֽבֶר)" (Job 4:17, ESV) and piel "the priest shall pronounce him clean (וְטִהֲר֤וֹ הַכֹּהֵן֙)" (Lev 13:6, ESV). The same distinction may hold between qal and piel גדל, as in "I will pronounce him great" ➞ "I will magnify him with thanksgiving (וַאֲגַדְּלֶ֥נּוּ בְתוֹדָֽה)" (Ps 69:31, ESV) and "May God pronounced great" ➞ "May God be praised" here.[15] See, for example, the LXX: Μεγαλυνθήτω ὁ θεός "Let God be magnified!" (NETS; cf. Ps 40:17 and the optative Μεγαλυνθείη in Codex Vaticanus of Ps 35:27).[16]
No Phrase-level notes to display for this diagram.

Note for v. 5

For the jussive reading of the yiqtol יִגְדַּ֣ל, see the lexical note. Alternatively, some understand it as a stative indicative, for example the NIV: "The Lord is great!"
No Textual notes to display for this diagram.

v. 6

Hebrew Verse English
וַאֲנִ֤י ׀ עָנִ֣י וְאֶבְיוֹן֮ v. 6a But I am poor and needy.
אֱלֹהִ֪ים חֽוּשָׁ֫ה־לִּ֥י v. 6b God, hurry to me!
עֶזְרִ֣י וּמְפַלְטִ֣י אַ֑תָּה v. 6c You are my help and my deliverer.
יְ֝הוָ֗ה אַל־תְּאַחַֽר׃ v. 6d YHWH, do not delay!


Preferred

SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
  Fragment
    Conjunction
      conjunction: וַ but
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        noun: אֲנִי I 
      Predicate
        verb: am
        Complement
          noun: עָנִי poor
          conjunction: וְ and 
          noun: אֶבְיוֹן needy 
  Fragment 
    Vocative
      noun: אֱלֹהִים God
  Fragment
    Clause
      Predicate 
        verb: חוּשָׁה hurry
        Adverbial 
          PrepositionalPhrase 
            Preposition
              preposition: ל to
            Object
              suffix-pronoun: ִי me 
  Fragment
    Clause
      Subject
        noun: אַתָּה you
      Predicate
        verb: are
        Complement
          ConstructChain <gloss="my help">
            noun: עֶזְרִי help
            suffix-pronoun: ִי me 
          conjunction: וּ and 
          ConstructChain <gloss="my deliverer">
            verb-participle: מְפַלְט deliverer
            suffix-pronoun: ִי me 
  Fragment
    Vocative
      noun: יְהוָה YHWH
  Fragment
    Clause
      Predicate
        verb: תְּאַחַר delay
        adverb: אַל do not


Notes

No Grammar notes to display for this diagram.
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Note for v. 6

The word pair "poor and needy" (עָנִ֣י וְאֶבְיוֹן֮), being near synonyms,[17] most likely constitutes a hendiadys,[18] so could equally well be rendered something along the lines of "truly poor."[19] The pair in the third line of the verse, "my help and my deliverer" (עֶזְרִ֣י וּמְפַלְטִ֣י), could also be considered a hendiadys: "my helping deliverer."[20]
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  1. ↑ See also the lexical notes on זֵ֣כֶר קָדְשֽׁוֹ in Psalm 30:5.
  2. ↑ See the full discussion in the exegetical issue The Relationship Between Psalm 40:14–18 and Psalm 70.
  3. ↑ See, however, the addition provided by the NET in this verse: "O God, please be willing to rescue me. O Lord, hurry and help me" (see also the NRSV).
  4. ↑ So Meiri.
  5. ↑ It is possible, though less likely, that the infinitive construct is functioning independently as an imperative. For other possible examples of such a phenomenon, see the LXX of לִשְׁמֹ֗ר in Deut 4:2 (φυλάσσεσθε); the Vulgate of לִשְׁמֹ֤עַ in 1 Kgs 8:28 (audi); and וּֽלֲהַבְדִּ֔יל in Lev 10:10 ("You are to distinguish..." ESV). See Sjörs, "Infinitive Construct." Such a reading here is found, for example, in the CJB: "God, rescue me! Adonai, hurry and help me!" (cf. the Peshitta's ܐܠܗܐ ܦܨܢܝ "God, rescue me!").
  6. ↑ Murtonen 1990:2, 32. See also Rashi: לְשׁוֹן חֶדְוָה, בִּרְאוֹתוֹ בְּאוֹיְבוֹ כִּרְצוֹנוֹ "an expression of joy, when one looks on his enemy according to his desire."
  7. ↑ See Andrason et al. 2020 and Atkinson, "Sentence Fragments." If the "three categories [of interjections] ... are the expressive, with focus on the speaker’s state, the conative, with emphasis on the speaker’s wishes, and the phatic which has to do with the establishment of contact" (Ameka 1992, 113), here we have an example of an expressive interjection.
  8. ↑ Ameka 1992.
  9. ↑ See, similarly, Targum Psalms' דאמרין עלי חדינא חדינא "[those] who say concerning me, 'We rejoice! We rejoice!" (Stec 2004, 137).
  10. ↑ Mena 2012, 123.
  11. ↑ See VTH, 365 and Variae Lectionis vol. 4, 49.
  12. ↑ Somewhat uniquely, however, the Peshitta maintains the same formulation found in Ps 40:16: ܢܬܡܗܘܢ ܒܬܢܝܐ ܕܒܗܬܬܗܘܢ "May they be amazed again by the disgrace" (Taylor 2020, 277).
  13. ↑ Barthélemy et al. 2005, 489. See, for example, the LXX, Peshitta and Targum Psalms. Jerome's Iuxta Hebraeos, on the other hand, reflects the MT.
  14. ↑ See Penney 2026.
  15. ↑ For the same construction יִגְדַּל יְהוָה, see also the synoptic passage in Ps 40:17, as well as Mal 1:5 and Ps 35:27.
  16. ↑ In the latter, Aquila and Quinta also read Μεγαλυνθήτω, contra Symmachus (μέγας).
  17. ↑ Weisblit 1974, 78.
  18. ↑ Lillas 2012, 541.
  19. ↑ Tate 1998, 203.
  20. ↑ Tate 1998, 204. Notice the parallel structure if these two word pairs in the four lines of the verse, alternating with urgent requests for YHWH's help (Weisblit 1974, 78):
    וַאֲנִ֤י׀ עָנִ֣י וְאֶבְיוֹן֮
    אֱלֹהִ֪ים חֽוּשָׁ֫ה־לִּ֥י
    עֶזְרִ֣י וּמְפַלְטִ֣י אַ֑תָּה
    יְ֝הוָ֗ה אַל־תְּאַחַֽר׃