Verbs

Verb forms

Definition Feature being studied	Occurrences Sections where this feature is present or absent	Clustering	Intersection	Connections	Structure
participle	וְרוֹזֹנִים (v.2b), יֹושֵׁב (v.4a), יֹוצֵר (v.9b), שֹׁפְטֵי (v.10b), חֹוסֵי (v.12d)
cohortative	נְֽנַתְּקָה (v.3a), וְנַשְׁלִיכָה (v.3b), אֲסַפְּרָה (v.7a), וְאֶתְּנָה (v.8b)	v.3	first section (2x) and third section (2x)	The cohortatives spoken by the rebels (v.3) are met by those of Yahweh (v.8b) and his king (v.7a).	The decree of the third section deals with the problems introduced in the first section.
yiqtol	יֶהְגּוּ (v.1b), יִתְיַצְּבוּ (v.2a), יִשְׂחָק (v.4a), יִלְעַג (v.4b), יְדַבֵּ֣ר (v.5a), יְבַהֲלֵמֹו (v.5b), תְּרֹעֵם (v.9a), תְּנַפְּצֵם (v.9b), יֶאֱנַף (v.12b), וְתֹאבְדוּ (v.12b [weyiqtol]), יִבְעַר (v.12c)	vv.4-5(4x)	only at v.4a does the feature intersect with a sectional boundary		Used along with qatal to form a chiasm in vv.1-2.
imperative	שְׁאַל (v.8a), הַשְׂכִּ֑ילוּ (v.10a), הִוָּסְרוּ (v.10b), עִבְדו (v.11a), וְגִילוּ (v.11b), נַשְּׁקוּ (v.12a)	vv.10-12(5x)	Imperatives occur at the beginning of and throughout the final section (vv.10-12)		Cohesion and discontinuity: vv.10-12 are set off from the rest of the psalm by the clustering of imperatives.
qatal	רָגְשׁוּ (v.1a), נֹוסְדוּ (v.2b), נָסַכְתִּי (v.6a), אָמַר (v.7a), יְלִדְתִּיךָ (v.7d)	absent in fourth/final section	beginning of first section (v.1); end of second section (v.6)		Used along with yiqtol to form a chiasm in vv.1-2.

See table on below.

Conjugation

"The verbal conjugations in 1a-2b form chiasms of both gender and conjugation."^[1]
"The two longest lines (2bc and 6ab) mark changes of subject (and each has a qatal predicate following two or four lines with yiqtol): 2b ends the description of the rulers' activities and is followed by their exclamations (3a-b), and 6 contains YHWH's declaration."^[2]

TAM

v. 2a. The Hebrew imperfect form (יֶהְגּוּ) describes the rebellion as already underway.
v. 2b. The imperfect verbal form (יִתְיַצְּבוּ) describes their action as underway or ongoing
v. 4-5 The Hebrew imperfect verbal forms in vv. 4-5 depict a dramatic scene, describing the action from the perspective of an eyewitness (the prophetic-psalmist) who is watching the divine response as it unfolds before his eyes.
v. 8a The initial cohortative verb אֶתְּנָה after the imperative שְׁאַל has a resultative sense.

This feature is considered relevant for this psalm.,

Person, gender and number

Definition Feature being studied	Occurrences Sections where this feature is present or absent	Clustering	Intersection	Connections	Structure
3rd person	רָגְשׁוּ (v.1a), יֶהְגּוּ (v.1b), יִתְיַצְּבוּ (v.2a), נֹוסְדוּ (v.2b), יִשְׂחָק (v.4a), יִלְעַג (v.4b), יְדַבֵּ֣ר (v.5a), יְבַהֲלֵמֹו (v.5b), אָמַר (v.7b), יֶאֱנַף (v.12b), יִבְעַר (v.12c)	vv.1-2; vv. 4-5; v.12bc; less frequent in second half of psalm	beginning of psalm (v.1); end of psalm (v.12); beginning of second section (v.4)		The psalm is framed by third person verbs (vv.1, 12).
2nd person	שְׁאַל (v.8a), תְּרֹעֵם (v.9a), תְּנַפְּצֵם (v.9b), הַשְׂכִּ֑ילוּ (v.10a), הִוָּסְרוּ (v.10b), עִבְדוּ (v.11a), וְגִילוּ (v.11b), נַשְּׁקוּ (v.12a), וְתֹאבְדוּ (v.12b)	vv.8-12; absent in first half of psalm.	end of third section (v.9); beginning of fourth section (v.10)
1st person	נְֽנַתְּקָה (v.3a), וְנַשְׁלִיכָה (v.3b), נָסַכְתִּי (v.6a), אֲסַפְּרָה (v.7a), יְלִדְתִּיךָ (v.7d), וְאֶתְּנָה (v.8b)	v.3(2x); middle of psalm (vv.6-8[4x])	end of first section (v.3); end of second section (v.6); beginning of third section (v.7a)	The first person verbs are set in the mouths of three different speakers: the Psalmist-king (v.7a), his enemies (v.3ab) and Yahweh (vv.6-8), whose speeches form the thematic backbone of the psalm.	1st person verbs indicate closure at v.3 and v.6.
singular	יֹושֵׁב (v.4a), יִשְׂחָק (v.4a), יִלְעַג (v.4b), יְדַבֵּ֣ר (v.5a), יְבַהֲלֵמֹו (v.5b), נָסַכְתִּי (v.6a), אֲסַפְּרָה (v.7a), אָמַר (v.7b), יְלִדְתִּיךָ (v.7d), שְׁאַל (v.8a), וְאֶתְּנָה (v.8b), תְּרֹעֵם (v.9a), יֹוצֵר (v.9b), תְּנַפְּצֵם (v.9b), יֶאֱנַף (v.12b), יִבְעַר (v.12c)	vv.4-9	only singular verbs in the middle sections (vv.4-9)	Sections 2 (vv.4-6) and 3 (vv.7-9) are closely connected in this way. They focus on singular actors (Yahweh and his king), whereas the outer sections focus on plural actors (the nations).	This feature creates additional discontinuity between sections 1 and 2 and sections 3 and 4. It creates continuity between sections 2 and 3.
plural	רָגְשׁוּ (v.1a), יֶהְגּוּ (v.1b), יִתְיַצְּבוּ (v.2a), רוֹזֹנִים (v.2b), נֹוסְדוּ (v.2b), נְֽנַתְּקָה (v.3a), וְנַשְׁלִיכָה (v.3b), הַשְׂכִּ֑ילוּ (v.10a), הִוָּסְרוּ (v.10b), שֹׁפְטֵי (v.10b), עִבְדוּ (v.11a), וְגִילוּ (v.11b), נַשְּׁקוּ (v.12a), וְתֹאבְדוּ (v.12b)	vv.1-3; vv.10-12	only in the first (vv.1-3) and last (vv.10-12) sections; plural verbs begin both of these sections; absent in sections 2 and 3	forms connection between first and final sections	This feature creates additional discontinuity between sections 1 and 2 and sections 3 and 4. It also suggests a correspondence between sections 1 and 4.

See table on below.
This feature is considered relevant for this psalm.,

Paragogic letters

Definition Feature being studied	Occurrences Sections where this feature is present or absent	Clustering	Intersection	Connections	Structure
paragogic ה	נְֽנַתְּקָה (v.3a), וְנַשְׁלִיכָה (v.3b), אֲסַפְּרָה (v.7a), וְאֶתְּנָה (v.8b)	v.3	Verbs with the paragogic ה suffix appear to occur at points of thematic discontinuity (boundaries: 3ab, 7a; peak?: 8b): final verbs of the first section (נְֽנַתְּקָה, וְנַשְׁלִיכָה); first verb of the third section (אֲסַפְּרָה); the verb at the center (4th line/clause) of Yahweh's 7-line decree (וְאֶתְּנָה).	The declarations of rebellion in v.3 are answered by Yahweh (v.8b) and his king (v.7a).	It might mark points of thematic discontinuity/peak.

See table on below.
This feature is considered relevant for this psalm.,

Verb stem types (binyanim)

Definition Feature being studied	Occurrences Sections where this feature is present or absent	Clustering	Intersection	Connections	Structure
Qal	רָגְשׁוּ (v.1a), יֶהְגּוּ (v.1b), רוֹזְנִים (v.2b), יֹושֵׁב (v.4a), יִשְׂחָק (v.4a), יִלְעַג (v.4b), נָסַכְתִּי (v.6a), אָמַר (v.7b), יְלִדְתִּיךָ (v.7d), שְׁאַל (v.8a), וְאֶתְּנָה (v.8b), תְּרֹעֵם (v.9a), יֹוצֵר (v.9b), שֹׁפְטֵי (v.10b), עִבְדוּ (v.11a), וְגִילוּ (v.11b), יֶאֱנַף (v.12b), וְתֹאבְדוּ (v.12b), יִבְעַר (v.12c), חֹוסֵי (v.12d)	vv.7-9, v.12bc; elsewhere, parallel Qals at v.1, 4, 11.	beginning of psalm (v.1); beginning of second section (v.4); end of second section (v.6)
Hithpael	יִתְיַצְּבוּ (v.2a)
Niphal	נֹוסְדוּ (v.2b), הִוָּסְרוּ (v.10b)	only twice, not close to each other.	in the first and final sections	The niphal verb in v. 2b (נֹוסְדוּ) corresponds phonologically and orthographically to the only other niphal verb in the psalm (הִוָּסְרוּ, v. 10b). This correspondence tightens the contrastive link between what the rebellious kings are saying in section A and what they are commanded to do in section A'.	suggests a correspondence between the first and final sections of the psalm
Piel	נְֽנַתְּקָה (v.3a), יְדַבֵּ֣ר (v.5a), יְבַהֲלֵמֹו (v.5b), אֲסַפְּרָה (v.7a), תְּנַפְּצֵם (v.9b), נַשְּׁקוּ (v.12a)	v.5	The first and last verb of the third section are piel (morphological inclusio), while every verb in between is qal.		Forms inclusio in third section
Hiphil	וְנַשְׁלִיכָה (v.3b), הַשְׂכִּ֑ילוּ (v.10a)	only twice, not close to each other	end of first section (v.3b); beginning of fourth section (v.10a)	The hiphil verb in v. 3a (וְנַשְׁלִיכָה) happens to correspond phonologically and orthographically with the only other hiphil verb in the psalm (הַשְׂכִּ֑ילוּ, v. 10a). This correspondence tightens the contrastive link between what the rebellious kings are saying in section A and what they are commanded to do in section A'.	Hiphils marks points of discontinuity (closure in v.3b and aperture in v.10a). This feature also suggests a correspondence between the first and final sections of the psalm.