Welcome to the DRAFT Verse-by-Verse Notes for Psalm 12!
The Verse-by-Verse Notes present scholarly, exegetical materials (from all layers of analysis) in a verse-by-verse format. They often present alternative interpretive options and justification for a preferred interpretation. The Verse-by-Verse Notes are aimed at consultant-level users.
The discussion of each verse of this psalm includes the following items.
A link to the part of the overview video where the verse in question is discussed.
A grammatical diagram of the verse, which includes glosses for each word and phrase.[3]
A series of notes on the verse, which contain information pertaining to the interpretation of the psalm (e.g., meaning of words and phrases, poetic features, difficult grammatical constructions, etc.).
For the director. On the eight-tone scale. A psalm by David.
Expanded Paraphrase
Grammatical Diagram
Notes
Problem (vv. 2-3)
v. 2
Watch the Overview video on v. 2.
v.
Hebrew
Close-but-clear
2a
הוֹשִׁ֣יעָה יְ֭הוָה כִּי־גָמַ֣ר חָסִ֑יד
Help, YHWH! For the loyal one has disappeared;
2b
כִּי־פַ֥סּוּ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים מִבְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם׃
for faithful ones have vanished from among humanity.
Expanded Paraphrase
Grammatical Diagram
Notes
v. 3
Watch the Overview video on v. 3.
v.
Hebrew
Close-but-clear
3a
שָׁ֤וְא ׀ יְֽדַבְּרוּ֮ אִ֤ישׁ אֶת־רֵ֫עֵ֥הוּ
They speak falsehood, each with his neighbour;
3b
שְׂפַ֥ת חֲלָק֑וֹת בְּלֵ֖ב וָלֵ֣ב יְדַבֵּֽרוּ׃
with flattering lips, with duplicity they speak.
Expanded Paraphrase
Grammatical Diagram
Notes
Proud words (vv. 4-5)
vv. 4-5
Watch the Overview video on v. 4-5.
v.
Hebrew
Close-but-clear
4a
יַכְרֵ֣ת יְ֭הוָה כָּל־שִׂפְתֵ֣י חֲלָק֑וֹת
May YHWH exterminate all flattering lips,
4b
לָ֝שׁ֗וֹן מְדַבֶּ֥רֶת גְּדֹלֽוֹת׃׃
[every] tongue speaking great things,
5a
אֲשֶׁ֤ר אָֽמְר֨וּ ׀ לִלְשֹׁנֵ֣נוּ נַ֭גְבִּיר
[all] who have said, “We can speak boldly;
5b
שְׂפָתֵ֣ינוּ אִתָּ֑נוּ מִ֖י אָד֣וֹן לָֽנוּ׃׃
Our lips are under our control; who is our master?”
Expanded Paraphrase
Grammatical Diagram
Notes
Pure words (vv. 6-7)
v. 6
Watch the Overview video on v. 6.
v.
Hebrew
Close-but-clear
6a
מִשֹּׁ֥ד עֲנִיִּים֮ מֵאַנְקַ֪ת אֶבְי֫וֹנִ֥ים
“Because afflicted ones are devastated, because poor ones groan,
6b
עַתָּ֣ה אָ֭קוּם יֹאמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה׃
now I will rise up,” says YHWH.
6c
אָשִׁ֥ית בְּ֝יֵ֗שַׁע יָפִ֥יחַֽ לֽוֹ׃׃
“I will place in safety the one for whom someone sets traps.”
Expanded Paraphrase
Grammatical Diagram
Notes
v. 7
Watch the Overview video on v. 7.
v.
Hebrew
Close-but-clear
7a
אִֽמֲר֣וֹת יְהוָה֮ אֲמָר֪וֹת טְהֹ֫ר֥וֹת
YHWH’s words are pure words,
7b
כֶּ֣סֶף צָ֭רוּף בַּעֲלִ֣יל לָאָ֑רֶץ
silver refined in a furnace on the ground,
7c
מְ֝זֻקָּ֗ק שִׁבְעָתָֽיִם׃׃
purified seven times over.
Expanded Paraphrase
Grammatical Diagram
Notes
Protection (vv. 8-9)
v. 8
Watch the Overview video on v. 8.
v.
Hebrew
Close-but-clear
8a
אַתָּֽה־יְהוָ֥ה תִּשְׁמְרֵ֑ם
You, YHWH, will guard them;
8b
תִּצְּרֶ֓נּוּ ׀ מִן־הַדּ֖וֹר ז֣וּ לְעוֹלָֽם׃׃
You will protect him from the generation which is forever.
Expanded Paraphrase
Grammatical Diagram
Notes
v. 9
Watch the Overview video on v. 9.
v.
Hebrew
Close-but-clear
9a
סָבִ֗יב רְשָׁעִ֥ים יִתְהַלָּכ֑וּן
Wicked ones roam around
9b
כְּרֻ֥ם זֻ֝לּ֗וּת לִבְנֵ֥י אָדָֽם׃׃
when vileness is esteemed among humans.
Expanded Paraphrase
Grammatical Diagram
Notes
Legends
Grammatical diagram
The grammar layer visually represents the grammar and syntax of each clause. It also displays alternative interpretations of the grammar. (For more information, click "Grammar Legend" below.)
Visualization
Description
The clause is represented by a horizontal line with a vertical line crossing through it, separating the subject and the verb.
The object is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause. Infinitives and participles may also have objects. If the direct object marker (d.o.m.) is present in the text, it appears in the diagram immediately before the object. If the grammar includes a secondary object, the secondary object will appear after the object, separated by another vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause.
The subject complement follows the verb (often omitted in Hebrew) separated with a line leaning toward the right. It can be a noun, a whole prepositional phrase or an adjective. The later two appear modifying the complement slot.
When a noun further describes or renames the object, it is an object complement. The object complement follows the object separated by a line leaning toward the right.
In a construct chain, the noun in the absolute form modifies the noun in the construct form.
Participles are indicated in whatever position in the clause they are in with a curved line before the participle. Participles can occur as nominal, where they take the place of a noun, predicate, where they take the place of a verb, or attributive, where they modify a noun or a verb similar to adjectives or adverbs.
Infinitives are indicated by two parallel lines before the infinitive that cross the horizontal line. Infinitive constructs can appear as the verb in an embedded clause. Infinitive absolutes typically appear as an adverbial.
The subject of the infinitive often appears in construct to it. In this situation, the infinitive and subject are diagrammed as a construct chain.
The object of the infinitive is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the infinitival clause.
Modifiers are represented by a solid diagonal line from the word they modify. They can attach to verbs, adjectives, or nouns. If modifying a verb or adjective, it is an adverb, but if modifying a noun, it is an adjective, a quantifier, or a definite article. If an adverb is modifying a modifier, it is connected to the modifier by a small dashed horizontal line.
Adverbials are indicated by a dashed diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. These are nouns or infinitives that function adverbially (modifying either a verb or a participle), but are not connected by a preposition.
Prepositional phrases are indicated by a solid diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. The preposition is to the left of the diagonal line and the dependent of the preposition is on the horizontal line. They can modify verbs (adverbial) or nouns (adjectival).
Embedded clauses are indicated by a "stand" that looks like an upside-down Y. The stand rests in the grammatical position that the clause fulfills. Extending from the top of the stand is a horizontal line for the clause. If introduced by a complementizer, for example כִּי, the complementizer appears before the stand. Embedded clauses can stand in the place of any noun.
When clauses are joined by a conjunction, they are compound clauses. These clauses are connected by a vertical dotted line. The conjunction is placed next to the dotted line.
Within a clause, if two or more parts of speech are compound, these are represented by angled lines reaching to the two compound elements connected by a solid vertical line. If a conjunction is used, the conjunction appears to the left of the vertical line. Almost all parts of speech can be compound.
Subordinate clauses are indicated by a dashed line coming from the line dividing the subject from the predicate in the independent clause and leading to the horizontal line of the subordinate clause. The subordinating conjunction appears next to the dashed line.
Relative clauses also have a dashed line, but the line connects the antecedent to the horizontal line of the relative clause. The relative particle appears next to the dashed line.
Sentence fragments are represented by a horizontal line with no vertical lines. They are most frequently used in superscriptions to psalms. They are visually similar to discourse particles and vocatives, but most often consist of a noun phrase (that does not refer to a person or people group) or a prepositional phrase.
In the body of the psalm, a horizontal line by itself (with no modifiers or vertical lines) can indicate either a discourse particle or a vocative (if the word is a noun referring to a person or people group). A discourse particle is a conjunction or particle that functions at the discourse level, not at the grammatical level. Vocatives can appear either before or after the clause addressed to them, depending on the word order of the Hebrew.
Apposition is indicated by an equal sign equating the two noun phrases. This can occur with a noun in any function in a sentence.
Hebrew text colors
Default preferred text
The default preferred reading is represented by a black line. The text of the MT is represented in bold black text.
Dispreferred reading
The dispreferred reading is an alternative interpretation of the grammar, represented by a pink line. The text of the MT is represented in bold pink text, while emendations and revocalizations retain their corresponding colors (see below).
Emended text
Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold blue text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred.
Revocalized text
Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold purple text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred.
(Supplied elided element)
Any element that is elided in the Hebrew text is represented by bold gray text in parentheses.
( )
The position of a non-supplied elided element is represented by empty black parentheses. For example, this would be used in the place of the noun when an adjective functions substantivally or in the place of the antecedent when a relative clause has an implied antecedent.
Gloss text colors
Gloss used in the CBC
The gloss used in the Close-but-Clear translation is represented by bold blue text.
Literal gloss >> derived meaning
A gloss that shows the more literal meaning as well as the derived figurative meaning is represented in blue text with arrows pointing towards the more figurative meaning. The gloss used in the CBC will be bolded.
Supplied elided element
The gloss for a supplied elided element is represented in bold gray text.
Shapes and colours on grammatical diagram
(For more information, click "Phrase-level Legend" below.)
Visualization
Description
The prepositional phrase is indicated by a solid green oval.
The construct chain is indicated by a solid yellow oval.
When the conjunction ו appears at the phrase-level (not clause-level), it is indicated by a solid light purple oval.
The article is indicated by a solid blue oval.
Expanded paraphrase
(For more information, click "Expanded Paraphrase Legend" below.)
Expanded paraphrase legend
Close but Clear (CBC) translation
The CBC, our close but clear translation of the Hebrew, is represented in bold text.
Assumptions
Assumptions which provide background information, presuppositions, entailments, and inferences are represented in italics.
References
12
↑The Hebrew text comes from Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible, which presents the text of the Leningrad Codex (the Masoretic text). The English text is our own "Close-but-clear" translation (CBC). The CBC is a “wooden” translation that exists to provide a window into the Hebrew text. It is essentially an interlinear that has been put into English word-order. It is also similar to a “back-translation” (of the Hebrew) often used in Bible translation checking. It is important to remember that the CBC is not intended to be a stand-alone translation, but is rather a tool for using the Layer by Layer materials. The CBC is used as the primary display text (along with the Hebrew) for most analytical visualisations. It is also used as the display text for most videos.
↑A legend for the expanded paraphrase is available near the bottom of this page, in the section titled "Legends."
↑Legends for both the grammatical diagram and the shapes and colours on the grammatical diagram are available near the bottom of this page, in the section titled "Legends."
