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Introduction

The PEOPLE ARE PLANTS conceptual metaphor is reflected in several places in the Psalms.

Sometimes the mapping between the domains of plant life and human life are evoked by just a single word, such as the use of פּרִי ‘fruit’ or זֶרַע ‘seed’ when talking of human descendants in Psalm 21:11, or the use of the verb שרש ‘uproot’ to talk of human death in Psalm 52:7.

‘You will destroy their descendants ( פּרִי ‘fruit’) from the earth,

and their offspring (זֶרַע ‘seed’ ) from among the children of man.’ Psalm 21:11 (ESV)

‘But God will break you down for ever;

he will snatch and tear you from your tent;

he will uproot (שרש) you from the land of the living.’ Psalm 52:7 (ESV)

In other psalms, the mappings between the domains of plant life and human life are much more prominent, with words and phrases from the plant domain extending over several clauses. Notable examples include the person described as a flourishing tree in Psalm 1, the elaborate description of Israel as a vine in Psalm 80, and the people described as flourishing plants in Psalm 92, as seen in these extracts:

‘He is like a tree / planted by streams of water / that yields its fruit in its season, / and its leaf does not wither. / In all that he does, he prospers.’ Psalm 1:3 (ESV)

‘You brought a vine out of Egypt; you drove out the nations and planted it. 10 You cleared the ground for it; it took deep root and filled the land.’ Psalm 80.9-10 (ESV, but with Hebrew verse numbers)

‘The righteous flourish like the palm tree and grow like a cedar in Lebanon. 14 They are planted in the house of the LORD; they flourish in the courts of our God.’ Psalm 92:13-14 (ESV, but with Hebrew verse numbers)

Cultural Background

These are some cultural aspects of cultural background that help understand the use of the plant source domain:

The land of the Bible has relatively low rainfall, so trees and other fruit-bearing plants needed to be close to water supplies or to be tended by humans in order to grow well and be fruitful
Vineyards were particularly important, requiring ongoing care over many years, and protection from wild animals and other threats
Palm trees were considered particularly productive because of their fruit and their oil
'Trees of life', sacred groves, and other tree imagery are associated with goddesses and divine sanctuaries in ancient Mesopotamian literature and iconography (Brown, 2002). Whilst 'leafy trees' are condemned when associated with non-Yahwistic cult practices (refs?), they are positive images when associated with the temple of Yahweh (Ps. 52, Ps. 92)
ANE literature also describes royal figures as trees or as cultivators (Brown 2002)

Source Domain Knowledge

The following attributes from the plant domain are frequently exploited and applied to people in the Psalms:

The type of plant.
- Eg. long-lasting, fruitful trees (eg. cedar in Lebanon, אֶ֖רֶז בַּלְּבָנ֣וֹן, Psalm 92:13; leafy olive, Psalm 52; palm tree Psalm 92:13) and vines
- vs. ‘vegetation’ (עשב, Psalm 92:7; Psalm 102:5,12), annual grasses (חציר, Ps. 103.15; 129.7 ), chaff (מֹץ, Ps 1:4; 35:5) and wildflowers (ציץ, Ps. 103:15) which are much more susceptible to the elements (Psalm 103.16), have a short life span (quickly and easily wither, Psalm 37:2; Psalm 90:5-6; Psalm 102:5,12) and have limited value
Degrees of resistance / susceptibility to natural phenomenon, particularly the wind (chaff blown by the wind Ps. 1:4 ; 35:5, flowers killed by the wind 103:16)
The location of the plant. Eg. access to water (Psalm 1), prepared ground (Psalm 80), walled vineyard (Psalm 80), rooftops (Psalm 129), in the house / courtyard of Yahweh (Ps. 92.14), house of God (Psalm 52:10)
Degrees of flourishing: Fruitfulness (Psalm 1:3; Psalm 92:12-14) / flourishing leaves (Psalm 1:3; 37:35; 52.10; 92:15) vs. dried / withering (lots of refs…)
‘Lasting impact’ / legacy / permanence / longevity - some plants can be cut down to the root and still regrow if looked after (eg. vine of Psalm 80) whereas others leave no trace (wildflowers of Psalm 103)

Fuller list of examples

Reference	Knowledge
Psalm 80:8	Vine roots can be dug up and transplanted to new locations
Psalm 92:13	Cedar trees are strong but grow slowly
Psalm 35:5	Some worthless parts of plants (מֹץ) are blown away by the wind
Psalm 52:7	A plant that has roots may regrow even if cut down, but if the roots are taken out it is gone forever
Psalm 103:16	Wild flowers leave no lasting impact, once they die there is no trace they were there [potential contrast to roots or stumps from which shoots will come again]
Psalm 37:35	leafiness is a sign of flourishing
Psalm 1:4	Some worthless parts of plants (מֹץ) are blown away by the wind
Psalm 102:5	Green vegetation (עשב) is susceptible to being ‘struck’ and ‘drying out’ (common occurrence in arid climate?)
Psalm 128:3	Vines and olive trees produce useful, good tasting food (is it part of the point of the similes here that vines and olive branches produce food that is ‘beyond the basics’ - the nice things? Or…?)
Psalm 80:15	A vine can regrow from a root that is carefully transplanted
Psalm 92:14	Plants in the courtyards of the house of Yahweh are fruitful and leafy for many years [however, the conceptual blend is complex here to what extent does the reader infer a plant or a person in the courtyard of Yahweh? See Brown 2002 for iconographic associations between palms and temples, eg. the relief from palace at Mari - so perhaps there were actual palms associated with the temple. Also note the conclusion p.73-74: ‘trees in proximity to the sanctuary held an ambivalent place in ancient Israelite faith and cultic practice’. Note also the ‘leafy tree’ here is a positive image because of association to Yahweh, as opposed to the more general condemnation of leafy trees in unorthodox cultic practice elsewhere in the Bible]
Psalm 1:3	The leaves of a tree by water will not dry up
Psalm 129:7	Withered grass is insubstantial, not enough to fill the hand of harvesters
Psalm 1:4	Chaff is light and cannot be used (apart from animal feed). It is often used to symbolise the worthless.
Psalm 80:12-13	Vines are at risk from wild boars, insects, people who pass by and pick fruit
Psalm 92:7	Green vegetation is short-lived and weak and spreads rampantly and widely
Psalm 103:16	Wild flowers are susceptible to hot winds (wither in their presence)
Psalm 90:5-6	Grass (חציר) sprouts in the morning and dries by the evening (ie. life cycle of one day?)
Psalm 129:6	[Perhaps this should go under ‘cultural knowledge’ above] The grass that naturally grows on earthen rooftops will wither quickly under the hot sun Grass on a roof (חֲצִ֣יר גַּגּ֑וֹת ) dries before it has a chance to be plucked [is this because of lack of roots? Would be helpful for someone to explore the cultural background here, and check this interpretation] “These lines gives us a picture of a house with a flat roof where dust could settle, forming a fertile but shallow environment for the germination of grass seeds. However, the grass was doomed to wither and die quickly because of the lack of moisture and soil.” (comment on the parallel in 2 Kings 19.26 in the article about ‘grass’ in ‘Plants and Trees in the Bible’)
Psalm 1:3	Seasonal fruitfulness for a tree relies on being planted near a suitable water supply
Psalm 37:2	Grass (חציר) and green leafy plants )ירק דשׁא) quickly wither away
Psalm 80	Vineyards require skilled gardeners, prepared soil, protected space (walls)
Psalm 102:12	Green vegetation is susceptible to drying out / withering
Psalm 92:13	Palm trees are difficult to cut down but very productive (oil, nuts, etc.)
Psalm 1:4	Wind is the means of winnowing (separating grain from chaff). It depends on the lightness of chaff compared to the heaviness of grain. This plays into the HONOUR is HEAVY and TRIVIAL is LIGHT metaphors…
Psalm 52:10	A leafy olive tree is a positive image when associated with the house of God

Conceptual Mappings

Source Element	Target Element
Plants	People or groups of people
Uprooting	Being removed from a favourable position
Fruit / seed	Children (and other blessings)
Someone who cares for plants / gardener	God
Withering	Living a short, unproductive life
Flourishing / sprouting	Living a long, healthy, prosperous life
Planting	Being settled in a favourable position
Different kinds of plants	Different categories of people

Fuller list of Mappings

flourish, plants, gardener<MANY>planting<MANY>plants, plant, wither, plants<MANY>wither<MANY>threat, gardener, wither<MANY>gardener, uproot<MANY>gardener, fruit/seed, planting, threat, location, gardener<MANY>planting<MANY>location, gardener<MANY>flourish

Source	Target	References
Gardener	God	Psalm 80:9
he flourishes	thriving is short-lived?	Psalm 103:15
Like the grass	evildoers, wrongdoers (v. 1)	Psalm 37:2
plants brought up from their youth	“Our sons”--a sign of blessing from YHWH	Psalm 144:12
planted in the house of the LORD	righteous	Psalm 92:14
You planted them (in the land) (our Israelite ancestors)	God settled them in the land	Psalm 44:3
shade	protection, dominion	Psalm 80:11
Like grass	my heart	Psalm 102:5
Plant with roots	The mighty man (v.3)	Psalm 52:7
grass	wicked	Psalm 92:7
the wind blows away	is not preserved	Psalm 1:4
(vine) is cut down	(Israel) is punished, defeated	Psalm 80:17
like a tree	the man	Psalm 1:3
(planted) in the courts of our God	righteous	Psalm 92:14
boars (who destroy vineyards)	enemies (of Israel)	Psalm 80:14
vine	Israel	Psalm 80:9-17, Psalm 80:9, 15, Psalm 92:13-15
took deep root	became established	Psalm 80:10
like chaff	My pursuers (v. 3)	Psalm 35:5
(May they be like) chaff before the wind, (the angel of YHWH driving [them away].)	A malediction of impermanence and destruction laid upon the psalmist’s enemies "	Psalm 35:5
destroyed (like a plant)	destroyed (like a person)	Psalm 92:7
like a flower of the field	3ms (man)	Psalm 103:15
same	All the haters of Zion	Psalm 129:6-7
planted	moved	Psalm 80:9
you have uprooted	you have obliterated	Psalm 9:7
cedar of Lebanon	righteous	Psalm 92:13
Uprooter (gardener?)	God	Psalm 52:7
walls (of vineyard)	borders, defenses (of Israel)	Psalm 80:13
Will fade like the grass, wither like green plants	The wicked	Psalm 37:2
grass	days	Psalm 102:12
branches	expansion	Psalm 80:11
He will uproot you (from the land of the living)	God will permanently remove the wicked	Psalm 52:7
plant	evildoers	Psalm 92:7
same	Your wife	Psalm 128:3
May they blossom forth from the cities	May [people] blossom forth from the cit[ies] like the grass of the land.	Psalm 72:16
to pick (grapes)	to plunder (the prosperity)	Psalm 80:13
shoots	expansion	Psalm 80:12
full of sap	be healthy	Psalm 92:15
root	Israel	Psalm 80:16
it yields fruit	does well, succeeds, is of benefit to others	Psalm 1:3
They will fade	[not flourish]	Psalm 37:2
[they will] wither	[not flourish]	Psalm 37:2
Like a luxuriant tree	Wicked man	Psalm 37:35
their descendants	their offspring, children, descendants	Psalm 21:11
and its leaf does not wither	endures, thrives	Psalm 1:3
planted by streams of water	is supplied with what he needs	Psalm 1:3
increase	Riches that increase	Psalm 62:11
will sprout/flourish	prosper	Psalm 72:7
insects (who destroy vineyards)	enemies (of Israel)	Psalm 80:14
flourish	succeed, prosper	Psalm 92:7
sprout	become productive	Psalm 92:13
flourish	succeed, prosper, be full of life	Psalm 92:14
Like the green herb	evildoers, wrongdoers (v. 1)	Psalm 37:2
Before the wind	Angel of YHWH	Psalm 35:5
(vine) is burned	(Israel) is punished, defeated	Psalm 80:17
chaff	the wicked	Psalm 1:4
their offspring	descendants, children	Psalm 21:11
fruit	Provision for those under the care of “the man”	Psalm 1:3
in season	as/when expected	Psalm 1:3
like grass	(man) his days	Psalm 103:15
grow	become established, strong	Psalm 92:13
land	territory	Psalm 80:10
wither away	lose strength and vitality	Psalm 102:12
same	Your children	Psalm 128:3
cleared (the ground)	cleared (Canaan)	Psalm 80:10
Spreading himself out	Immodestly flaunting [prosperity, success]	Psalm 37:35
You made them spread out, like growing trees.	You made them flourish like trees. You multiplied them in the land and made them take control of it. "	Psalm 44:3
sprout	multiply, become profuse, powerful, influential, successful	Psalm 92:7
grass	Mankind is swept away by God as easily and quickly as is grass.	Psalm 90:5-6
palm tree	righteous
grass	heart	Psalm 102:5
(vine) filled the land	(Israel) conquered, became established	Psalm 80:10
green	be healthy	Psalm 92:15
bear fruit	live well	Psalm 92:15
One who bind sheaves and carries them in the folds of his garment at his chest.	No good comes from the haters of Zion	Psalm 129:6-7

Instances

Psalm 1

Psalm 1:3 (very high - explicit simile)

Reference	כְּעֵץ֮ (like a tree)	הָאִ֗ישׁ (the man)	Notes
Psalm 1:3	שָׁת֪וּל עַֽל־פַּלְגֵ֫י מָ֥יִם (planted by streams of water)	(is supplied with what he needs)	Within context, the irrigation likely maps to Torah as what enables flourishing.
Psalm 1:3	פִּרְי֨וֹ (fruit)	(Provision for those under the care of “the man”)
Psalm 1:3	פִּרְי֨וֹ׀ יִתֵּ֬ן (it yields fruit)	(does well, succeeds, is of benefit to others)	יִתֵּ֬ן is not metaphoric itself, but when it takes פִּרְי֨וֹ as its object, the VP as a whole seems metaphoric ('yield fruit')
Psalm 1:3	בְּעִתּ֗וֹ (in season)	(as/when expected)	within the metaphor, עֵת 'time' is interpreted as 'season'
Psalm 1:3	וְעָלֵ֥הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל (and its leaf does not wither)	(endures, thrives)

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Psalm 1:4 (very high - explicit simile)

Reference	מֹּ֗ץ (chaff)	הָרְשָׁעִ֑ים (the wicked)	Notes
Psalm 1:4	תִּדְּפֶ֥נּוּ רֽוּחַ (the wind blows away)	(is not preserved)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 1:4" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Associated rich knowledge (entailments)

Reference	Knowledge
Psalm 1:3	Seasonal fruitfulness for a tree relies on being planted near a suitable water supply
Psalm 1:3	The leaves of a tree by water will not dry up
Psalm 1:4	Some worthless parts of plants (מֹץ) are blown away by the wind
Psalm 1:4	Chaff is light and cannot be used (apart from animal feed). It is often used to symbolise the worthless.
Psalm 1:4	Wind is the means of winnowing (separating grain from chaff). It depends on the lightness of chaff compared to the heaviness of grain. This plays into the HONOUR is HEAVY and TRIVIAL is LIGHT metaphors…

Psalm 9

Psalm 9:7 (low )

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 9:7" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 21

Psalm 21:11 (low - Is this really “prosperity” with children as one (key) component?)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 21:11" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 21:11 (low )

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 21:11" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 35

=== Psalm 35:5 (high - A (likely conventional) simile introducing a metaphor based on the same CM: enemies are chaff, the angel is to drive them away. Driving them away on the wind is understood, because that’s how grain is winnowed.") ===

Reference	כְּמֹ֥ץ לִפְנֵי־ר֑וּחַ ((May they be like) chaff before the wind, (the angel of YHWH driving [them away].))	(A malediction of impermanence and destruction laid upon the psalmist’s enemies ")	Notes
Psalm 35:5	כְּמֹ֥ץ (like chaff)	רֹדְפָ֑י (My pursuers (v. 3))
Psalm 35:5	לִפְנֵי־ר֑וּחַ (Before the wind)	וּמַלְאַ֥ךְ יְ֝הוָ֗ה (Angel of YHWH)	Note that this CM PEOPLE ARE PLANTS implicitly interacts with another CM, something like THE WIND IS IMPERMANENCE, which, in my humble view, is associated with THE WIND as a very common cultural model of impermanence.

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 35:5" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Associated rich knowledge (entailments)

Reference	Knowledge
Psalm 35:5	Some worthless parts of plants (מֹץ) are blown away by the wind

Psalm 37

Psalm 37:2 (high - Premetaphorized simile)

Reference	כֶ֭חָצִיר מְהֵרָ֣ה יִמָּ֑לוּ .וּכְיֶ֥רֶק דֶּ֝֗שֶׁא יִבֹּולֽוּן (Will fade like the grass, wither like green plants)	(The wicked)	Notes
Psalm 37:2	כֶ֭חָצִיר (Like the grass)	בַּמְּרֵעִ֑ים בַּמְּרֵעִ֑ים (evildoers, wrongdoers (v. 1))
Psalm 37:2	יִמָּ֑לוּ (They will fade)	([not flourish])	Opposite of flourishing
Psalm 37:2	.וּכְיֶ֥רֶק דֶּ֝֗שֶׁא (Like the green herb)	(evildoers, wrongdoers (v. 1))
Psalm 37:2	יִבֹּולֽוּן ([they will] wither)	([not flourish])

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 37:2" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 37:35 (medium - Metaphorized simile, if this sense of וּ֝מִתְעָרֶ֗ה is accepted. It’s a difficult passage.)

Reference	וּמִתְעָרֶ֗ה כְּאֶזְרָ֥ח רַעֲנָֽן׃ (Spreading himself out (?) like a luxuriant tree (cedar?))		Notes
Psalm 37:35	כְּאֶזְרָ֥ח רַעֲנָֽן׃ (Like a luxuriant tree)	רָשָׁ֣ע (Wicked man)	Never used elsewhere for tree in the Bible (אזרח). Assumed to mean native “tree” from רענן. Native tree as opposed to transplanted tree (cf. Psalm 1)? Or wild tree vs cultivated tree?
Psalm 37:35	וּמִתְעָרֶ֗ה (Spreading himself out)	(Immodestly flaunting [prosperity, success])	Only other instance in Lam 4:21, “shamelessly exposing oneself”

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 37:35" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Associated rich knowledge (entailments)

Reference	Knowledge
Psalm 37:2	Grass (חציר) and green leafy plants )ירק דשׁא) quickly wither away
Psalm 37:35	leafiness is a sign of flourishing

Psalm 44

Psalm 44:3 (low - נָטַע ‘to plant’ (of trees or vines); fig. use of peoples, shows up as secondary sense in lexica. I.e., this CM is incorporated into the lexical treatment of.this verb.)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 44:3" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul> === Psalm 44:3 (unset - Two instantiations in the verse of the same CM. See Psalm 80:8-13, 15-16 (?) for more examples.") === <ul><li>The part "|Psalm 44:3" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 52

Psalm 52:7 (low )

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 52:7" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 52:7 (low - Although v.7 only has the verb with attached pronouns, I’ve also included the mapped elements for the subject and object that are invoked by this metaphor)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 52:7" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 52:7 (low )

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 52:7" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 52:10 (unset - Misleading English translation ‘in the house of YHWH’, tho. This suggests an olive tree in the structure of the Temple itself, whereas it’s really in the Temple precincts, the Temple gardens.)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 52:10" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Associated rich knowledge (entailments)

Reference	Knowledge
Psalm 52:7	A plant that has roots may regrow even if cut down, but if the roots are taken out it is gone forever
Psalm 52:10	A leafy olive tree is a positive image when associated with the house of God

Psalm 58

=== Psalm 58:10 (low - All commentators acknowledge this to be a very difficult line. Ross translates, “Before your pots can feel the fire of thorns, both green and burning, they shall be whirled away.” There is a possible allusion here to imaging the wicked as thorns. This is why I have cited this line. Prominence is set to 1, assuming the sense of ‘before their thorns ripen in bramble’ (Alter).) === <ul><li>The part "|Psalm 58:10" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 62

Psalm 62:11 (unset - Riches bear fruit: riches increase, same word is also used in Psalm 92:15, same word also occurs in Proverbs 10:31, and Zec 9:17)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 62:11" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 72

Psalm 72:7 (low - A common metaphor for a person or a nation to prosper, in this case, the king. HALOT prefers to view all such collocations as expressing metaphor instead of as lexical secondary senses. I should also note the resemblance of פרח ‘sprout’ to פָּרָה ‘blossom’. These are different verbs, but one can allude to the other. Moreover, there is heavy semantic overlap of the BH notion of sprouting and blossoming with the notion of joy (see Malul 2002:150 ftnt 98).)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 72:7" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 72:16 (medium - The verb צוּץ (BDB) ציץ (HALOT) denotes ‘blossom’, then ‘shine, sparkle, gleam’. It is not simply the case that this verb has these different senses, for these different notions overlap regardless of the specific verb used.)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 72:16" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 80

Psalm 80:9-17 (very high )

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 80:9-17" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 80:9 (unset )

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 80:9" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Psalm 80:9 (unset - the exodus)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 80:9" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>

Associated rich knowledge (entailments)

Reference	Knowledge
Psalm 80:8	Vine roots can be dug up and transplanted to new locations
Psalm 80:12-13	Vines are at risk from wild boars, insects, people who pass by and pick fruit
Psalm 80:15	A vine can regrow from a root that is carefully transplanted

Psalm 89

Psalm 90

Psalm 90:5-6 (very high - V. 6 continues to elaborate on the transitoriness of the grass.)

<ul><li>The part "|Psalm 90:5-6" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li> <li>The part "]]" of the query was not understood.Results might not be as expected.</li></ul>