The Syntax and Meaning of Ps 49:16

Introduction

The MT of Ps 49:16 reads as follows:

אַךְ־אֱלֹהִ֗ים יִפְדֶּ֣ה נַ֭פְשִׁי מִֽיַּד־שְׁא֑וֹל כִּ֖י יִקָּחֵ֣נִי סֶֽלָה׃

This verse deals with the posthumous fate of the righteous speaker in contrast to the lot of the foolish, self-reliant rich, and is variously represented among modern translations. For example:

• But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol, For He will receive me. Selah (NASB)
• But God will rescue me; he will save me from the power of death. (GNT)
• But God will redeem me from the realm of the dead; he will surely take me to himself. (NIV)
• God will ransom my soul from the hand of Sheol when he shall take me. Selah (JUB)

These translations indicate that there are two main difficulties in the interpretation of v. 16.

1. One difficulty is related to the MT's punctuation of v. 16. The difficulty here is that in the second half of this verse (v. 16b), the MT places atnah after "Sheol". Some modern translations follow this punctuation, seeing v. 16a as a case of "enjambment", a device, whereby a poetic thought spills over across two or more lines without a pause. Others, however, ignore atnah, rendering this verse as, "But God will ransom me, from the power of Sheol Will he surely snatch me".
2. Another challenging point is the function of כי in v. 16b. Some read it as "for/because", thus subordinating v. 16b to v. 16a, "But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave, For He shall receive me" (NKJV). Some take it temporally, i.e., as "when" (e.g., JUB; WYC; etc.). Yet others take כי as the emphatic "surely", rendering the verse as, "But God will save me from the place of the dead. He will certainly take me to himself" (NIRV).

Argument Maps

Line Division of v. 16

Following the MT

In the second half of this verse (v. 16b), the MT places atnah after "Sheol". Some modern translations follow this punctuation, seeing v. 16a as a case of "enjambment", a device, whereby a poetic thought spills over across two or more lines without a pause. For example, "But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol, For He will receive me" (NASB; cf. NIV; NET; ESV; JPS 1985; NRSV; WYC; Luther 2017; NGÜ; ELB; EÜ; RVR95; NVI; BTX4; DHH; NBS; S21; PDV; BDS; NVSR; NRT; RST; UKR; BULG; etc.).

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[Following the MT]: "But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol, For He will receive me" (NASB).#dispreferred
 + <MT's Punctuation>: The MT places atnah after "Sheol".#dispreferred
  + [Evidence 1]: אַךְ־אֱלֹהִ֗ים יִפְדֶּ֣ה נַ֭פְשִׁי מִֽיַּד־שְׁאֹ֑ול כִּ֖י יִקָּחֵ֣נִי סֶֽלָה׃.#dispreferred
 + <Enjambment>: MT uses a literary device, whereby a poetic thought spills over across two or more lines without a pause (Raabe 1990, 81 :M:).#dispreferred
 + <Ancient Witnesses>: Some ancient witnesses support the reading of כִּי as temporal, which would support the MT's atnah after "Sheol".#dispreferred 
  + [E.g., LXX]: The LXX uses όταν/when/whenever used to introduce conditional or temporal clauses. "On the other hand, God will ransom my soul from Hades’ hand, when he receives me. Interlude on strings" (NETS).#dispreferred
  + [E.g., Vulg.]: The Vulg. uses cum/when/since/while.#dispreferred
 - <Ancient Versions>: Some ancient witnesses appear to support the MT.
  + [Peshitta]: ܐܠܗܐ ܢܦܪܩܝܗܿ ܠܢܦܫܝ ܘܡܢ ܐܝܕܐ ܕܫܝܘܠ ܢܣܩܢܝ܂/"God will save me; he will bring me up from the power of Sheol" (Taylor 2020).   
 + <External Evidence>: In the Hebrew Bible, the phrase "the power of Sheol" is used in conjunction with the verb "to redeem"/פדה. #dispreferred
  + [Hos 13:14a]: "I will ransom them from the power of the grave/מִיַּ֤ד שְׁאֹול֙ אֶפְדֵּ֔ם..." #dispreferred

Contra the MT (preferred)

Although the MT places atnah after "Sheol" in v. 16b, some scholars and translations divide it after "my soul". For example, Dahood renders this verse as "But God will ransom me, from the power of Sheol Will he surely snatch me" (cf. NLT; GNT; CEV; NEB/REB; etc.). He explains the significance of this punctuation and the link of מִֽיַּד־שְׁא֑וֹל to כִּ֖י יִקָּחֵ֣נִי as follows, "The correct stichometric division is owed to the Ugaritic specialists, who identified in ki yiqqaheni the emphasizing particle ki which often causes the postposition of the verb. Thus in his Ugaritic Grammar (Rome, 1940), p. 54, C. H. Gordon listed the present passage among those exhibiting the syntactic phenomenon placed in such clear light by, e.g., UT, 62:1:14-15, lktp ‘nt ktsth, 'Upon the shoulders of Anath she surely puts him.'" The asseverative use of כִּי in Biblical Hebrew is well established and is widely accepted for Ps 49:16.

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[''Contra'' the MT]: But God will save my life and will take me from the grave (NCV). 
 - <Ancient Witnesses>: Give reasoning here.#dispreferred
  + [Evidence 1a]: Cite evidence here.#dispreferred
 + <LXX?>: Give reasoning here.
  + [Evidence 1ab]: Cite evidence here.
 + <Biblical Usage of "To Take">: In the Hebrew Bible, the verb לקח represents divinely-assisted transition from this life to the afterlife.
  + [Evidence 1]: Gen v 24; II Kings ii 3, 5, 9; Sirach xiii 15, xlviii 9; as well as in Ps lxxiii 24.
 + <Ugaritic Usage>: In Ugaritic texts, the verb lqh appears in a similar death-related context (Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:).
  + [UT, 2059:21-22]: wklhm bd rb tmtt lqht/“And I snatched all of them from the hand(s) of the Master of Death (= Mot)” (Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:).
 + <Placement of כי>: A similar syntax is found elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible (Krause 1984, 480 :C:; vad der Lugt 2007, 70 :M:). 
  + [Ps 128:2a]: "You will surely eat what your hands have worked for/יְגִ֣יעַ כַּ֭פֶּיךָ כִּ֣י תֹאכֵ֑ל..." (HCSB; cf. CSB). 

The Meaning and Function of כִּי

"Because"

Some modern translations read the conjunction כִּי as "for" or "because", thus subordinating v. 16b to v. 16a. For example, "But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave, For He shall receive me" (NKJV; cf. ESV; JPS 1985; NRSV; RVR95; BTX4; NBS; BDS; UKR; BULG; etc.).

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[כִּי as "because"]: "But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave, For He shall receive me" (NKJV).#dispreferred
 + <The Function of כִּי in Biblical Hebrew>: The particle may be used with a meaning "because", introducing causal clauses (HALOT, 470 :L:) and makes sense contextually.#dispreferred
  + [Ps 49:16]: "But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave, For He shall receive me" (NKJV; cf. ESV; JPS 1985; NRSV; RVR95; BTX4; NBS; BDS; UKR; BULG; etc.).#dispreferred
 - <Ancient Versions>: VSS do not support the reading of כִּי as because.#dispreferred 
  + [E.g., LXX]: The LXX uses όταν/when/whenever used to introduce conditional or temporal clauses.#dispreferred
  + [E.g., Vulg.]: The Vulg. uses cum/when/since/while.#dispreferred
 - <Other Uses of כִּי>: The particle may have a asseverative-emphatic use; "it may be used for the emphasizing purpose when directly fixed to the predicate, and that almost exclusively in poetic context.” (Muraoka 1985, 158–64 :M:; JM §164, 165a, e :G:; IBHS §39.3.4e :G:).
  + [Asseverative Use of כִּי]: Gen 22:17; Deut 2:7; 1 Sam 26:16; Isa 1:27, 29–30; 7:15–16; Jer 22:5, 24; 31:18–19;
Amos 4:2; 77:12; Lam 3:22 (Dobbs-Allsopp 2015, 343 :M:; Muilenburg 1961, 143 :A:; Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:).
   + [Asseverative כִּי]: It is widely accepted for Ps 49:16 (Dobbs-Allsopp 2015, 343 :M:; Muilenburg 1961, 143 :A:; Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:; Krause 1988, 480 :C:).
 - <The Placement of כִּי>: For the emphasizing purpose, in poetic texts, the particle can be directly fixed to the predicate (e.g., Ps 77:12; Isa 32:13) (Muraoka 1985, 163 :M:). 
  + [Ps 128:2a]: "You will surely eat what your hands have worked for/יְגִ֣יעַ כַּ֭פֶּיךָ כִּ֣י תֹאכֵ֑ל..." (HCSB; cf. CSB; Krause 1988, 480 :C:; vad der Lugt 2007, 70 :M:).
 - <Syntax>: Clause initial אַךְ in v. 16a and מִֽיַּד־שְׁא֑וֹל in v. 16b are also emphatic.

"When"

Some modern translations read כִּי as "when", as for example WYC, which renders v. 16 as "Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me" (cf. JUB; NRT; RST; etc.).

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[כִּי as "when"]: "Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me" (WYC).#dispreferred
 + <The Function of כִּי in Biblical Hebrew>: The particle may be used temporally (JM §166o :G:) and makes sense contextually.#dispreferred
  + [Ps 49:16]: "Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me" (cf. JUB; NRT; RST; etc.).#dispreferred
 - <Other Uses of כִּי in Biblical Hebrew>: The particle may have a asseverative-emphatic use; "it may be used for the emphasizing purpose when directly fixed to the predicate, and that almost exclusively in poetic context.” (Muraoka 1985, 158–64 :M:; JM §164, 165a, e :G:; IBHS §39.3.4e :G:).
  + [Asseverative Use of כִּי]: Gen 22:17; Deut 2:7; 1 Sam 26:16; Isa 1:27, 29–30; 7:15–16; Jer 22:5, 24; 31:18–19;
Amos 4:2; 77:12; Lam 3:22 (Dobbs-Allsopp 2015, 343 :M:; Muilenburg 1961, 143 :A:; Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:).
  + [Ps 128:2a]: "You will surely eat what your hands have worked for/יְגִ֣יעַ כַּ֭פֶּיךָ כִּ֣י תֹאכֵ֑ל..." (HCSB; cf. CSB; Krause 1984, 480 :C:; vad der Lugt 2007, 70 :M:).
 + <Ancient Versions>: Some versions support the reading of כִּי as "when".#dispreferred
  + [E.g., LXX]: The LXX uses όταν/when/whenever used to introduce conditional or temporal clauses.#dispreferred
  + [E.g., Vulg.]: The Vulg. uses cum/when/since/while.#dispreferred

"Surely" (preferred)

Others take כִּי as the emphatic "surely", rendering the verse as, "But God will save me from the place of the dead. He will certainly take me to himself" (NIRV; cf. NIV; NET; EÜ; S21; NFC; PDV; etc.). The asseverative כִּי has received much attention and is widely accepted for Ps 49:16..

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[כִּי as "surely"]: "But God will save me from the place of the dead. He will certainly take me to himself" (NIRV).
 - <Ancient Versions>: VSS do not support the reading of כִּי as emphatic.#dispreferred 
  + [E.g., LXX]: The LXX uses όταν/when/whenever used to introduce conditional or temporal clauses.#dispreferred
  + [E.g., Vulg.]: The Vulg. uses cum/when/since/while.#dispreferred
 + <Comparative Evidence>: In Ugaritic, this particle can also be used emphatically (Gordon 1940, 54 :G:).
  + [UT,  62:1:14-15]: "Upon  the shoulders  of  Anath  she  surely  puts  him"/''lktp  ‘nt  ktsth'' (Gordon 1940, 54 :G:).
 + <The Function of כִּי in Biblical Hebrew>: The particle may have a asseverative-emphatic use; "it may be used for the emphasizing purpose when directly fixed to the predicate, and that almost exclusively in poetic context.” (Muraoka 1985, 158–64 :M:; JM §164, 165a, e :G:; IBHS §39.3.4e :G:).
  + [Asseverative Use of כִּי]: Gen 22:17; Deut 2:7; 1 Sam 26:16; Isa 1:27, 29–30; 7:15–16; Jer 22:5, 24; 31:18–19;
Amos 4:2; 77:12; Lam 3:22 (Dobbs-Allsopp 2015, 343 :M:; Muilenburg 1961, 143 :A:; Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:).
   + [Asseverative כִּי]: It is widely accepted for Ps 49:16 (Dobbs-Allsopp 2015, 343 :M:; Muilenburg 1961, 143 :A:; Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:; Krause 1988, 480 :C:).
 + <The Placement of כִּי>: For the emphasizing purpose, in poetic texts, the particle can be directly fixed to the predicate (e.g., Ps 77:12; Isa 32:13) (Muraoka 1985, 163 :M:). 
  + [Ps 128:2a]: "You will surely eat what your hands have worked for/יְגִ֣יעַ כַּ֭פֶּיךָ כִּ֣י תֹאכֵ֑ל..." (HCSB; cf. CSB; Krause 1988, 480 :C:; vad der Lugt 2007, 70 :M:).
 + <Syntax>: Clause initial אַךְ in v. 16a and מִֽיַּד־שְׁא֑וֹל in v. 16b are also emphatic.

Conclusion (B)

On balance, reading "from the power of Sheol" with v. 16b and כִּי as representing emphasis, e.g., "surely" is preferable. Such line division a.) makes most sense contextually; b.) has version support (Syr.); c.) reflects the usage of לקח elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Gen 5:24; 2 Kgs 2:3, 5, 9, 10) and in extrabiblical sources (...); and d.) is well presented among modern translations. The asseverative use of כִּי/"surely" has good support from a.) internal and external biblical evidence; and b.) context. At this juncture in the psalm, the psalmist seems to be indicating that he will be like one of those privileged individuals whom God "took" from life—e.g., Enoch and Elijah (Gen 5:24; 2 Kgs 2:3, 5, 9, 10). "In light of broader OT usage, this 'taking' will be a rescuing from this-worldly trouble (cf. Ps. 18:16 [17]; Ezek. 36:24; 37:21), a rescuing from the threat of Sheol or from the way death can get its clutches on us in life (cf. 16:10; 18:5 [6]; 30:3 [4])."

Research

Translations

Ancient

• LXX
  • πλὴν ὁ θεὸς λυτρώσεται τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐκ χειρὸς ᾅδου, ὅταν λαμβάνῃ με. διάψαλμα
    • On the other hand, God will ransom my soul from Hades’ hand, when he receives me. Interlude on strings. (NETS)
• Peshitta
  • ܐܠܗܐ ܢܦܪܩܝܗܿ ܠܢܦܫܝ ܘܡܢ ܐܝܕܐ ܕܫܝܘܠ ܢܣܩܢܝ܂
    • God will save me; he will bring me up from the power of Sheol.
• Jerome (Iuxta LXX)
  • verumtamen Deus redimet animam meam de manu inferi cum acceperit me DIAPSALMA
• Jerome (Iuxta Hebr)
  • verumtamen Deus redimet animam meam de manu inferi cum adsumpserit me SEMPER
• Targum
  • אמר דוד ברוח נבואה ברם אלהא יפרוק נפשי מן דין גהנם ארום ילפינני אוריתיה לעלמין \/ודברינני לחולקיה לעלמא דאתי#1#/׃
    • David said through the spirit of prophecy “But God will redeem my soul from the judgment of Gehenna, for he will teach me his Law.” For ever.

Modern

Following the MT

• But God will redeem me from the realm of the dead; he will surely take me to himself. (NIV)
• But God will rescue my life from the power of Sheol; certainly he will pull me to safety. (Selah) (NET)
• But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me. Selah (ESV)
• But God will redeem my life from the clutches of Sheol, for He will take me. Selah (JPS 1985)
• But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me. Selah (NRSV)
• Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me. (WYC)
• Aber Gott wird mich erlösen aus des Todes Gewalt; denn er nimmt mich auf. Sela (Luther 2017)
• Mich aber wird Gott erlösen und den Klauen des Todes entreißen, er wird mich zu sich holen und bei sich aufnehmen. (NGÜ)
• Gott aber wird mein Leben erlösen von der Gewalt des Scheols; denn er wird mich aufnehmen. (ELB)
• Doch Gott wird mich auslösen aus der Gewalt der Unterwelt, ja, er nimmt mich auf. [Sela] (EÜ)
• Pero Dios redimirá mi vida del poder del seol, porque él me tomará consigo. Selah (RVR95)
• Pero Dios me rescatará de las garras de la muerte y con él me llevará. Selah (NVI)
• Pero Elohim redimirá mi alma de la mano del Seol, Porque me llevará consigo. Selah (BTX4)
• Pero Dios me salvará del poder de la muerte, pues me llevará con él. (DHH)
• Mais Dieu me libérera du séjour des morts, car il me prendra. Pause (NBS)
• Mais Dieu rachètera mon âme du séjour des morts, oui, il me prendra. – Pause. (S21)
• Mais Dieu rachètera ma vie au pouvoir de la mort, oui, il me délivrera. (PDV)
• Mais Dieu me délivrera ╵du séjour des morts, car il me prendra. Pause (BDS)
• Mais Dieu libérera mon âme du séjour des morts, Car il me prendra. Pause. (NVSR)
• Но мою жизнь искупит Бог от власти мира мертвых, когда примет меня к Себе. Пауза (NRT)
• Но Бог избавит душу мою от власти преисподней, когда примет меня. (RST)
• Та визволить Бог мою душу із влади шеолу, бо Він мене візьме! Села. (UKR)
• Но Бог ще изкупи душата ми от силата на преизподнята. Защото ще ме приеме. (Села) (BULG)

TOB

Contra the MT

• But as for me, God will redeem my life. He will snatch me from the power of the grave. Interlude (NLT)
• But God will rescue me; he will save me from the power of death. (GNT)
• But God will rescue me from the power of death. (CEV)
• But God will ransom my life, he will take me from the power of Sheol. (NEB)
• But God will ransom my life and take me from the power of Sheol. [Selah (REB)
• (But God shall redeem my soul; and he shall take me away from the power of Sheol, or the power of death. (WYC)
• Ich bin gewiss: Gott wird mich erlösen, er wird mich den Klauen des Todes entreißen. (HFA)
• Mein Leben aber – Gott selbst kauft es frei; aus den Krallen des Todes reißt er mich heraus! (GNB)
• Gott aber wird mein Leben loskaufen, aus der Gewalt des Totenreichs nimmt er mich auf. Sela (ZÜR)
• Mais Dieu me délivrera ! Oui, il m'arrache aux griffes de la mort ! Pause (NFC)

"Because"

• But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me. Selah (ESV)
• But God will redeem my life from the clutches of Sheol, for He will take me. Selah (JPS 1985)
• But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me. Selah (NRSV)
• Pero Dios redimirá mi vida del poder del seol, porque él me tomará consigo. Selah (RVR95)
• Pero Elohim redimirá mi alma de la mano del Seol, Porque me llevará consigo. Selah (BTX4)
• Mais Dieu me libérera du séjour des morts, car il me prendra. Pause (NBS)
• Mais Dieu me délivrera ╵du séjour des morts, car il me prendra. Pause (BDS)
• Та визволить Бог мою душу із влади шеолу, бо Він мене візьме! Села. (UKR)
• Но Бог ще изкупи душата ми от силата на преизподнята. Защото ще ме приеме. (Села) (BULG)

"When"

• Surely God will ransom my soul from the hand of Sheol when he shall take me. Selah. (JUB)
• Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me. (WYC)
• Но мою жизнь искупит Бог от власти мира мертвых, когда примет меня к Себе. Пауза (NRT)
• Но Бог избавит душу мою от власти преисподней, когда примет меня. (RST)

"Surely"

• But God will redeem me from the realm of the dead; he will surely take me to himself. (NIV)
• But God will rescue my life from the power of Sheol; certainly he will pull me to safety. (Selah) (NET)
• Doch Gott wird mich auslösen aus der Gewalt der Unterwelt, ja, er nimmt mich auf. [Sela] (EÜ)
• Mais Dieu rachètera mon âme du séjour des morts, oui, il me prendra. – Pause. (S21)
• Mais Dieu me délivrera ! Oui, il m'arrache aux griffes de la mort ! Pause (NFC)
• Mais Dieu rachètera ma vie au pouvoir de la mort, oui, il me délivrera. (PDV)

Secondary Literature

Barthélemy, Dominique. 2005. Critique Textuelle de l’Ancien Testament. vol. 4: Psaumes. Fribourg, Switzerland: Academic Press.

Briggs, Charles Augustus and Emilie Grace Briggs. 1906. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Psalms. vol. 2. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Clifford, Richard. 2002. Psalm 1-72. Abingdon Old Testament commentaries Nashville, TN: Abington Press.

Craigie, Peter C., and Marvin E. Tate. 1983. 2nd ed. Psalms 1–50. vol. 19. WBC. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

Dahood, Mitchell. 1966. Psalms. Vol. 1. Anchor Bible Commentary. New York: Doubleday.

DeClaissé-Walford, Nancy, Rolf A. Jacobson, and Beth LaNeel Tanner. 2014. The Book of Psalms. NICOT. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Delitzsch, Franz. 1883. Biblical Commentary on the Psalms. vol. 1. Translated by Eaton David. New York, NY: Funk and Wagnalls.

Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. 2015. On Biblical Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ewald, Heinrich. 1866. Die Dichter des Alten Bundes. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Fohrer, G. 1993. Psalmen. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Goldingay, John. 2007. Psalms 42–89. vol. 2. BCOT. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Goulder, Michael D. 1982. The Psalms of the Sons of Korah. Sheffield: JSOT Press.

Gross, H. 1972. “Self-oder Fremderlösung.” Pages 65–70 in Wort, Lied und Gottesspruch: Beiträge zu Psalmen und Propheten.ed. J. Schreiner. (J. Ziegler FS). Würzburg: Echter.

Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm. 1863. Commentary on the Psalms. vol. 2. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Hitzig, Ferdinand. 1863-1865. Die Psalmen, 2 vols. Leipzig: C.F. Winter.

Kissane, Edward. 1953. The Book of Psalms. vol. 1, Westminster, MD: The Newman Press.

Koehler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J. Stamm. 2001. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 2 vols. Translated and edited under the supervision of Mervyn E. J. Richardson. Leiden: Brill.

Kraus, Hans-Joachim. 1972. Psalmen 1–63. BKT XV/1. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.

Muraoka, J. 1985. Emphatic Words and Structures in Biblical Hebrew. Leiden: Brill.

Sundermeier, Th. 1993. “Erlösung oder Versöhnung: Religionsgeschichtliche Anstöße.” EvT 53: 124-146.

Taylor, Richard A. trans., 2020. The Syriac Peshitta Bible with English Translation: Psalms. ed. by George A. Kiraz and Joseph Bali. The Antioch Bible/ṢṢurath Kthobh. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias.

VanGemeren, Willem A. 1997. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

Volz, Paul. 1937. “Psalm 49.” ZAW 55: 235–64.

Weiser, Artur. 1962. The Psalms. OTL. Trans. by Herbert Hartwell. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.

Witte, Markus. 2000. "‘Aber Gott wird meine Seele erlösen.’: Tod und Leben nach Psalm XLIX.” VT 50: 540–60.

References

49:16