The Syntax and Meaning of Ps 49:16

Introduction

The MT of Ps 49:16 reads as follows:

אַךְ־אֱלֹהִ֗ים יִפְדֶּ֣ה נַ֭פְשִׁי מִֽיַּד־שְׁא֑וֹל כִּ֖י יִקָּחֵ֣נִי סֶֽלָה׃

This verse deals with the posthumous fate of the righteous speaker in contrast to the lot of the foolish, self-reliant rich, and is variously represented among modern translations. For example:

• But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol, For He will receive me. Selah (NASB)
• But God will rescue me; he will save me from the power of death. (GNT)
• But God will redeem me from the realm of the dead; he will surely take me to himself. (NIV)
• God will ransom my soul from the hand of Sheol when he shall take me. Selah (JUB)

These translations indicate that there are two main difficulties in the interpretation of v. 16.

1. One difficulty is related to the line division and syntax of v. 16. Should the prepositional phrase "from the power of Sheol" (מִיַּד שְׁאוֹל) be grouped with the preceding clause/line or with the following? The MT places the major disjunctive accent atnach on the word "Sheol," thereby grouping "from the power of Sheol" (מִיַּד שְׁאוֹל) with the preceding clause/line. Some modern translations follow this punctuation. For example, "But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol, for He will receive me" (NASB). Other interpreters, however, group "from the power of Sheol" (מִיַּד שְׁאוֹל) with the following clause/line, rendering this verse as, "But God will ransom me, from the power of Sheol will he surely snatch me". The latter reading indicates that the psalm presupposes the idea of "assumption" (cf. Gen 5:24; 2 Kgs 2:3, 5, 9, 10).
2. Another challenging point is the function of כִּי in v. 16b. Some read it as "for/because", thus subordinating v. 16b to v. 16a, "But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave, For He shall receive me" (NKJV). Some take it temporally, i.e., as "when" (e.g., JUB; WYC; etc.). Yet others take כִּי as the emphatic "surely," rendering the verse as, "But God will save me from the place of the dead. He will certainly take me to himself" (NIRV).

Argument Maps

Line Division of v. 16

"...Sheol" belongs with first clause

Some modern translations group the phrase "from the power of Sheol" with the first line/clause. For example, "But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol, For He will receive me" (NASB; cf. NIV; NET; ESV; JPS 1985; NRSV; WYC; Luther 2017; NGÜ; ELB; EÜ; RVR95; NVI; BTX4; DHH; NBS; S21; PDV; BDS; NVSR; NRT; RST; UKR; BULG; etc.).

===
model:
    removeTagsFromText: true
    shortcodes:
      ":C:": {unicode: "🄲"}
      ":G:": {unicode: "🄶"}
      ":A:": {unicode: "🄰"}
      ":I:": {unicode: "🄸"}    
      ":L:": {unicode: "🄻"}
      ":D:": {unicode: "🄳"}    
      ":M:": {unicode: "🄼"}   
selection:
    excludeDisconnected: false
dot:
    graphVizSettings: 
        rankdir: LR
        concentrate: true
        ranksep: 0.2
        nodesep: 0.2
===
[Belongs with first clause]: The phrase "from the power of Sheol" belongs with the first line/clause of the verse: "But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol" (NASB).#dispreferred
 + <Ancient Witnesses>: Some ancient witnesses support the reading of כִּי as temporal, which would support the MT's atnach after "Sheol."#dispreferred 
  + [LXX]: “On the other hand, God will ransom my soul from Hades’ hand, when/όταν he receives me. Interlude on strings” (NETS).#dispreferred
  + [Vulg.]: The Vulg. uses cum/when/since/while.#dispreferred
 + <External Evidence>: In the Hebrew Bible, the phrase "the power of Sheol" is used in conjunction with the verb "to redeem"/פדה. #dispreferred
  + [Hos 13:14a]: "I will ransom them from the power of the grave/מִיַּ֤ד שְׁאֹול֙ אֶפְדֵּ֔ם..." #dispreferred
    <_<Hos 13:14>: Hos 13:14 places a prepositional phrase ("from Sheol" and "from death") before each predicate: מִיַּ֤ד שְׁאֹול֙ אֶפְדֵּ֔ם מִמָּ֖וֶת אֶגְאָלֵ֑ם 
 + <The MT's Punctuation>: The MT places the major disjunctive accent atnach after "Sheol."#dispreferred
  + [Ps 49:16 (MT)]: אַךְ־אֱלֹהִ֗ים יִפְדֶּ֣ה נַ֭פְשִׁי מִֽיַּד־שְׁאֹ֑ול כִּ֖י יִקָּחֵ֣נִי סֶֽלָה׃.#dispreferred
 - <Imbalance>: Grouping מִֽיַּד־שְׁא֑וֹל with v. 16a results in a imbalanced couplet. 
  + [Ps 49:16 (NASB)]: "But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol, For He will receive me."

"...Sheol" belongs with second clause (preferred)

Some scholars and translations group the phrase "from the power of Sheol" with the second line/clause. For example, Dahood renders this verse as "But God will ransom me, from the power of Sheol will he surely snatch me" (cf. NLT; GNT; CEV; NEB/REB; etc.). With such division, כִּי in v. 16b would be taken as having an asseverative role, which is well established in Biblical Hebrew and is widely accepted for Ps 49:16.

===
model:
    removeTagsFromText: true
    shortcodes:
      ":C:": {unicode: "🄲"}
      ":G:": {unicode: "🄶"}
      ":A:": {unicode: "🄰"}
      ":I:": {unicode: "🄸"}    
      ":L:": {unicode: "🄻"}
      ":D:": {unicode: "🄳"}    
      ":M:": {unicode: "🄼"}   
selection:
    excludeDisconnected: false
dot:
    graphVizSettings: 
        rankdir: LR
        concentrate: true
        ranksep: 0.2
        nodesep: 0.2
===
[Belongs with second clause]: The phrase "from the power of Sheol" belongs with the second clause/line of the verse: "from the power of Sheol will he surely snatch me" (Dahood 1966, 301 :C:). 
 + <Ancient Versions>: Some ancient witnesses group the phrase "from the power of Sheol" with the second line of the verse.
  + [LXX]: πλὴν ὁ θεὸς λυτρώσεται τὴν ψυχήν μου (line division) ἐκ χειρὸς ᾅδου, ὅταν λαμβάνῃ με. διάψαλμα/"On the other hand, God will ransom my soul (line division) from Hades’ hand, when he receives me. Interlude on strings" (NETS).
  + [Peshitta]: ܐܠܗܐ ܢܦܪܩܝܗܿ ܠܢܦܫܝ ܘܡܢ ܐܝܕܐ ܕܫܝܘܠ ܢܣܩܢܝ܂/"God will save me; he will bring me up from the power of Sheol" (Taylor 2020).   
 + <Biblical Usage of "To Take">: In the Hebrew Bible, in death-related contexts, the verb לקח represents a divinely-assisted transition to the afterlife.
  + [Biblical Usage]: Gen 5:24; 2 Kings 2:3, 5, 9 (cf. Sirach 13:15, 48:9); Ps 73:24.
 + <Ugaritic Usage>: In Ugaritic texts, the verb lqh appears in a similar death-related context (Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:).
  + [UT, 2059:21-22]: “And I snatched/lqht all of them from the hand(s) of the Master of Death (= Mot)” (Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:).
 + <Syntax>: Grouping “…Sheol” with v. 16b results in a parallel structure in which both v. 16a and 16b begin with an emphatic element (i.e, clause initial particle אך in v. 16a and marked word order in v. 16b).
 + <Balance>: Grouping מִֽיַּד־שְׁא֑וֹל with v. 16b results in a well-balanced couplet (8 syllables / 9 syllables; 4 words / 4 words).

The Meaning and Function of כִּי

Causal ("because")

Some modern translations read the conjunction כִּי as a causal conjunction ("for" or "because"). For example, "But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave, For He shall receive me" (NKJV; cf. ESV; JPS 1985; NRSV; RVR95; BTX4; NBS; BDS; UKR; BULG; etc.).

===
model:
    removeTagsFromText: true
    shortcodes:
      ":C:": {unicode: "🄲"}
      ":G:": {unicode: "🄶"}
      ":A:": {unicode: "🄰"}
      ":I:": {unicode: "🄸"}    
      ":L:": {unicode: "🄻"}
      ":D:": {unicode: "🄳"}    
      ":M:": {unicode: "🄼"}   
selection:
    excludeDisconnected: false
dot:
    graphVizSettings: 
        concentrate: true
        ranksep: 0.2
        nodesep: 0.2
===
[Causal]: The כִּי in v. 16 is a causal conjunction: "For He shall receive me" (NKJV).#dispreferred
 + <Causal כִּי in Biblical Hebrew>: The particle כִּי very often acts as a causal conjunction (HALOT, 470 :L:; Locatell 2017, 160-231).#dispreferred
  + [Causal כִּי in Biblical Hebrew]: E.g., Gen 31:31, 35; 47:4, 20; Deut 12:31. #dispreferred
 + <Context>: Interpreting the כִּי as a causal conjunction makes sense contextually. #dispreferred
  + [Ps 49:16]: "But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave, for He shall receive me" (NKJV; cf. ESV; JPS 1985; NRSV; RVR95; BTX4; NBS; BDS; UKR; BULG; etc.).#dispreferred

Temporal ("when")

Some modern translations read כִּי as a temporal conjunction ("when"). For example, WYC renders v. 16 as "Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me" (cf. JUB; NRT; RST; etc.).

===
model:
    removeTagsFromText: true
    shortcodes:
      ":C:": {unicode: "🄲"}
      ":G:": {unicode: "🄶"}
      ":A:": {unicode: "🄰"}
      ":I:": {unicode: "🄸"}    
      ":L:": {unicode: "🄻"}
      ":D:": {unicode: "🄳"}    
      ":M:": {unicode: "🄼"}   
selection:
    excludeDisconnected: false
dot:
    graphVizSettings: 
        rankdir: LR
        concentrate: true
        ranksep: 0.2
        nodesep: 0.2
===
[Temporal]: The כִּי in v. 16 is a temporal conjunction: "when he shall take me" (WYC).#dispreferred
 + <Temporal כִּי in Biblical Hebrew>: The particle כִּי may be used temporally (JM §166o :G:).#dispreferred
  + [Temporal כִּי in Biblical Hebrew]: E.g., 2 Sam 19:26; Jdg 1:28 (JM §166o :G:).#dispreferred
 + <Context>: The interpretation of כִּי as a temporal conjunction makes sense in the context.#dispreferred
  + [Ps 49:16]: "Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me" (cf. JUB; NRT; RST; etc.).#dispreferred
 + <Ancient Versions>: Some of the ancient versions interpreted the כִּי as a temporal conjunction ("when").#dispreferred
  + [LXX]: "...when (ὅταν) he receives me" (NETS). #dispreferred
  + [Jerome (Hebr.)]: ...when (cum) he receives me." #dispreferred

Asseverative ("surely") (preferred)

Others take כִּי as the emphatic "surely", rendering the verse as, "But God will save me from the place of the dead. He will certainly take me to himself" (NIRV; cf. NIV; NET; EÜ; S21; NFC; PDV; etc.). The asseverative כִּי has received much attention and is widely accepted for Ps 49:16.

===
model:
    removeTagsFromText: true
    shortcodes:
      ":C:": {unicode: "🄲"}
      ":G:": {unicode: "🄶"}
      ":A:": {unicode: "🄰"}
      ":I:": {unicode: "🄸"}    
      ":L:": {unicode: "🄻"}
      ":D:": {unicode: "🄳"}    
      ":M:": {unicode: "🄼"}   
selection:
    excludeDisconnected: false
dot:
    graphVizSettings: 
        rankdir: LR
        concentrate: true
        ranksep: 0.2
        nodesep: 0.2
===
[Asseverative]: The כִּי in v. 16 is asseverative or emphatic: "surely...!" (e.g., NIRV).
 + <The Function of כִּי in Biblical Hebrew>: The particle כִּי may have an asseverative-emphatic use (Muraoka 1985, 158–64 :M:; JM §164, 165a, e :G:; IBHS §39.3.4e :G:).
  + [Asseverative Use of כִּי]: Gen 22:17; Deut 2:7; 1 Sam 26:16; Isa 1:27, 29–30; 7:15–16; Jer 22:5, 24; 31:18–19;
Amos 4:2; 77:12; Lam 3:22 (Dobbs-Allsopp 2015, 343 :M:; Muilenburg 1961, 143 :A:; Dahood 1966, 301-302 :C:).
 + <The Placement of כִּי>: For the emphasizing purpose, in poetic texts, the particle can be directly fixed to the verb (Muraoka 1985, 163 :M:). 
  + [Ps 128:2a]: "You will surely eat what your hands have worked for/יְגִ֣יעַ כַּ֭פֶּיךָ כִּ֣י תֹאכֵ֑ל..." (HCSB; cf. CSB; Krause 1988, 480 :C:; van der Lugt 2007, 70 :M:; see also Ps 77:12; Isa 32:13).
 + <Comparative Evidence>: In Ugaritic, this particle can also be used emphatically (Gordon 1940, 54 :G:).
  + [UT,  62:1:14-15]: "Upon  the shoulders  of  Anath  she  surely  puts  him"/''lktp  ‘nt  ktsth'' (Gordon 1940, 54 :G:).
 + <Syntax>: Clause initial אַךְ in v. 16a and מִֽיַּד־שְׁא֑וֹל in v. 16b are emphatic.

Conclusion (B)

On balance, reading "from the power of Sheol" with v. 16b and כִּי as representing emphasis, e.g., "surely" is preferable. Such line division a.) makes most sense contextually; b.) has version support (Syr.); c.) reflects the usage of לקח in death-related contexts in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Gen 5:24; 2 Kgs 2:3, 5, 9, 10) and in extrabiblical sources (UT, 2059:21-22); and d.) is well represented among modern translations. The asseverative use of כִּי/"surely" has good support from a.) internal and external biblical evidence; and b.) context. At this juncture in the psalm, the psalmist seems to be indicating that he will be like one of those privileged individuals whom God "took" from life—e.g., Enoch and Elijah (Gen 5:24; 2 Kgs 2:3, 5, 9, 10). "In light of broader OT usage, this 'taking' will be a rescuing from this-worldly trouble (cf. Ps. 18:16 [17]; Ezek. 36:24; 37:21), a rescuing from the threat of Sheol or from the way death can get its clutches on us in life (cf. 16:10; 18:5 [6]; 30:3 [4])."

Research

Translations

Ancient

• LXX
  • πλὴν ὁ θεὸς λυτρώσεται τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐκ χειρὸς ᾅδου, ὅταν λαμβάνῃ με. διάψαλμα
    • On the other hand, God will ransom my soul from Hades’ hand, when he receives me. Interlude on strings. (NETS)
• Peshitta
  • ܐܠܗܐ ܢܦܪܩܝܗܿ ܠܢܦܫܝ ܘܡܢ ܐܝܕܐ ܕܫܝܘܠ ܢܣܩܢܝ܂
    • God will save me; he will bring me up from the power of Sheol.
• Jerome (Iuxta LXX)
  • verumtamen Deus redimet animam meam de manu inferi cum acceperit me DIAPSALMA
• Jerome (Iuxta Hebr)
  • verumtamen Deus redimet animam meam de manu inferi cum adsumpserit me SEMPER
• Targum
  • אמר דוד ברוח נבואה ברם אלהא יפרוק נפשי מן דין גהנם ארום ילפינני אוריתיה לעלמין \/ודברינני לחולקיה לעלמא דאתי#1#/׃
    • David said through the spirit of prophecy “But God will redeem my soul from the judgment of Gehenna, for he will teach me his Law.” For ever.

Modern

"...Sheol" with first clause

• But God will redeem me from the realm of the dead; he will surely take me to himself. (NIV)
• But God will rescue my life from the power of Sheol; certainly he will pull me to safety. (Selah) (NET)
• But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me. Selah (ESV)
• But God will redeem my life from the clutches of Sheol, for He will take me. Selah (JPS 1985)
• But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me. Selah (NRSV)
• Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me. (WYC)
• Aber Gott wird mich erlösen aus des Todes Gewalt; denn er nimmt mich auf. Sela (Luther 2017)
• Mich aber wird Gott erlösen und den Klauen des Todes entreißen, er wird mich zu sich holen und bei sich aufnehmen. (NGÜ)
• Gott aber wird mein Leben erlösen von der Gewalt des Scheols; denn er wird mich aufnehmen. (ELB)
• Doch Gott wird mich auslösen aus der Gewalt der Unterwelt, ja, er nimmt mich auf. [Sela] (EÜ)
• Pero Dios redimirá mi vida del poder del seol, porque él me tomará consigo. Selah (RVR95)
• Pero Dios me rescatará de las garras de la muerte y con él me llevará. Selah (NVI)
• Pero Elohim redimirá mi alma de la mano del Seol, Porque me llevará consigo. Selah (BTX4)
• Pero Dios me salvará del poder de la muerte, pues me llevará con él. (DHH)
• Mais Dieu me libérera du séjour des morts, car il me prendra. Pause (NBS)
• Mais Dieu rachètera mon âme du séjour des morts, oui, il me prendra. – Pause. (S21)
• Mais Dieu rachètera ma vie au pouvoir de la mort, oui, il me délivrera. (PDV)
• Mais Dieu me délivrera ╵du séjour des morts, car il me prendra. Pause (BDS)
• Mais Dieu libérera mon âme du séjour des morts, Car il me prendra. Pause. (NVSR)
• Но мою жизнь искупит Бог от власти мира мертвых, когда примет меня к Себе. Пауза (NRT)
• Но Бог избавит душу мою от власти преисподней, когда примет меня. (RST)
• Та визволить Бог мою душу із влади шеолу, бо Він мене візьме! Села. (UKR)
• Но Бог ще изкупи душата ми от силата на преизподнята. Защото ще ме приеме. (Села) (BULG)

"...Sheol" with second clause

• But as for me, God will redeem my life. He will snatch me from the power of the grave. Interlude (NLT)
• But God will rescue me; he will save me from the power of death. (GNT)
• But God will rescue me from the power of death. (CEV)
• But God will ransom my life, he will take me from the power of Sheol. (NEB)
• But God will ransom my life and take me from the power of Sheol. [Selah (REB)
• (But God shall redeem my soul; and he shall take me away from the power of Sheol, or the power of death. (WYC)
• Ich bin gewiss: Gott wird mich erlösen, er wird mich den Klauen des Todes entreißen. (HFA)
• Mein Leben aber – Gott selbst kauft es frei; aus den Krallen des Todes reißt er mich heraus! (GNB)
• Gott aber wird mein Leben loskaufen, aus der Gewalt des Totenreichs nimmt er mich auf. Sela (ZÜR)
• Mais Dieu me délivrera ! Oui, il m'arrache aux griffes de la mort ! Pause (NFC)

"Because"

• But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me. Selah (ESV)
• But God will redeem my life from the clutches of Sheol, for He will take me. Selah (JPS 1985)
• But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me. Selah (NRSV)
• Pero Dios redimirá mi vida del poder del seol, porque él me tomará consigo. Selah (RVR95)
• Pero Elohim redimirá mi alma de la mano del Seol, Porque me llevará consigo. Selah (BTX4)
• Mais Dieu me libérera du séjour des morts, car il me prendra. Pause (NBS)
• Mais Dieu me délivrera ╵du séjour des morts, car il me prendra. Pause (BDS)
• Та визволить Бог мою душу із влади шеолу, бо Він мене візьме! Села. (UKR)
• Но Бог ще изкупи душата ми от силата на преизподнята. Защото ще ме приеме. (Села) (BULG)

"When"

• Surely God will ransom my soul from the hand of Sheol when he shall take me. Selah. (JUB)
• Nevertheless God shall again-buy my soul from the power of hell; when he shall take me. (WYC)
• Но мою жизнь искупит Бог от власти мира мертвых, когда примет меня к Себе. Пауза (NRT)
• Но Бог избавит душу мою от власти преисподней, когда примет меня. (RST)

"Surely"

• But God will redeem me from the realm of the dead; he will surely take me to himself. (NIV)
• But God will rescue my life from the power of Sheol; certainly he will pull me to safety. (Selah) (NET)
• Doch Gott wird mich auslösen aus der Gewalt der Unterwelt, ja, er nimmt mich auf. [Sela] (EÜ)
• Mais Dieu rachètera mon âme du séjour des morts, oui, il me prendra. – Pause. (S21)
• Mais Dieu me délivrera ! Oui, il m'arrache aux griffes de la mort ! Pause (NFC)
• Mais Dieu rachètera ma vie au pouvoir de la mort, oui, il me délivrera. (PDV)

Secondary Literature

Barthélemy, Dominique. 2005. Critique Textuelle de l’Ancien Testament. vol. 4: Psaumes. Fribourg, Switzerland: Academic Press.

Briggs, Charles Augustus and Emilie Grace Briggs. 1906. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Psalms. vol. 2. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Clifford, Richard. 2002. Psalm 1-72. Abingdon Old Testament commentaries Nashville, TN: Abington Press.

Craigie, Peter C., and Marvin E. Tate. 1983. 2nd ed. Psalms 1–50. vol. 19. WBC. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

Dahood, Mitchell. 1966. Psalms. Vol. 1. Anchor Bible Commentary. New York: Doubleday.

DeClaissé-Walford, Nancy, Rolf A. Jacobson, and Beth LaNeel Tanner. 2014. The Book of Psalms. NICOT. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Delitzsch, Franz. 1883. Biblical Commentary on the Psalms. vol. 1. Translated by Eaton David. New York, NY: Funk and Wagnalls.

Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. 2015. On Biblical Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ewald, Heinrich. 1866. Die Dichter des Alten Bundes. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Fohrer, G. 1993. Psalmen. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Goldingay, John. 2007. Psalms 42–89. vol. 2. BCOT. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Goulder, Michael D. 1982. The Psalms of the Sons of Korah. Sheffield: JSOT Press.

Gross, H. 1972. “Self-oder Fremderlösung.” Pages 65–70 in Wort, Lied und Gottesspruch: Beiträge zu Psalmen und Propheten.ed. J. Schreiner. (J. Ziegler FS). Würzburg: Echter.

Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm. 1863. Commentary on the Psalms. vol. 2. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Hitzig, Ferdinand. 1863-1865. Die Psalmen, 2 vols. Leipzig: C.F. Winter.

Kissane, Edward. 1953. The Book of Psalms. vol. 1, Westminster, MD: The Newman Press.

Koehler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J. Stamm. 2001. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 2 vols. Translated and edited under the supervision of Mervyn E. J. Richardson. Leiden: Brill.

Kraus, Hans-Joachim. 1972. Psalmen 1–63. BKT XV/1. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.

Muraoka, J. 1985. Emphatic Words and Structures in Biblical Hebrew. Leiden: Brill.

Sundermeier, Th. 1993. “Erlösung oder Versöhnung: Religionsgeschichtliche Anstöße.” EvT 53: 124-146.

Taylor, Richard A. trans., 2020. The Syriac Peshitta Bible with English Translation: Psalms. ed. by George A. Kiraz and Joseph Bali. The Antioch Bible/ṢṢurath Kthobh. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias.

VanGemeren, Willem A. 1997. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

Volz, Paul. 1937. “Psalm 49.” ZAW 55: 235–64.

Weiser, Artur. 1962. The Psalms. OTL. Trans. by Herbert Hartwell. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.

Witte, Markus. 2000. "‘Aber Gott wird meine Seele erlösen.’: Tod und Leben nach Psalm XLIX.” VT 50: 540–60.

References

49:16