The Text of Ps. 23:6b

Introduction

The Masoretic text of Ps 23:6b reads as follows:

וְשַׁבְתִּ֥י בְּבֵית־יְ֝הוָ֗ה לְאֹ֣רֶךְ יָמִֽים׃

One of the most debatable issues of Psalm 23 concerns the verb וְשַׁבְתִּי in verse 6. Translations have read the text in three different ways.

1. Read the text as וְשַׁבְתִּי (so MT; waw consecutive + Qal perfect 1cs from שוּב - "and I will return"). This option is represented by the modern translation TOB: Et je reviendrai à la maison du SEIGNEUR.
2. Read the text as וְשִבְתִּי (waw conjunctive + Qal infinitive construct from יָשַב with 1cs pronominal suffix - "and my dwelling"). The LXX appears to support this option which is represented by the modern translation LSV: "And my dwelling [is] in the house of YHWH."
3. Read the text as וְיָשַבְתִּי (waw consecutive + Qal perfect 1cs from יָשַב - "and I will dwell"). The majority of ancient (Peshitta, Targum, Jerome Psalmi Iuxta Hebr.) and modern translations appear to support this option which is represented by the modern translation NIV: "And I will dwell in the house of the Lord." We note that these translations appear to be reading וְיָשַבְתִּי. It is possible that some of them are actually reading וְשִבְתִּי (lit.: “my dwelling [will be]...” - option 2) but translating it as “I will dwell”, which would have the same English translation as וְיָשַבְתִּי ("and I will dwell").

Argument Maps

וְשַׁבְתִּי - Following the Masoretic Text (preferred)

This option preserves the traditional Hebrew text וְשַׁבְתִּי (waw consecutive + Qal perfect 1cs from שוּב - "and I will return"), and it is represented by the modern translation TOB: Et je reviendrai à la maison du SEIGNEUR. Although this option is not favored by the consulted English translations, it is an option favored by several non-English modern translations such as French (e.g., TOB, NBS, S21), German (e.g., ELB, EÜ, ZÜR), and Portuguese (e.g., NVI) as well as by English commentators (e.g., Keil and Delitzsch 1900, 332; Ross 2011, 554; Ewald 1835, 16; NICOT). The arguments for and against this view are as follows.

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[וְשַׁבְתִּי]: The earlier reading of the text is וְשַׁבְתִּי ("and I will return") (cf. Keil and Delitzsch 1900, 332 :C:; Ross 2011, 554 :C:; Bellinger and Arterbury 2005, 393-394 :A:; Ewald 1835, 16 :C:; NICOT; etc.)
 - <Odd>: The use of the preposition בְּ  ("in") with the verb וְשַׁבְתִּי ("and I will return") is odd (cf. Goldingay 2006, 345 :C:; Futato 2009, 102 :C:). The preposition בְּ is more commonly used with verbs derived from the root יָשַב ("to dwell") than from the root שוּב ("to return").#dispreferred
  + <לְ or אֶל>: The verb שוּב ("to return") is typically accompanied by either the preposition לְ ("to") or the preposition אֶל ("to"), not by a בְּ preposition.#dispreferred
   + [לְ or אֶל]: Gen 18:33b וְאַבְרָהָ֖ם שָׁ֥ב לִמְקֹמֹֽו "and Abraham returned to his place" (ESV); Gen 28:21 וְשַׁבְתִּ֥י בְשָׁלֹ֖ום אֶל־בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י "and I return safely to my father's home" (NET).#dispreferred
  <_ <More difficult reading>: The reading וְשַׁבְתִּי is the more difficult reading and is therefore to be preferred. Scribes were more likely to ‘fix’ the text to make it more understandable than make its meaning more obscure.
  <_ <Wide range of translation>: The בְּ preposition occurs in every verse of the psalm except v.1. Its occurrences demonstrate "the wide range of English translations it \[the preposition\] can sustain depending on context: \[בִּנְאֹות דֶּשֶׁא\] 'in' (pastures green); \[בְּגֵיא\] 'through' (the valley); \[בַשֶּׁמֶן\] 'with' (oil). So while it would most naturally mean 'in' here—'in the house of'—it could perhaps mean 'to' (the house of)" (Briggs 2021, 163 :C:).
  <_ <Pregnant Construction>: In Ps 23:6b, we have a ''pregnant construction'': "'and I shall return (''perf. consec.'') in the house of Jahve' ''i.e.'' having returned, I shall again dwell in the house of Jahve" (Delitzsch 1883, 407 :C:. Cf. also Grosser 2023, 295 footnote 3 :M:).
 + <Context of hospitality>: The main image of vv. 5-6 is one of hospitality; the psalmist portrays YHWH as host (cf. Keel 1997, 195 :M:; Grosser 2023, 298-299 :M:; Perowne 1871, 240-241 :C:). This poetic image fits this reading. "Seldom does a traveling guest take up residence with his or her host . . . Rather, once a long-term relationship has been established, the guests return to their host’s house and hospitality whenever they are in the region again" (Arterbury and Bellinger 2005, 394 :A:).
  + [Ps 23:5]: Verse 5 describes YHWH providing for his guest the way a banquet host would provide; e.g., YHWH “arranges/prepares a table” (which was associated with the preparation of a meal or a feast) and “anoints the guest's head” ("to rub a guest’s head with olive oil was part of the prescribed etiquette followed by a solicitous host as he welcomed his guests" \[Bratcher and Reyburn 1991, 234-235 :C:\]).
  + [Example]: "This pattern of returning to the host’s home is the pattern we see between Elisha and the woman of Shunem (2 Kgs 4,10-36) and between Sisera and Heber the Kenite (Judg 4). A similar pattern can be seen in the New Testament when Paul tells Philemon, his former host, to get the guest room ready (Phlm 1,22). In addition, the return of the guests to their former host’s home at a later time is quite pronounced in the Greco-Roman world (e.g., Xenophon of Ephesus, ''An Ephesian Tale'', 158-59 and 166)"  (Arterbury and Bellinger 2005, 394 :A:).
 + <Restoration>: "The restoration of the life of the suppliant (ישׁובב) in v. 3 can also be described as corresponding to the return (ושׁבתי) of the suppliant to the house of Yahweh during a long life (v. 6ab), so that the presence of Yahweh with the worshipper on his journey in the first stanza (עמדי, v. 4) finds an echo in the presence of the worshipper with Yahweh in his temple (at the end of the journey) in the second (לפני, v. 5 and בבית־יהוה v.6)" (Botha 2015, 286 :A:).
  + <Poetic Feature>: The presence of the verb שׁוב in v. 3 (יְשֹׁובֵב) forms "an instance of inclusion between vv. 3 and 6" (Botha 2015, 285 :A:).
 + <Pilgrimage>: The psalmist's vow "to return" to the house of the Lord is consistent with reading Ps 23 as a pilgrimage, "in which case the psalmist is making a pledge to return to Yahweh's house another time, and repeatedly keep making the house of the Lord the centre point of his religious orientation" (Asumang 2010, 16 :A:).
  <_ <No internal evidence>:The psalm presents no internal evidence of a pilgrimage. Such a journey would "have to be supplied as a potential context" (Briggs 2021, 159 :C:).#dispreferred
 + <Wanderings>: The psalm describes the psalmist's wanderings such as being led "to water in places of repose" (Ps 23:2; JPS, 1985), being guided "in right paths" (Ps 23:3; JPS, 1985), and being pursued by "goodness and steadfast love" (Ps 23:3; JPS, 1985). "From a literary perspective, the notion of 'return' fits quite well in the poem and brings closure to the wanderings" (Grosser 2023, 296 :M:; cf. also Jacobson and Tanner 2014, 245 :C:).
 + <Manuscript evidence>: The Masoretic text vocalizes ושבתי as וְשַׁבְתִּי, and the vocalization of the Masoretic text reflects an ancient reading tradition. Moreover, the Nahal Hever Psalms scroll supports the consonantal text ושבתי which can be read as וְשַׁבְתִּי ("and I will return").
  + [MT]: וְשַׁבְתִּי
  <_ <Revocalization>: The consonantal text might instead be read as וְשִבְתִּי ("and my dwelling").#dispreferred
   <_ <Spelling>: וְשַׁבְתִּי is contracted from וְיָשַבְתִּי. The ''yod'' has dropped out of the text; therefore, וְיָשַבְתִּי should be read for וְשַׁבְתִּי (Jennings 1884, 100).#dispreferred
 + <Ps 23 is linked to Ps 24>: "To return" fits best because the ending of Ps 23 is connected to the beginning of Ps 24. The psalmist's return to the house of the Lord is immediately followed by the entrance liturgy (Knauf 2001, 556 :A:; Weber 2016, 128 :C:).
  + <Pss 23 and 24>: Ps 23:6 וְשַׁבְתִּ֥י בְּבֵית־יְ֝הוָ֗ה ("and I will return to YHWH's house").
Ps 24:3 מִֽי־יַעֲלֶ֥ה בְהַר־יְהוָ֑ה וּמִי־יָ֝קוּם בִּמְקֹ֥ום קָדְשֹֽׁו ("who may ascend the mountain of the LORD? Who may stand in his holy place?" \[NIV\]). Ps 23 ends with the psalmist's affirmation that he will return to YHWH's house; i.e., the temple. In Ps 24, the psalmist wishes to know what YHWH "requires of those who want to worship in his Temple \[=his holy place\]" (Bratcher and Reyburn 1991, 239 :C:).

Revocalize וְשַׁבְתִּי to וְשִבְתִּי

Other translations revocalize the Masoretic text וְשַׁבְתִּי ("and I will return") to וְשִבְתִּי (waw conjunctive + Qal infinitive construct from יָשַב with 1cs pronominal suffix - "and my dwelling"). The LXX appears to support this option which is represented by the modern translation LSV: "And my dwelling [is] in the house of YHWH."

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[וְשִבְתִּי]: The earlier reading of the text is וְשִבְתִּי ("and my dwelling") (cf. Kirkpatrick 1906, 126 :C:; Driver 1898, 61 :M:; Rosenmülleri 1831, 457 :C:; etc.).#dispreferred
 + <לְאֹ֣רֶךְ יָמִֽים>: The prepositional phrase לְאֹ֣רֶךְ יָמִֽים (for length of days >> "forever" \[ESV, Ps 23:6\] or for "as long as I live" \[CSB, Ps 23:6\]) fits best with the verb "to dwell", which is durative and atelic.#dispreferred
  <_<Prepositional phrase>: The prepositional phrase לְאֹ֣רֶךְ יָמִֽים also works with the verb "to return". The idea is that the "returning to YHWH's house" is something that the psalmist will do again and again for as long as he lives. Alternatively, the psalmist could be saying he would return to remain in YHWH's house forever (NICOT: "A verb of motion (such as šûḇ \[שׁוּב\]) plus the preposition b- \[בְּ\] gives the sense of move to a place in order to remain there permanently"). 
 + <Other occurrences>: The reference "to dwell in the house of the Lord" is not uncommon, it also occurs in other psalms (cf. Barnes 1869, 213 :C:; Jennings 1884, 100 :C:).#dispreferred
  + [Examples]: Ps 84:5 אַ֭שְׁרֵי יֹושְׁבֵ֣י בֵיתֶ֑ךָ - "Blessed are those who dwell in your house" (ESV, Ps 84:4) and Ps 27:4 שִׁבְתִּ֣י בְּבֵית־יְ֭הוָה - "That I may dwell in the house of the Lord" (ESV, Ps 27:4).#dispreferred
 + <Ancient witnesses>: The LXX and Symmachus probably read וְשִבְתִּי instead of וְשַׁבְתִּי. Moreover, the Nahal Hever Psalms scroll supports the consonantal text ושבתי which can be read as וְשִבְתִּי ("and my dwelling").#dispreferred
  <_<Vocalization>: Since the MT reflects an ancient reading tradition, the consonantal text should follow the MT vocalization וְשַׁבְתִּי ("and I will return").
  +[LXX and Symmachus]: LXX (καὶ τὸ κατοικεῖν με - "and my residing/dwelling") and Symmachus (καὶ ἡ κατοίκησίς μου - "and my residing/dwelling").#dispreferred
   <_<Harmonization>: This reading can be explained as a harmonization to Ps 27:4b.
    +[Ps 27:4b]: שִׁבְתִּ֣י בְּבֵית־יְ֭הוָה ("That I may dwell in the house of the Lord" \[ESV\]).
 - <Context of hospitality>: The main image of vv. 5-6 is one of hospitality; the psalmist portrays YHWH as host (cf. Keel 1997, 195 :M:; Grosser 2023, 298-299 :M:; Perowne 1871, 240-241 :C:). "Seldom does a traveling guest take up residence with his or her host" (Arterbury and Bellinger 2005, 394 :A:).
  + [Ps 23:5]: Verse 5 describes YHWH providing for his guest the way a banquet host would provide; e.g., YHWH “arranges/prepares a table” (which was associated with the preparation of a meal or a feast) and “anoints the guest's head” ("to rub a guest’s head with olive oil was part of the prescribed etiquette followed by a solicitous host as he welcomed his guests" \[Bratcher and Reyburn 1991, 234-235 :C:\]).
  + [Example]: "This pattern of returning to the host’s home is the pattern we see between Elisha and the woman of Shunem (2 Kgs 4,10-36) and between Sisera and Heber the Kenite (Judg 4). A similar pattern can be seen in the New Testament when Paul tells Philemon, his former host, to get the guest room ready (Phlm 1,22). In addition, the return of the guests to their former host’s home at a later time is quite pronounced in the Greco-Roman world (e.g., Xenophon of Ephesus, ''An Ephesian Tale'', 158-59 and 166)"  (Arterbury and Bellinger 2005, 394 :A:).

Emend וְשַׁבְתִּי to וְיָשַבְתִּי

The majority of ancient (Peshitta, Targum, Jerome Psalmi Iuxta Hebr.) and modern translations seem to emend the Masoretic text וְשַׁבְתִּי ("and I will return") to וְיָשַבְתִּי (waw consecutive + Qal perfect 1cs from יָשַב - "and I will dwell"). This option is represented by the modern translation NIV: "And I will dwell in the house of the Lord."

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[וְיָשַבְתִּי]: The earlier reading of the text is וְיָשַבְתִּי ("and I will dwell") (cf. GKC §69m; Baethgen 1904, 69 :C:; Hitzig 1835, 39 :C:; etc.).#dispreferred
 + <Ancient witnesses>: Several early witnesses probably read the text as וְיָשַבְתִּי ("and I will dwell").#dispreferred
  +[Peshitta, Targum, and Jerome]: Peshitta (ܕܐܥܡܪ - "so that I may dwell" \[Taylor 2021, 81\]), Targum (כד אתיב - "When I shall dwell" \[Stec 2004, 61\]), and Jerome's Hebrew Psalter ("et ut inhabitem" - "and I will dwell").#dispreferred
  <_<Easier reading>: וְיָשַבְתִּי is the easier reading, and therefore scribes were more likely to change וְשַׁבְתִּ֥י to וְיָשַבְתִּי and not the other way around. 
 + <Other occurrences>: The reference "to dwell in the house of the Lord" is not uncommon, it also occurs in other psalms (cf. Barnes 1869, 213 :C:; Jennings 1884, 100 :C:).#dispreferred
  + [Examples]: Ps 84:5 אַ֭שְׁרֵי יֹושְׁבֵ֣י בֵיתֶ֑ךָ - "Blessed are those who dwell in your house" (ESV, Ps 84:4) and Ps 27:4 שִׁבְתִּ֣י בְּבֵית־יְ֭הוָה - "That I may dwell in the house of the Lord" (ESV, Ps 27:4).#dispreferred
 + <לְאֹ֣רֶךְ יָמִֽים>: The prepositional phrase לְאֹ֣רֶךְ יָמִֽים (for length of days >> "forever" \[ESV, Ps 23:6\] or for "as long as I live" \[CSB, Ps 23:6\]) fits best with the verb "to dwell", which is durative and atelic.#dispreferred
  <_<Prepositional phrase>: The prepositional phrase לְאֹ֣רֶךְ יָמִֽים also works with the verb "to return". The idea is that the "returning to YHWH's house" is something that the psalmist will do again and again for as long as he lives. Alternatively, the psalmist could be saying he would return to remain in YHWH's house forever (NICOT: "A verb of motion (such as šûḇ \[שׁוּב\]) plus the preposition b- \[בְּ\] gives the sense of move to a place in order to remain there permanently").  
 - <Ancient support>: Most ancient witnesses support reading the consonantal text ושבתי (e.g., MT, Nahal Hever Psalms scroll, and LXX).
  <_<Contracted form>: The consonantal text ושבתי is contracted from וישבתי.#dispreferred
    - <Aphaeresis>: It is not probable that the MT ושבתי is contracted from וישבתי; "the aphaeresis may be admissible in the case of the ''infin. absol.'', where the finite verb that supports it prevents all ambiguity (Jer. xlii. 10: יָשׁוֹב = שׁוֹב), and, after the analogy of שֶׁבֶת, in the case of יְשִׁיבָה = שִׁיבָה (2 Sam. xix. 33); here, however, it would be without any adequate reason or design" (Delitzsch 1883, 407 :C:). 
 - <Context of hospitality>: The main image of vv. 5-6 is one of hospitality; the psalmist portrays YHWH as host (cf. Keel 1997, 195 :M:; Grosser 2023, 298-299 :M:; Perowne 1871, 240-241 :C:). "Seldom does a traveling guest take up residence with his or her host" (Arterbury and Bellinger 2005, 394 :A:).
  + [Ps 23:5]: Verse 5 describes YHWH providing for his guest the way a banquet host would provide; e.g., YHWH “arranges/prepares a table” (which was associated with the preparation of a meal or a feast) and “anoints the guest's head” ("to rub a guest’s head with olive oil was part of the prescribed etiquette followed by a solicitous host as he welcomed his guests" \[Bratcher and Reyburn 1991, 234-235 :C:\]).
  + [Example]: "This pattern of returning to the host’s home is the pattern we see between Elisha and the woman of Shunem (2 Kgs 4,10-36) and between Sisera and Heber the Kenite (Judg 4). A similar pattern can be seen in the New Testament when Paul tells Philemon, his former host, to get the guest room ready (Phlm 1,22). In addition, the return of the guests to their former host’s home at a later time is quite pronounced in the Greco-Roman world (e.g., Xenophon of Ephesus, ''An Ephesian Tale'', 158-59 and 166)"  (Arterbury and Bellinger 2005, 394 :A:).

Conclusion

The majority of modern translations read Ps 23:6b either as וְשִבְתִּי (so LXX, “and my dwelling”) or as וְיָשַבְתִּי (so, Peshitta, Targum, Jerome’s Iuxta Heb., “and I will dwell). Although these readings are plausible, they diverge from the MT (וְשַׁבְתִּי - “and I will return”) probably as the result of a harmonization with Ps 27:4. We have favored the MT reading, which is the more difficult reading and probably earlier. We have three reasons to support our interpretation. First, the MT vocalization reflects an ancient reading tradition. Second, the MT reading is more poetically structured (the repetition of the root שׁוב in vv. 3 and 6 forms an inclusion). Third, "to return" fits two major images of Ps 23: YHWH as a shepherd and host. The destination toward which the psalmist is shepherded is YHWH’s house. Additionally, “to return” fits the pattern of hospitality (a guest seldom takes residence with a host, but he often returns to a host’s house).

In either case ("to dwell" or "to return"), the destination is the same (YHWH's house). Yet, the choice of interpretation does impact our understanding of the psalmist's relationship to YHWH's house. The psalmist may literally dwell in YHWH's house as a Levite resides in the temple. However, we understand YHWH’s house to be the destination to where the psalmist will return again and again for as long as he lives.

Translations

Ancient

• LXX: καὶ τὸ κατοικεῖν με ἐν οἴκῳ Κυρίου εἰς μακρότητα ἡμερῶν. ("and my residing in the Lord's house is for length of days").
• Symmachus: καὶ ἡ κατοίκησίς μου ("and my dwelling").
• Peshitta: ܕܐܥܡܪ ܒܒܝܬܗ ܕܡܪܝܐ ܢܘܓܪܐ/ܟܠܗܘܢ#3#/ ܕܝܘܡ̈ܬܐ ("so that I may dwell in the house of the Lord for the length of my days").
• Jerome (Psalmi Iuxta LXX): et habitabo in domo Domini in longitudine dierum ("and that I may dwell in the house of the Lord for length of days").
• Jerome (Psalmi Iuxta Hebr.): et ut inhabitem in domo Domini in longitudinem dierum ("and I will/shall dwell in the house of the Lord for length of days").
• Targum: כד אתיב בבית מקדשא דיהוה נגדא דיומנא ("When I shall dwell in the house of the sanctuary of the Lord for length of days").

Modern

וְיָשַבְתִּי ("and I will/shall dwell/live")

• English
  • and I will live forever in your house, LORD. (CEV)
  • and I shall dwell in the house of the LORD forever. (ESV)
  • and I shall dwell in the house of the LORD for many long years. (JPS, 1985)
  • and I shall dwell in the house of the Lord my whole life long. (NEB)
  • and I will live in the Lord’s house for the rest of my life. (NET)
  • and I will dwell in the house of the Lord forever. (NIV)
  • I make my home in the house of Yahweh for all time to come. (NJB)
  • and I will live in the house of the LORD forever. (NLT)
  • and I shall dwell in the house of the Lord my whole life long. (NRSV)
  • and I shall dwell in the house of the Lord throughout the years to come. (REB)

• German
  • in deinem Haus darf ich nun bleiben mein Leben lang. (GNB)
  • in deinem Haus darf ich bleiben mein Leben lang. (HFA)
  • und ich werde bleiben im Hause des HERRN immerdar. (Luther 2017)
  • und ich werde wohnen im Haus des HERRN für alle Zeit. (NGÜ)

• Portuguese
  • e habitarei na Casa do Senhor para todo o sempre. (ARA)
  • E na tua casa, ó Senhor, morarei todos os dias da minha vida. (NTLH)

• Spanish
  • y en la Casa de YHVH moraré por largos días. (BTX4)
  • y en tu casa, oh Señor, por siempre viviré. (DHH)
  • y en la casa del Señor habitaré para siempre. (NVI)
  • y en la casa de Jehová moraré por largos días. (RVR95)

וְשִבְתִּי ("and my dwelling")

• English
  • And my dwelling [is] in the house of Jehovah, For a length of days! (YLT)
  • And my dwelling [is] in the house of YHWH, For [the] length of [my] days! (LSV)

וְשַׁבְתִּי ("and I will return")

• French
  • et je pourrai retourner ╵au sanctuaire de l’Eternel tant que je vivrai. (BDS)
  • et je reviendrai à la maison du Seigneur pour la longueur des jours. (NBS)
  • Seigneur, je reviendrai dans ta maison aussi longtemps que je vivrai. (NFC)
  • Et je reviendrai dans la maison de l'Éternel pour la durée de mes jours. (NVSR)
  • Je reviendrai pour toujours dans la maison du Seigneur. (PDV)
  • et je reviendrai dans la maison de l’Eternel jusqu’à la fin de mes jours. (S21)
  • et je reviendrai à la maison du SEIGNEUR, pour de longs jours. (TOB)

• German
  • und ich kehre zurück ins Haus des HERRN für immer. (ELB)
  • und heimkehren werde ich ins Haus des HERRN für lange Zeiten. (EÜ)
  • und ich werde zurückkehren ins Haus des HERRN mein Leben lang. (ZÜR)

• Portuguese
  • e voltarei à casa do Senhor enquanto eu viver. (NVI)

Secondary Literature

Article [A]

Arterbury, Andrew E., and William H. Bellinger. 2005. "'Returning' to the Hospitality of the Lord: A Reconsideration of Psalm 23,5-6." Biblica 86, no. 3: 387–95.

Asumang, Annang. 2010. "The presence of the Shepherd: A Rhetographic Exegesis of Psalm 23." Conspectus: The Journal of the South African Theological Seminary, 1-24.

Botha, Phil J.. 2015. "Following the 'Tracks of Righteousness' of Psalm 23." Old Testament Essays, 28(2), 283-300.

Knauf, Ernst A. 2001. "Psalm XXIII 6." Vetus Testamentum, 51(4), 556-556.

Commentary [C]

Baethgen, Friedrich. 1904. Die Psalmen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.

Barnes, Albert. 1869. Notes: Critical, Explanatory, and Practical on the Book of Psalms. Vol. 1. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.

Bratcher, Robert G., and William D. Reyburn. 1991. A Translator's Handbook on the Book of Psalms. New York: UBS Handbook Series.

Briggs, Richard S. 2021. The Lord is My Shepherd: Psalm 23 For The Life of The Church. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.

DeClaissé-Walford, Nancy L., Rolf A. Jacobson, and Beth Laneel Tanner. 2014. “Book One of the Psalter: Psalms 1–41,” in The Book of Psalms, ed. E. J. Young, R. K. Harrison, and Robert L. Hubbard Jr.. The New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Delitzsch, Franz Julius. 1883. A Commentary on the Psalms. New York: Funk and Wagnalls.

Ewald, Heinrich. 1835. Die Psalmen. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck und Ruprecht.

Futato, Mark D. 2008. "The Book of Psalms." In Cornerstone Biblical Commentary: The Book of Psalms, The Book of Proverbs. Vol 7. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers.

Goldingay, John. 2006. Psalms: Psalms 1-41. Vol. 1. BCOT. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.

Hitzig, Ferdinand. 1835. Die Psalmen: Historisch-Kritisch Untersucht. Heidelberg: C.F. Winter.

Keil, Carl Friedrich, and Franz Delitzsch. 1900. Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament In Ten Volumes. Volume V. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Kirkpatrick, Alexander F. 1906. The Book of Psalms. London: Cambridge University Press.

Jennings, Arthur Charles, William Henry Lowe. 1848. The Psalms with Introductions and Critical Notes. London: Macmillan and Co.

Perowne, J. J. Stewart. 1870. The Book of Psalms: A New Translation with Introductions and Notes, Explanatory and Critical. Vol. I. London: Bell and Daldy.

Rosenmüller, E. Frid. Car. 1831. Scholia in Psalmos in Compendium Redacta. Lipsiae: Sumptibus Jo. Ambr. Barthii.

Ross, Allen P. 2011. A Commentary on the Psalms 1-41. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Kregel.

Weber, Beat. 2016. Die Psalmen 1 bis 72. Vol. 1 of Werkbuch Psalmen. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Perlego version.

Grammatical Resource [G]

GKC (Gesenius-Kautzsch-Cowley Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar).

Monograph [M]

Driver, S. R. 1868. The Parallel Psalter: Being The Prayer-Book Version of The Psalms and A New Version, Arranged on Opposite Pages: With An Introduction and Glossaries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Keel, Othmar. 1997. The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Grosser, Emmylou. 2023. Unparalleled Poetry: A Cognitive Approach to the Free-Rhythm Verse of the Hebrew Bible. New York: Oxford University Press.

References

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