View source for Psalm 19/Macrosyntax

<noinclude>
{{NavigationButton}}

{{Psalm/Banner
  |Title=Nothing Is Hidden
}}

<div style="padding:12px; text-align:left;">[[File:Noun-thought-3211356-94C1AE.png|50px|link=https://psalms.scriptura.org/w/Psalm_{{CurrentChapter}}/Test/Discourse]] [[Psalm_{{CurrentChapter}}/Test/Discourse|See Full Discourse Layer]]</div>
</noinclude>
==Macrosyntax==

<span class="mw-customtoggle-MacroIntro wds-button wds-is-secondary" style="display:inline-block;background: lightgray;padding:5px;border-radius:5px;outline:none"> What is Macrosyntax? </span>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-MacroIntro">
{{MacrosyntaxIntro}}
</div>

===Macrosyntax Diagram===
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-lg-11" style="font-size:0.8rem;">
{{Macrosyntax}}
  </div>
</div>

<div style="color:darkgrey;">''(Click diagram to enlarge)''</div>


[[File:Psalm 019 - Macrosyntax.jpg|class=img-fluid|825px]]

<ul class="nav nav-tabs p-4 mb-4" id="MacroTabs" role="tablist">
   <li class="nav-item"><btn id="macro1Label" data-toggle="tab" class="nav-link active" role="tab" aria-controls="macro1" aria-selected="true">#macro1|Divisions</btn></li>
   <li><btn id="macro2Label" data-toggle="tab" class="nav-link" role="tab" aria-controls="macro2" aria-selected="false">#macro2|Word Order</btn></li>
   <li><btn id="macro2Label" data-toggle="tab" class="nav-link" role="tab" aria-controls="macro3" aria-selected="false">#macro3|Vocatives</btn></li>
   <li><btn id="macro2Label" data-toggle="tab" class="nav-link" role="tab" aria-controls="macro4" aria-selected="false">#macro4|Discourse Markers</btn></li>
   <li><btn id="macro2Label" data-toggle="tab" class="nav-link" role="tab" aria-controls="macro5" aria-selected="false">#macro5|Conjunctions</btn></li>
</ul>

<div class="tab-content">

   <div id="macro1" class="tab-pane fade show active" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="macro1Label">
====Paragraph Divisions====
*  The topic of '''vv. 2-5b''' is הַשָּׁמַ֗יִם, the first word of this section.
* In '''v. 5c''', the topic changes (or rather narrows) to the sun (לַשֶּׁמֶשׁ), the first word of this section, which remains the topic up through v. 7.
* In '''v. 8a''', the topic changes to תּ֘וֹרַ֤ת יְהוָ֣ה, the opening phrase of this section, and it remains the topic throughout vv. 8-11.
* '''Verse 12''' also introduces a new topic ("your servant").
   </div>

   <div id="macro2" class="tab-pane fade" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="macro2Label">
====Word Order====
*  '''v. 2.''' The word order in the a-line is default (Subject, Verb-participle, Object). The word order in the b-line is arranged to form a chiasm with the a-line: S-V-O // O-V-S.
* '''v. 3.''' The predicates in v. 3 ("pours out speech... imparts knowledge") are presupposed, and the phrases י֣וֹם לְ֭יוֹם (v. 3a) and לַ֥יְלָה לְּ֝לַ֗יְלָה (v. 3b) are fronted for marked focus. If the grammatical analysis of v. 3 is correct and these phrases are the subjects of the clause, then the verse is explaining how the sky is speaking. In other words, v. 2 raises the question: "how is it that the sky is speaking?" Verse 3 provides the answer: "It's the movement of day to day that pours forth speech and the movement of night to night that imparts knowledge." Alternatively, if the PP's are adverbial (they pour out speech day after day..."), then the verse is highlighting the constancy of the sky's communication. Cf. Lunn 2006, 143—"Having stated the fact of the revelation of God in the universe (v. 2), the psalmist then expands upon this through these two bicola giving salience firstly to the time (day and night, v. 3) and then place (everywhere, v. 5) where this revelation is discernible. The initial M constituent in each instance is therefore made the dominant focal element."
* '''v. 5ab.''' The PP בְּכָל־הָאָ֨רֶץ׀ is fronted for marked focus (cf. Lunn MKD 2006, 299). The previous verse has stated (in negative terms) that not a single word of the heavens goes unheard. Verse 5 now states, in positive terms, that their words have gone forth throughout the whole earth (v. 5a), to the very edge of the world (v. 5b). There is no place on earth where their words are not heard.
* '''v. 5c.''' The fronted PP לַ֝שֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ is the topic of a new poetic paragraph (vv. 5c-7) (cf. Lunn MKD 2006, 299).
* '''v. 7ab.''' The word order in v. 7ab forms a chiasm (Sub-PP // PP-Sub), beginning and ending with the word קצה ("edge"). Verse 7ab thus iconically represents the sun's course from one edge to another. It may also be that the predicate complement מִקְצֵ֤ה הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם ׀ is fronted for marked focus. The subject of the clause, "his starting point" (מֽוֹצָא֗וֹ), is presupposed from the previous clause which mentions the sun's "course." The focus of v. 7a is, then, the location of the starting point: "from one edge of the sky."
* '''v. 12b.''' The PP בְּ֝שָׁמְרָ֗ם introduces a new topic. The first half of the verse is about what YHWH's word does to someone who doesn't keep it—they are warned. The second half of the verse then addresses what happens when YHWH's Word is kept. The word order in v. 12 also forms a chiasm (Subject—Pred with beth PP // Predicate with beth PP—Subject). (It would also be possible to read בְּ֝שָׁמְרָ֗ם as marked for focus—it's only in keeping YHWH's rules that one experiences great reward; those who fail to keep them have no hope of reward."
* '''vv. 13-14a.''' These three lines clauses discuss three different kinds of sin (see notes on lexical semantics). Each kind of sin is fronted as the topic of each clause (cf. Lunn MKD 2006, 299): "As for mistakes (שְׁגִיא֥וֹת), who can realize them? As for hidden sins (מִֽנִּסְתָּר֥וֹת), clear me from their guilt! And as for presumptuous sins (גַּ֤ם מִזֵּדִ֨ים), prevent me from committing them!"
   </div>

   <div id="macro3" class="tab-pane fade" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="macro2Label">
====Vocatives====
*  The psalm's only vocative is in the last clause ('''v. 15'''), and the vocative itself constitutes the last line of the poem: יְ֝הוָ֗ה צוּרִ֥י וְגֹאֲלִֽי. This seventh mention of YHWH's name in the final line of the poem is a poetic feature. Prior to this line, YHWH's name is mentioned six times (vv. 8-10). In a psalm that highlights the theme of "perfection" (cf. תמם in vv. 8, 14), the number six is a glaring imperfection. The tension is resolved in the final line of the poem (v. 15c), where YHWH's name is mentioned for the seventh time. This time, however, YHWH is not only the perfect lawgiver (vv. 8-10), but the one who protects and redeems his servant.
   </div>

   <div id="macro4" class="tab-pane fade" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="macro2Label">
====Discourse Markers====
*  '''v. 12.''' The particle גם in v. 12a signals that the information in v. 12a is an addition to the information in v. 11 (and perhaps also to the information in vv. 8-10) (cf. ESV: "Moreover...", CSB: "In addition..."). The preceding verse has elaborated on the value, desirability, and sweetness of YHWH's Word. Verse 12 then introduces new information about YHWH's Word: not only is it desirable and sweet, but it also warns those who fail to keep it (v. 12a) and rewards those who do (v. 12b).
* '''v. 14.''' The particle גם in v. 14 introduces the final request to round off the psalmist's plea for blamelessness. First, he requests forgiveness from hidden sins (v. 13b), and then he (in addition) requests protection from presumptuous sins (v. 14a) (cf. NET and CSB: "Moreover..."). The particle has scope over the entire clause; i.e., the entire proposition is marked as an addition.
* '''v. 14.''' אז. See note on [https://psalms.scriptura.org/w/Psalm_19_Grammar#v._14bc grammar].
   </div>

   <div id="macro5" class="tab-pane fade" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="macro2Label">
====Conjunctions====
*  '''Waw conjunctions''' are used to coordinate clauses within a line (v. 4a) and lines within a verse (vv. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 14).
* The '''waw in v. 6a (וְה֗וּא)''' probably indicates that the verbless clause (וְה֗וּא כְּ֭חָתָן יֹצֵ֣א מֵחֻפָּת֑וֹ) is providing some background information, as often happens, e.g., in narrative passages (e.g., Gen 14:8 וּמַלְכִּי־צֶ֙דֶק֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ שָׁלֵ֔ם הוֹצִ֖יא לֶ֣חֶם וָיָ֑יִן וְה֥וּא כֹהֵ֖ן לְאֵ֥ל עֶלְיֽוֹן).
* On the '''definite article in v. 11''', see notes on [https://psalms.scriptura.org/w/Psalm_19_Grammar#vv._10-11 grammar]. Formally, the article functions like a relative marker. Semantically, it introduces a conclusion: "For all of these reasons (vv. 8-10), they are..."
   </div>
</div>