View source for The Meaning of לְהַזְכִּיר in Ps 38:1

Back to [[Psalm 38]].

Exegetical Issues for Psalm 38: 
* [[The Meaning of Lehazkir in Ps 38:1]]
* [[The Function of Ki in Ps. 38:16]]
* [[The Text and Meaning of Ps. 38:20]]

=Introduction=
The superscription of Ps 38 includes the phrase לְהַזְכִּיר (cf. Ps 70). The superscription of Ps 38 reads:<ref>Hebrew text taken from [https://hb.openscriptures.org/read/ OSHB]</ref> 
: מִזְמ֖וֹר לְדָוִ֣ד לְהַזְכִּֽיר׃

The meaning and translation of this superscription is not clear.<ref>A few translations transliterate this word rather than explicitly stating a meaning (JPS).</ref> There are three main options for its interpretation.<ref>There is one other option that is not listed here. It could be that לְהַזְכִּיר is intended to be a memorial for Absalom that David wrote after Absalom's coup. For more information on the connections between Psalm 38 and Absalom's coup, see [ Story Behind]. One major support of this view is 2 Sam 18:18, where Absalom erects a pillar as a memorial for himself, using the ''hiphil'' of זכר. However, there are several issues that make it unclear as to whether this is how the superscription should be interpreted. First, the one other psalm that uses the superscription לְהַזְכִּיר is Ps 70, which doesn't have any overt connection to Absalom's coup. Second, no translations or historical sources clearly support this reading. Some translate לְהַזְכִּיר as "memorial" but that is ambiguous as to what is being memorialized. As such, this option is not discussed in depth here.</ref> 
# Some translations take it as a simple petition or lament: "A psalm of David. '''A petition'''" (NIV).
#Others interpret it as a reminder...
## without specifying who is being reminded of what: "A psalm of David '''to bring remembrance'''" (CSB).
## specifying that this psalm is written to remind people of God:<ref> A subset of this intepretation is that the purpose of these psalms are to remind the people of God and what he has done, resulting in praise. The meaning of "praise" is not precluded in the term זכר, so this could be a valid interpretation (BDB, HALOT). This would align with the use of זכר in 1 Chr 16:4, where it is used in a list with ידה "thank" and הלל "praise."  Psalm 70:5 also has themes of praise in response to YHWH's deliverance, "May all who seek you rejoice and be glad in you!" (ESV). However, even though the element of praise exists in Psalm 70, the majority of the psalm is a petition that YHWH would save the psalmist. Psalm 38 doesn't have any elements of praise in it either. In addition, no modern or ancient translations attest this interpretation. So, based on the content of the psalms, it is unlikely that the superscription indicates that these psalms written to remind people of what God has done with the result that they praise him.</ref> "Un psaume de David, '''pour se rappeler au souvenir de Dieu'''" (BDS).
## specifying that God is being reminded of David and his situation in order to galvanize God into action: "A psalm of David, '''asking God to remember him'''" (NLT).
# Lastly, some translations interpret this as referring to a psalm written to be used at memorial offerings: "A Psalm of David, '''for the memorial offering'''" (ESV).

=Argument Maps=
==General Petition==
Two modern translations translate לְהַזְכִּֽיר as "petition" or "lament" (NIV and GNT). 
* "A psalm of David. '''A petition'''" (NIV).
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[Petition]: The superscription לְהַזְכִּֽיר simply signifies that this psalm is a petition (Longman and Longman 2015, 29 :C:). #dispreferred
 + <Inclusio>: Psalm 38 begins and ends with jussives where David is petitioning God. This emphasizes that this psalm is a petition at its core (Grogan 2008, 92 :C:). #dispreferred
  + [Psa 38:2, 22-23 (1b, 21-22)]: LORD, do not rebuke me in your anger or discipline me in your wrath. ...
LORD, do not forsake me; do not be far from me, my God.Come quickly to help me, my Lord and my Savior. (NIV)  #dispreferred
 - <Root meaning>: The word לְהַזְכִּֽיר comes from זכר which means "to remember" or "to mention." Nowhere in the Hebrew Bible does it clearly refer to a petition (Hengstenberg 1863, 43 :C:). 
  <_ <Used in prayers for healing>: A noun from the same root, אַזְכָּרָה, is used at least once in the context of a prayer for healing.  #dispreferred
    + [Sirach 38:9, 11]: My child, when you are sick, don’t look around elsewhere, but pray to the Lord, and he will heal you. Offer a sweet-smelling sacrifice and a memorial (אזכרה) of fine flour, and pour an offering of oil, using what you can afford. (CEB) #dispreferred
      <_ <Could refer to a memorial offering>: In the context in Sirach 38, however, it could be that זכר is being used with more focus on the offering than on the petition, especially since the nominal form אַזְכָּרָה is used instead of the verbal form.
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==Reminder==
Most modern translations translate לְהַזְכִּֽיר literally as "to remind." Within this category, there are four subdivisions. The first does not specify who is being reminded. The second views לְהַזְכִּֽיר as reminding the readers of God. The third option views לְהַזְכִּֽיר as reminding David of God. The fourth option views לְהַזְכִּֽיר as reminding God of David. 

===To Remind===
Many modern translations translate לְהַזְכִּֽיר literally, without specifying who is being reminded or what they should remember. This interpretation is supported by the NASB, CSB, REB, NJB, ELB, ZÜR, TOB, NBS, NVSR, NFC, S21, VR, BTX4, and Jerome. 
* "A psalm of David '''to bring remembrance'''" (CSB).
Because this translation is so broad and the other three subdivisions are contained within it, an argument map is unnecessary.

===To Remind People===
The third subdivision specifies that this psalm was written to remind people of God (BDS).
* "Un psaume de David, '''pour se rappeler au souvenir de Dieu'''" (BDS).

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[To Remind People]: The superscription לְהַזְכִּֽיר indicates that this psalm was written to remind the reader or David of God and the salvation he brings.  #dispreferred
 + <Common theme>: The theme of remembering God and his works is common in the Hebrew Bible. In some passages, not remembering God results in rebellion (TDOT 1980, 4:67 :L:). #dispreferred
   + [Psalms]: Pss 105:5 (Remember the wondrous works that he has done...); 106:7 (...they did not remember the abundance of your steadfast love, but rebelled by the sea, at the Red Sea.); 78:42 (They did not remember his power or the day when he redeemed them from the foe) (ESV) #dispreferred
   + [Elsewhere]: Deut 8:18 (You shall remember the Lord your God...); Jdg 8:34 (And the people of Israel did not remember the Lord their God, who had delivered them from the hand of all their enemies on every side,) (ESV) #dispreferred
 - <Content>: If the focus is on reminding people of God and the salvation he brings, we would expect there to be more focus on what God has done in the past. Instead, the majority of this psalm focuses on David's suffering. 
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===To Remind God (preferred)===
The fourth subdivision specifies that God is the one being reminded of David and his situation with the implication that God will then act to help David. This reading is supported by the NLT, NET, and PDV. 
* "A psalm of David, '''asking God to remember him'''" (NLT).
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[To Remind God]: The superscription לְהַזְכִּֽיר indicates that the psalm is intended to remind God of the psalmist and his sufferings without the implications of a sacrifice (SDBH :L:; BDB :L:).
 + <Remembering connected with action>: Often the verb זכר results in action. Frequently, when God remembers someone, he then grants them forgiveness, salvation, or help (BDB :L:; HALOT :L:; TDOT 1980, 4:66 :L:; Kidner 2008, 171 :C:). 
  + [Jeremiah 31:20]: ...I do remember him still... I will surely have mercy on him... (ESV)
  + [Numbers 10:9]: when you go to war in your land against the adversary who oppresses you, then you shall sound an alarm with the trumpets, that you may be remembered before the Lord your God, and you shall be saved from your enemies. (ESV)
  + [1 Samuel 1:11]: And she vowed a vow and said, “O Lord of hosts, if you will indeed look on the affliction of your servant and remember me and not forget your servant, but will give to your servant a son, then I will give him to the Lord all the days of his life, and no razor shall touch his head.” (ESV)
  + [Psa 132:1, 8]: Remember, O LORD, in David’s favor, all the hardships he endured, ... Arise, O LORD, and go to your resting place, you and the ark of your might. (ESV)
  + [Gen 30:22]: Then God remembered Rachel, and God listened to her and opened her womb. (ESV)
  + [Jer 14:21]: Do not spurn us, for your name's sake; do not dishonor your glorious throne; remember and do not break your covenant with us. (ESV)
 + <Content of Pss 38 and 70>: Psalm 38 ends with a plea for God to help David and not abandon him, so at least part of the reason for this psalm is to remind God of the psalmist's situation with the hope that God will help. Using very similar wording, Psalm 70 begins with a plea for God to come and help the psalmist.  
   + [Psa 38:23]: Hurry to help me, my Lord, my salvation! (CSB)
   + [Psa 70:1]: God, hurry to rescue me. LORD, hurry to help me! (CSB)

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==Memorial Offering==
Lastly, some translations view לְהַזְכִּֽיר as referring to this psalm's usage in the liturgy, specifically for memorial offerings. This meaning is closely related to the previous option, reminding God of the psalmist and his plight. The significant difference is whether this was used specifically in the liturgy or not. This reading is supported by the ESV, CEV, NRSV, Luther 2017, EÜ, NVI, and DHH, as well as LXX and the Targum. 
* "A Psalm of David, '''for the memorial offering'''" (ESV).

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[Memorial Offering]: The superscription לְהַזְכִּֽיר indicates that this psalm was written to be used during the offering of a memorial sacrifice in order to remind God of the psalmist's situation (HALOT :L:; BDB :L:; DCH :L:; Baethgen 1904, 108 :C:). #dispreferred
 + <Used in the context of priests and liturgy>: The verb זכר is often used in liturgical contexts.  #dispreferred
   + [1 Chr 16:4]: Then he appointed some of the Levites as ministers before the ark of the LORD, to invoke (לְהַזְכִּיר), to thank, and to praise the LORD, the God of Israel. (ESV) #dispreferred
   + [Sir 50:14, 16]: When he was finishing his service at the altar, after he had arranged an offering to the Most High, the almighty, ... Then Aaron’s sons cheered; they blew trumpets made of hammered metal and caused a great sound to be heard as a reminder (להזכיר) before the Most High. (CEB) #dispreferred
 + <אַזְכָּרָה ''azkarah''>: The word אַזְכָּרָה comes from the same root as לְהַזְכִּֽיר and is used to describe a portion of grain offerings burnt on the altar, whether for a first fruits or a sin offering. It is also used in the context of offering frankincense each Sabbath. These offerings were intended to remind God of the person offering the sacrifice (Delitzsch 1871, 20 :C:; Anderson 1981, 48 :C:; Kittel 1922, 139; Mowinckel 2004, 212 :M:).  #dispreferred
   + [אַזְכָּרָה in reference to sin offerings]: Lev 2:2, 9, 16; 5:12, 6:8. #dispreferred
   + [אַזְכָּרָה in reference to offering frankincense]: Lev 24:7-8; Isa 66:3. #dispreferred
   <_ <Different word>: While אַזְכָּרָה comes from the same root, that does not necessitate that לְהַזְכִּֽיר is referring back to the memorial offering. If anything, it would be expected that אַזְכָּרָה would be used instead of לְהַזְכִּֽיר. Even Leviticus 24:7 uses אַזְכָּרָה + ל to explicitly state the purpose.
     + [Lev 24:7]: And you shall put pure frankincense on each pile, that it may go with the bread as a memorial portion (לְאַזְכָּרָה) as a food offering to the LORD.
     <_ <אַזְכָּרָה refers to physical offering>: It could be that אַזְכָּרָה only refers to the physical offering and because this is a prayer to accompany a memorial offering, the more general verb is used instead.  #dispreferred
 <_ <Not the primary emphasis>: While this could be written to accompany a sacrifice, whether or not it is intended for a liturgical purpose misses the main point of the psalm: to appeal to God for help (Kidner 2008, 171 :C:; Craigie 2004, 303 :C:).
  <_ <Used in the context of prayers for healing>: Sirach uses the nominal אַזְכָּרָה in connection with an offering in a prayer of healing, which could create a connection between זכר and offerings for healing and confession (Goldingay 2006, 539 :C:). #dispreferred
    + [Sirach 38:9, 11]: My child, when you are sick, don’t look around elsewhere, but pray to the Lord, and he will heal you. Offer a sweet-smelling sacrifice and a memorial (אזכרה) of fine flour, and pour an offering of oil, using what you can afford. #dispreferred
 + <ל used in superscriptions for liturgical event>: Other psalms, such as Psalm 100 and Psalm 92 use the ל preposition to correspond with a liturgical event.  #dispreferred
   + [Psa 100:1]: A Psalm for the thank offering (לְתוֹדָה). (RSV) #dispreferred
   + [Psa 92:1]: A Psalm. A Song for the Sabbath (לְיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת). (ESV) #dispreferred
 + <Ancient Translations>: Both the LXX and the Targum either explicitly or implicitly tie לְהַזְכִּֽיר to the memorial offering.  #dispreferred
  + [LXX]: A Psalm. Pertaining to David. As a reminder about Sabbath (περὶ σαββάτου). (NETS) #dispreferred
   + <זכר and Sabbath>: The nominal form, אַזְכָּרָה, is used to describe the incense that accompanied the bread that was to be set out every Sabbath.  #dispreferred
    + [Lev 24:7-8]: And you shall put pure frankincense on each pile, that it may go with the bread as a memorial portion (אַזְכָּרָה) as a food offering to the LORD. Every Sabbath day Aaron shall arrange it before the LORD regularly; it is from the people of Israel as a covenant forever. (ESV) #dispreferred
  + [Targum]: A psalm of David: over a bunch of frankincense, as a memorial for Israel (צריר לבונתא דכרנא טבא על ישראל) (Stec 2004, 82). #dispreferred
   + <זכר and frankincense>: Because אַזְכָּרָה is used with frankincense in memorial offerings, the Targum has associated this psalm with the memorial offering (Lev 2:2, 16; 6:8; 24:7; Isa 66:3).  #dispreferred
 - <Content of the Psalms>: If the psalm was used in a more liturgical context, it would be expected that there would be mention of either the congregation or people or a sacrifice, but instead the focus is solely on the psalmist and the suffering he is experiencing. No mention is made of the temple or any liturgical terms in the body of the psalms themselves. 
   <_ <David as representative>: David, as king, speaks on behalf of the people, so while the language focuses around David, it could be applied to all of Israel as a whole.  #dispreferred
   <_ <Communal psalms>: Many communal laments use 1st person singular pronouns to refer to the entire nation (Lam 1). The language of being sick or injured also doesn't rule out the communal lament because nations and tribes can be described as sick or wounded (Hos 5:13). #dispreferred
     + [Lam 1:11]: All her people groan as they search for bread; they trade their treasures for food to revive their strength. "Look, O LORD, and see, for I am despised." (ESV) #dispreferred
     + [Hos 5:13]: When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah his wound, then Ephraim went to Assyria, and sent to the great king. But he is not able to cure you or heal your wound. (ESV) #dispreferred
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=Conclusion (C)=
In this passage, it is best to understand the superscription לְהַזְכִּֽיר to indicate that this psalm was written in order to remind God of the psalmist and his situation with the intent to spur God on to act on the psalmist's behalf. This interpretation makes the best sense of the content of the psalm itself (cf. Ps 70). The remaining question is whether the superscription also indicates that the psalm is to be used in liturgical circumstances or not. Since the memorial offering was also used to remind God of the person offering it, the distinction is perhaps not crucial. However, since it is unclear as to whether לְהַזְכִּֽיר is referring to the memorial offering, especially since there is a different (related) word that is used for the memorial offering, and because there is nothing in the content of the psalm itself that would lend towards a liturgical setting, it is best to just take this as an indication that this psalm was intended to remind God of the psalmist and his situation. 

The significance of the interpretation of לְהַזְכִּֽיר lies in the purpose of the psalm and its usage. The preferred interpretation indicates that this was a personal plea from the psalmist in order to remind God of his plight with the hope that God would act in response.

=Research=

==Translations==

===Ancient===
* LXX: Ψαλμὸς τῷ Δαυιδ· εἰς ἀνάμνησιν περὶ σαββάτου.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/PsalmiCumOdis/page/n139/mode/2up?view=theater Rahlfs 1931]</ref>
** "A Psalm. Pertaining to David. As a reminder about Sabbath."<ref>[https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/24-ps-nets.pdf NETS]</ref>
* Aquila: μελῴδημα του Δαυίδ <ref>[https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/hexapla/ Hexapla]</ref>
* Targum: תושבחתא לדוד צריר לבונתא דכרנא טבא על ישראל׃ <ref>[https://cal.huc.edu/get_a_chapter.php?file=81002&sub=038&cset=H CAL]</ref>
** "A psalm of David: ''over a bunch of frankincense, as a memorial for Israel.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/targumofpsalms0000unse/page/82/mode/2up Stec 2004, 82]. Footnote: "MT ''lhzkyr'', "to make a memorial." This psalm and likewise Ps 70, which also has ''lhzkyr'' in its title (given a similar rendering in TgPss), may have been associated with '''zkrh'', "memorial offering." That frankincense was used in the memorial offering is seen from Lev 2:2, 16; 6:8; 24:7; cf. also Isa 66:3.</ref> 
* Jerome: Canticum David in commemoratione <ref>[https://archive.org/details/vulgata_weber_gryson/page/814/mode/2up?view=theater Weber-Gryson 5th edition]</ref>

===Modern===
* A psalm of David. ''Lehazkir''. (JPS 1985)

====General petition====
* A psalm of David. A petition. (NIV)
* A psalm by David; a lament. (GNT)

====A Reminder/Commemoration====
* A Psalm of David, for a memorial. (NASB)
* A psalm of David to bring remembrance. (CSB)
* A psalm: for David: for commemoration. (REB)
* Psalm. Of David. In commemoration. (NJB)
* Ein Psalm. Von David. Zum Gedächtnis. (ELB)
* Ein Psalm Davids. Zur Verkündigung. (ZÜR) "proclamation"
* Psaume de David, en mémorial. (TOB)
* Psaume. De David. En évocation. (NBS)
* Psaume de David. Pour commémorer. (NVSR)
* Psaume de David. En mémorial. (NFC)
* Psaume de David, comme mémorial. (S21)
* Salmo de David, para recordar. (RVR)
* Salmo de David, para hacer recordar. (BTX4)

====To Remind Us====
* Un psaume de David, pour se rappeler au souvenir de Dieu. (BDS)

====To Remind God====
* A psalm of David, asking God to remember him. (NLT)
* A psalm of David, written to get God's attention. (NET)
* Psaume de David, pour que Dieu se souvienne. (PDV)

====Memorial Offering====
* A Psalm of David, for the memorial offering. (ESV)
* A psalm by David to be used when an offering is made. (CEV)
* A Psalm of David, for the memorial offering. (NRSV)
* Ein Psalm Davids, zum Gedenkopfer. (Luther 2017)
* Ein Psalm Davids. Zum Weihrauchopfer. (EÜ)
* Salmo de David, para las ofrendas memoriales. (NVI)
* Salmo de David, para hacer recordar. (DHH) ("To remind us" with a note that it likely refers to the memorial offerings.) 

==Secondary Literature==
Alexander, Joseph Addison. 1864. ''[https://archive.org/details/commentaryonpsal00alex/page/134/mode/2up?view=theater Commentary on Psalms]''. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications. 

Baethgen, Friedrich. 1904. ''[https://archive.org/details/diepsalmen00baet/page/n57/mode/2up?view=theater Die Psalmen]''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. 

Craigie, Peter C. 1983. ''[https://www.perlego.com/book/727793/psalms-150-volume-19-pdf?queryID=b078a26007b73e5cfd3f297e920c25f7&index=prod_BOOKS&gridPosition=14 Psalms 1–50]''. WBC 19. Waco, TX: Word. 

Delitzsch, Franz. 1883. ''[https://archive.org/details/biblicalcommenta188301deli/page/448/mode/2up?view=theater Biblical Commentary on the Psalms: Vol. 1]''. Translated by Eaton David. Vol. 1. New York: Funk and Wagnalls.  

Eising, H. 1980. “זָכַר.” In ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', edited by G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren, translated by David E. Green, Revised Edition, IV:64–82. Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Goldingay, John and Tremper Longman III. 2006. ''Psalms : Volume 1: Psalms 1-41.'' Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms. Grand Rapid, MI: Baker Academic. 

Grogan, Geoffrey. 2008. ''[https://www.perlego.com/book/2015760/psalms-pdf?queryID=b078a26007b73e5cfd3f297e920c25f7&index=prod_BOOKS&gridPosition=6 Psalms]''. Two Horizons Old Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 

Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm. 1863. ''[https://archive.org/details/commentaryonpsal01henguoft/page/120/mode/2up?view=theater Commentary on the Psalms]''. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.  

Kidner, Derek. 1973. ''[https://archive.org/details/psalms172introdu0000kidn Psalms 1-72: An Introduction and Commentary on Books I and II of the Psalms]''. London: Inter-Varsity Press. 

Kittel, Rudolf. 1922. ''[https://archive.org/details/diepsalmen0000kitt/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Die Psalmen]''. Leipzig: A. Deichertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung Dr. Werner Scholl. 

Longman, Tremper. 2014. ''[https://www.perlego.com/book/1470558/psalms-pdf?queryID=b078a26007b73e5cfd3f297e920c25f7&index=prod_BOOKS&gridPosition=3 Psalms: An Introduction and Commentary]''. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, Volumes 15-16. Downers Grove: IVP Academic/ InterVarsity Press. 

Merwe, Christo H.J. van der, Jacobus A. Naudé, and Jan H. Kroeze. 2017. ''A Biblical Hebrew Reference Grammar''. Second. New York: Bloomsbury. 

Mowinckel, Sigmund. 1962. ''The Psalms in Israel’s Worship''. Oxford: Blackwell.

=References=

[[Category:Argument maps]]

[[Chapter::38]]:[[Verse::1]]
[[Status::Approved]]